沱江流域土地利用碳平衡与人类活动强度的关系

[目的] 研究土地利用碳平衡与人类活动强度间的协同关系,为沱江流域的区域协同碳减排规划及实现中国“碳达峰、碳中和”目标提供参考。[方法] 基于2000—2020年土地利用及社会经济数据,使用碳排放经济贡献系数、碳生态承载系数、人类活动强度指标,耦合协调度模型及回归分析方法,核算了沱江流域土地利用碳排放量并分析了土地利用碳平衡与人类活动强度的时空演变特征及其协同关系。[结果] 研究表明,2000—2020年沱江流域碳排放量增加了5.13×10⁷ t,其中建设用地碳排放量占90%以上;碳吸收量变化不大,主要来自林地,呈现先减后增的趋势;净碳排放增长率呈下降趋势。各区县的土地利用碳平衡协调度均在提升,但70%以上的区域处于失调衰退状态。沱江流域人类活动强度整体处于中等强度水平,空间上从北向南呈现“低—高—低—高”的格局。[结论] 人类活动强度与人均GDP、人均碳排放均存在显著的正相关关系。土地利用碳平衡协调度与人类活动强度的负相关关系随着技术进步与能源利用效率的提高而降低。提高碳汇能力与碳生产力是改善区域土地利用碳平衡协调水平的有效途径。     

三峡库区1980—2021年土地利用碳排放格局及碳补偿

[目的] 揭示三峡库区土地利用碳排放格局并测算碳补偿价值,为引导流域低碳发展,健全流域碳补偿机制提供参考。[方法] 运用碳排放系数,单位GDP能耗及经济贡献系数等方法,测算三峡库区1980—2021年土地利用碳排放/碳吸收,并以净碳排放为基准值,对碳排放阈值及碳排放强度进行修正,测算土地利用碳补偿价值。[结果] ①三峡库区1980—2021年土地利用碳排放及碳吸收整体呈上升趋势。耕地和林地是土地利用碳吸收主要载体,城乡工矿居民用地是土地利用碳排放主要来源; ②碳吸收格局整体呈现西低东高的分布特征。1980—2021年碳吸收处于中高水平和高水平类型的区县明显增加,且大多位于东部和北部,低水平类型区县有所减少; ③碳排放格局在1980—1990年均处于低水平及中低水平类型;2000—2021年库区整体碳排放量增加,其中西部重庆市主城区、中部万州、开州区、云阳县以及东部夷陵区处于中高水平和高水平类型,武隆区的碳排放处于中等水平类型;巫溪、巫山、巴东、兴山、秭归县等区县的碳排放处于低水平和中低水平类型; ④研究区9个区县为生态盈余区,应获碳补偿资金最高的是奉节县6.87×10⁵元,17个区县为生态赤字区,支付碳补偿金额较高的是渝北区1.53×10⁷元。[结论] 应从以下方面引导流域低碳发展：推动区域合作治理碳排放,建立横向碳补偿机制;控制建设用地规模,优化土地利用配置;落实绿色发展理念,增强碳汇能力;优化能源供给结构,提高能源利用率等。     

宁夏土地利用碳排放强度时空变化与效应

[目的] 土地利用变化是影响碳排放和环境质量的重要驱动力之一。研究土地利用碳排放时空格局变化与效应,为制定低碳发展策略提供理论依据。[方法] 基于灰色理论和生态承载系数,利用1980—2020年宁夏回族自治区22个县区土地利用和能源消耗数据,分析了土地利用变化与碳排放强度变化及效应。[结果] ①碳排放变化量与土地利用变化之间具有密切的关联性。其中,建设用地与碳排放的关联度最大,为0.95。②1980—2020年宁夏土地利用类型碳排放量净增加了5.24×10⁷ t,增幅625.43%。建设用地面积以年均4.42%的速率增长,碳排放量增幅达2 385.85%;草地面积减少了2.95×10⁵ hm²,碳汇量减少了5.80×10⁴ t;林地对碳汇的贡献超过75%,且随林地面积的不断增大而增加。③1980—2020年宁夏土地利用碳排放强度以年均0.25 t/hm²的速率增大,中度及以上等级覆盖面积逐渐增大,在空间上形成沿黄城市碳排放强度高于中、南部的分布格局。④宁夏各县区碳排放生态承载系数空间差异明显,碳生态容量表现出北弱南强的分布格局。[结论] 1980—2020年宁夏土地利用碳排放强度逐渐增大,北部沿黄河各县区碳生态容量逐渐减小,中南部县区碳生态容量增大,但减排压力较大。建议优化建设用地空间格局,增加混交林面积,增强森林碳汇能力。     

