垄沟灌溉种植对玉米光合特性及产量的影响

通过田间试验,以传统种植模式平作为对照,研究了垄沟灌溉种植系统对玉米相对叶绿素质量浓度(SPAD)、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,垄沟种植系统能增加玉米的相对叶绿素质量浓度、光合速率和水分利用效率;垄沟系统种植玉米和对照组的光合速率日变化均呈"单峰型"曲线;60cm垄宽的垄沟种植系统的玉米叶片水分利用效率和产量最高。     

东北黑土区覆膜种植对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响

为改善黑土旱作区作物的水分有效性,探索地膜覆盖不同播种模式在该地区的适用性,于2011年在哈尔滨东北农业大学节水灌溉实验基地进行试验,设置覆膜条件下垄台种植与垄沟种植2种栽培模式。以传统垄作为对照,研究地膜覆盖条件下2种种植模式对夏玉米田土壤水分、产量及土壤水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜条件下垄台种植和垄沟种植处理均能显著改善该地区玉米出苗期-拔节期土壤水分,形成较好土壤墒情,为玉米增产提供有力保障。其中垄台种植优于垄沟种植,增产效果明显,分别较对照增产15.05%和11.75%,平均水分利用效率分别提高16.33%和14.66%。因此,地膜覆盖条件下垄台种植模式在改善土壤水分效用的同时能显著增产增收,是东北黑土旱作区玉米的高效栽培模式。     

宽垄窄行覆膜种植对夏玉米土壤水热及产量的影响

研究了旱作区雨养条件下,不同覆盖栽培模式对农田土壤水热变化动态及夏玉米产量的影响,为完善覆膜集雨栽培技术提供了一定的理论依据。试验设置了宽窄行垄沟覆膜种植(WFL)、宽窄行平作覆膜种植(WFP)、等行距垄沟覆膜种植(DFL)、等行距平作覆膜种植(DFP)、等行距平作不覆膜种植(CK)等5种不同种植模式,分别监测作物全生育期的土壤水分和土壤温度。结果表明,各覆盖处理0~10 cm土层有效积温(TTsoil)均显著增加,整个生育期内,WFL、DFL、WFP和DFP处理的TTsoil较CK分别提高280.2、250.2、162.3和150.5℃(P0.05)。覆盖种植使玉米生育期提前,且延长了玉米的生殖生长期,WFL、DFL、WFP和DFP处理玉米的生殖生长时间分别较CK长19、14、16、12 d。各覆盖处理均能改善玉米前期0~200 cm土层土壤水分,其中,WFL处理在0~20 cm土层内土壤储水量增加最为显著,较CK提高了21.95%。玉米生长后期各处理土壤贮水量与CK无显著差异。与等行距垄沟种植模式相比,宽窄行垄沟覆盖模式促进了个体发育,增加了叶面积指数和干物质积累,作物产量提高13.8%,水分利用效率提高了6.8%,土壤有效积温利用效率提高47.2%,各项指标与CK差异均达极显著水平。因此,宽窄行垄沟覆盖模式可推荐为旱作区一种较为理想的保护性耕作模式。     

集雨种植模式对小麦-玉米周年农田土壤水分及作物产量的影响

[目的]针对关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米周年的生产特点,将垄沟集雨种植技术应用于作物周年生产,以期为冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产体系种植模式的改良提供依据。[方法]以西农979、郑单958为试验材料,设传统平作(CK)、垄沟配置为40cm∶40cm(R-F40)、40cm∶60cm(R-F60)、40cm∶80cm(R-F80)4个处理,探讨冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产条件下不同垄沟配置方式对农田土壤水分及作物产量的影响。[结果]小麦季R-F60和R-F80处理水分利用效率(WUE)增加;垄沟集雨各处理小麦籽粒产量随种植沟宽度增加呈上升趋势,其中R-F60、R-F80处理较CK仅减产1.75%、1.67%;集雨各处理灌溉水利用效率(IUE)显著提高,并随种植沟宽度增加增幅减小。在玉米季,集雨各处理WUE、产量显著提高,且随着种植沟变宽呈先增后降趋势。小麦-玉米周年WUE、产量显著增加,其中以垄沟配置为40cm∶60cm(R-F60)处理增幅最大,分别较CK增加12.75%、7.98%。[结论]垄沟集雨种植技术是调控作物高效节水的可行途径,其中R-F60处理是优化该地区冬小麦-夏玉米二熟制种植体系稳产高效节水的理想集雨栽培模式。     