福建省土地利用变化碳排放时空差异与碳补偿

[目的] 开展土地利用碳排放差异与碳补偿研究，为各地域根据净碳排放量制定低碳发展政策提供依据。[方法] 基于2005—2020年福建省土地利用和能源消费数据，构建碳排放以及碳补偿价值测算模型，计算各市域不同时段的碳排放量以及碳补偿价值。[结果] ①福建省土地利用变化净碳排放呈现出明显的增长趋势，增长速度先快后慢。建设用地为主要碳源，其碳排放量增加3.41×10⁷ t；林地为主要碳汇，其碳吸收量减少近3.00×10⁴ t。②净碳排放量高值区域主要分布在碳排放量高、碳补偿率低的福州市、泉州市和漳州市，净碳排放量低值区域主要分布在碳排放量少、碳补偿率高的南平市，除厦门市外，各市的净碳排放强度与净碳排放量的空间分布相似。③碳补偿价值与各市净碳排放量的空间分布具有高度相似性，高碳补偿区主要是经济发展水平高、净碳排放量大的福州市、泉州市，受偿区主要是经济发展水平低、净碳排放量小的南平市。[结论] 为实现区域协调以及低碳发展，需不断完善碳补偿机制，从低碳层面依靠碳补偿推动区域低碳协调发展。     

中国耕地利用净碳汇与农业生产的时空耦合特征

深入分析中国耕地利用碳源/汇,可为实现"双碳"目标提供耕地领域的数据参考。以中国30省(市、自治区)作为研究范围(港、澳、台、西藏数据缺失过多,难以纳入分析),核算耕地利用碳排放、碳吸收量,根据二者差值分析净碳效应,刻画其时空演进特征,进而采用耦合协调度与改进的Tapio耦合指数探索净碳效应与农业产值的关系变化。结果表明:(1)20年间,耕地利用碳排放量均值为2.33×10⁸ t,呈先升后降态势,于2015年达到峰值2.63×10⁸ t;碳吸收量则由5.19×10⁸ t升至7.86×10⁸ t;净碳汇由3.19×10⁸ t增至5.40×10⁸ t,表明中国耕地利用系统始终呈现为碳盈余,碳汇效应随时间推移不断增强。(2)就时序特征而言,净碳汇历经波动不定、高速增长、稳定增长3个阶段。从空间格局来看,净碳汇呈自东向西逐次递减的分布特征。(3)从数量角度而言,中国耕地利用净碳汇与农业生产的关系已由全局失调改善为部分协调;从速率角度而言,二者增速关系在多数年份体现为经济主导型耦合,省域状态由若干类型并存演进为以经济主导型耦合居多。据此,应加快耕地利用方式自农资驱动向技术驱动转型,促进种植业全产业链碳减排,分类分批推进排放大省减源增汇。     

基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家公园碳储量时空分布研究

[目的] 研究祁连山国家公园碳储量及其时空分布,分析土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响,为提升国家公园生态价值、调整生态工程及土地管理政策提供科学依据。[方法] 结合土地利用变化动态指数和土地转移矩阵分析国家公园生态破坏和生态恢复前后的土地利用变化,然后基于InVEST模型Carbon模块,以土地利用遥感影像和碳密度为模型运行数据,计算土地利用变化导致的碳储量变化。[结果] ①祁连山国家公园1980,1990,2000,2010,2018年的碳储量分别为9.07×10⁸,9.07×10⁸,9.07×10⁸,9.16×10⁸,9.17×10⁸ t,呈现“先减后增”的趋势,累计增加9.86×10⁶ t。②碳储量空间分布与土地利用类型有一定联系。碳储量较高的地区主要集中在公园东段和中段东侧,以林地为主;碳储量较低的地区主要集中公园西段和中段西侧,以未利用地为主。③1980—2018年生态正向演变下的土地利用变化（耕地、草地和未利用地转为林地,耕地和未利用地转为草地,未利用地转为水域）是国家公园碳储量增加的主要原因。[结论] 巩固实施生态工程,着重保护草地资源、调整土地管理政策等方式能够有效促进生态系统正向演变,优化土地利用结构,有利于祁连山国家公园陆地生态碳储量的增加。     

基于SDG15.3.1的土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

[目的] 可持续发展目标15.3.1是表征土地退化的重要指标之一,探析土地利用变化和生态系统服务价值(ESV)对可持续发展目标15.3.1的影响是改进土地退化的关键因素。基于土地利用及碳储量变化对SDG15.3.1指标制定新的评价规则,并对SDG15.3.1完成情况进行评估。[方法] 采用等效因子法计算生态系统服务价值,以定量分析土地利用变化对ESV的影响。[结果] (1)研究区土地利用类型转换频繁,主要表现为高林地、水体和建设用地增加,耕地、草地和灌木林减少,未利用地基本保持不变。(2) ESV在空间上呈中间高、四周低,西部高、东部低的分布格局;2000—2020年总ESV损失7.32×10⁸元。其中,2000—2010年,土地退化区域的ESV损失3.03×10⁹元;2010—2020年,土地退化区域的ESV损失2.28×10⁹元。(3)根据SDG15.3.1评估结果显示,2000—2010年和2010—2020年SDG15.3.1指标分别为5.22%和4.77%,而土地净恢复面积分别为-1.62×10⁵ hm²和-2.4×10⁵ hm²。SDG15.3.1指标的完成情况有所提高,但仍未实现土地退化零增长目标。[结论] 研究结果为高原城市群在实现可持续发展目标15.3.1过程中土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响提供参考。     

基于PLUS和InVEST模型的邯郸市碳储量空间分布特征研究

[目的] 分析河北省邯郸市近20 a土地利用格局及碳储量分布,并探讨生态保护政策下未来10 a的土地利用变化趋势,为增加城市碳汇和实现城市可持续发展提供参考依据。[方法] 使用PLUS模型,选取自然、社会驱动因素及生态规划限制因子,分析邯郸市在2000—2020年及自然发展情景和生态保护情景下2030年的土地利用变化规律,并结合InVEST模型,评估邯郸市2000—2030年3期碳储量。[结果] ①邯郸土地利用类型的分布呈现“西部林地,东中部耕地”的总体空间分布特征,耕地和人造地表之间的土地利用转移占总土地利用变化的96.58%; ②邯郸市碳密度空间分布呈现西部高东部低的特点,碳储量总体呈下降趋势,碳损失在2010年突增,耕地的过度侵占是导致邯郸市碳损失的最主要原因; ③与自然发展情景相比,生态保护情景下土地利用变化趋于克制,虽然生态用地的提升潜力一般,但由于人类活动受到限制,避免了生态资源的消耗; ④2020—2030年自然发展情景和生态保护情景下邯郸市碳储量变化分别为减少4.23×10⁶ t和增加2.16×10⁴ t。各区县碳损失风险显著降低,不同区县碳汇潜力差异明显。[结论] 人造地表侵占耕地是导致碳损失的主要原因。生态保护政策干预下,各区县碳损失风险显著降低,不同区县也存在明显差异,碳损失更易发生于东中部平原地区,西南部的太行山东麓县区则具有较强的碳汇潜力,需针对差异化表现灵活布局。     

云南省土地利用碳排放时空演变特征及影响因素

[目的] 研究云南省土地利用碳排放的时空变化规律及其影响因素,为云南省优化土地利用结构,实现低碳发展目标提供理论依据。[方法] 基于云南省2005,2010,2015,2020年4期土地利用和化石能源消费数据,对全省碳排放效应进行测算,运用空间可视化和空间自相关研究云南省2005—2020年的碳排放时空变化规律和空间集聚特征,利用地理探测器对其影响因素进行分析。[结果] ①2005—2020年云南省建设用地增幅最大,动态变化度达7.90%。②区域净碳排放快速增加,年增长6.5%;碳排放空间特征为“中间高、四周低”;碳足迹在研究期内增长明显,碳生态承载力较为稳定,导致碳生态赤字日益升高。③人口规模、经济水平、产业结构、土地利用等促进了云南省各地州市碳排放的增加。[结论] 应保护或合理增加云南省林地等碳汇地类的面积并加强其动态监测;控制建设用地面积和能源消费总量;探索碳补偿机制并发挥碳汇地区的辐射效应。     

喀斯特流域水土流失对水库碳汇效应的影响

[目的] 研究喀斯特流域水土流失对水库碳汇的影响,为区域水土流失治理和科学评估喀斯特地区河流生态系统碳循环提供科学依据。[方法] 基于纳雍河2014—2018年水文数据和其下游平寨水库流域2017—2018年水化学监测数据,利用回归分析、相关分析、水化学分析方法,研究水土流失对水库碳汇的影响。[结果] ①2014—2018年,干流纳雍河流量1.15×10⁹～1.66×10⁹ m³/a,泥沙通量2.54×10⁵～1.23×10⁶ t/a。泥沙通量和流量在年际间无相关性,在月时间尺度上呈极显著正相关,短时强降雨是流域发生水土流失的主要原因之一,流域内春夏季水土流失剧烈,秋冬季减弱。②平寨水库Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为主要阴阳离子,来源于碳酸盐岩风化。SO₄^2-是第二大阴离子,参与水库30.30%～59.70%的碳酸盐岩风化,水库水化学类型秋冬季为HCO₃^--Ca型,春夏季主要为HCO₃^--SO₄^2--Ca型。③平寨水库水库二氧化碳分压具有时空异质性,表现为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,秋冬季为碳源,春夏季为碳汇。[结论] 平寨水库流域水土流失与水库碳汇效应具有相同的周期性季节变化,水土流失影响水库水化学组成,减弱水库碳汇效应。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.