种植模式和补灌对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

为探明全膜双垄沟播技术和集雨补灌对玉米生长发育及产量的影响,采用完全随机区组设计,分别在不同全膜双垄沟播种植模式与补灌措施下对玉米干物质积累、叶面积指数、叶片 SPAD 值、0~200 cm土壤水分等指标进行对比分析。结果表明:在欠水年补灌条件下,全膜双垄沟播(FMRF70)种植模式不仅能够显著促进玉米的生长发育,还有利于玉米籽粒性状表现。干物质积累增加2.51%~26.88%,叶面积指数增加5.06%~14.37%,叶片 SPAD 值增加1.56%~8.75%,穗长增加0.3%~13.3%、百粒重增加3.3%~4.7%。全膜双垄沟播(FMRF70)种植模式能够充分利用有限的水资源,使0~200 cm土壤平均贮水量增加8.0 mm^23.54 mm,经济产量和水分利用效率均表现为FMRF70>FP>FMRF60>FMRF50,产量增加19.20%~78.96%, WUE 提高15.97%~70.00%,差异显著( P <0.05)。可见,全膜双垄沟播(FMRF-70)种植模式结合灌浆期适量补灌是半干旱区适宜的种植模式。     

不同播期、密度对辽西地区玉米生长性状及产量的影响

适宜的播种时期和密度是玉米生长及产量形成的关键因素。以蠡玉37品种为试验对象,研究辽西地区不同播期、密度对玉米生长性状及产量的影响,探讨适宜辽西半干旱地区气候条件的玉米种植技术,以实现玉米生产高产高效。     

垄沟集雨种植的研究进展

在降雨量少且分配不均的干旱、半干旱地区,垄沟集雨种植技术的广泛应用有目共睹。在众多学者和农民共同努力下,该技术从最初简单的垄沟不覆盖技术已经衍生出各种应用模式。采用文献分析法,从垄沟结构、覆盖材料、土壤属性、作物产量、水分利用效率和温室气体排放等方面归纳了垄沟集雨种植技术的发展进程,客观地阐释了其对生产和环境的正负效应及发展前景。结果表明,垄沟集雨种植技术通过微地形改变和覆盖方式汇集雨水、减少蒸发面积,平衡不同覆盖材料的增温和降温效应,从而对土壤水热条件、肥力和农田生产力具有调控作用,促进作物生长,提高水分利用效率和产量,目前该技术的研究不仅局限于干旱、半干旱地区的单季作物,也延伸至两熟地区的周年生产中。然而,考虑到该技术未来发展可持续性,认为垄沟集雨种植技术结合环保型覆盖材料和模型模拟等方式将有利于缓解塑料地膜对环境的负效应,改善生产中难于机械化的问题。     

地膜玉米全程机械化生产关键问题探讨

<正>一、基本情况甘肃地区属于黄土高原与青藏高原接壤地带,气候冷凉、日照时间和积温偏低,玉米种植模式为初春播种、秋末收获、一年一熟。目前甘肃地区的玉米种植90%以上以全膜双垄沟种植技术模式为主,较普通露地种植增产30%以上。全膜双垄沟玉米种植主要特点是40cm、70cm大小垄相间、全膜覆盖、垄面集雨、垄沟种植,具有保墒蓄墒、雨水富集、就地入渗、抗旱提温、稳产增产的效果,促进了旱作农业区粮食增     

基于HYDRUS-2D/3D的玉米全膜双垄沟水肥运移规律与根系响应

为研究西北旱区玉米全膜双垄沟种植模式下土壤水肥运移规律,通过HYDRUS-2D/3D模型对甘肃省定西市玉米全膜双垄沟土壤水肥运移规律及根系响应进行数值模拟,分析全膜双垄沟播种植模式下土壤含水率及垄沟内种肥浓度的分布规律,在合理播深处设置观测点以表征土壤含水率及膜下氮、磷、钾水肥互作运移变化规律。模拟结果表明,全膜双垄沟膜下渗水孔与种穴位置处土壤水肥发生环状侧渗现象,其中土壤含水率范围为15.20%~17.12%,垄沟内氮肥转化浓度趋于15.38mg/L,磷肥转化浓度趋于5.15mg/L,钾肥转化浓度趋于12.21mg/L,水肥主要集中在垄沟位置,保障了苗期水肥需求;通过施加根系吸水和水肥运移模拟表明全膜双垄沟模式下土壤水肥条件满足玉米出苗需求。研究模型与结果将为玉米全膜双垄沟农艺技术的优化提升提供理论依据。     

覆盖种植方式和施氮对甘肃庆阳冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响

通过连续2 a田间试验,研究了覆盖种植方式和施氮对庆阳地区冬小麦土壤水分动态变化和产量及水分生产效率的影响。结果表明,不同栽培模式下各土层含水率在不同生育期变化趋势基本一致。垄沟、覆膜和覆草在小麦生育前期具有很好的保墒集水作用,水分主要集中在0~60 cm土层,并且在小麦生育前期效果显著。2 a间不同种植模式对小麦产量的影响不同,2 a中覆膜种植冬小麦籽粒产量均最高,而不同年度间覆草、垄沟种植模式表现出不同效果;与常规模式相比,2009年覆草和垄沟种植模式均减产,其中覆草模式减产幅度最大,较常规栽培减产10.4%;而2010年这几种种植模式的冬小麦籽粒产量较常规模式均有所增加,增产幅度平均在4.5%~6.9%之间。合理的氮肥施用量能显著提高水分生产效率,施氮120和240 kg/hm~2的水分生产效率分别比不施氮肥高1.1和2.0 kg/(hm~2·mm)。不同种植模式的水分利用效率差异显著,覆膜处理和垄沟处理具有较高的水分生产效率。     

种植方式与灌水模式对糯玉米生长及产量的影响

为探寻种植方式与灌水模式对糯玉米生长及产量的影响,选择试验区域玉米生产中常用的3种种植方式[DM(全膜双垄宽窄行沟播)、C(全膜双垄等行距沟播)、CK(裸地平作)]和两种灌水模式{I0[播种期(75％～85％)θf、苗期-拔节前期(65％～75％)θf、拔节后期-孕穗期(70％～80％)θf、孕穗期-开花期(70％～8...     

不同喷灌定额下垄作沟播油葵根系生长及分布特征

垄作沟播喷灌技术是集垄作沟播与喷灌技术为一体的节水栽培技术.以不同灌水定额各设4个处理(灌水定额分别为24 mm、30 mm、36 mm、42 mm,灌水5次),以常规覆膜喷灌为对照(灌水定额42 mm,灌水5次).通过测定不同灌水处理下垄作沟播油葵根系生长及分布特征等指标,分析了不同灌水处理对油葵根系纵向、横向生长及...     

Effects of different ridge:furrow ratios and supplemental irrigation on crop production in ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system with mulches

The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (RFRH) system with mulches is being promoted to increase water availability for crops for higher and stable agricultural production in many areas of the Loess Plateau in northwest China. In the system, plastic-covered ridges serve as rainfall-harvesting zones and stone-, straw- or film-mulched furrows serve as planting zones. To adopt this system more effectively, a field study (using corn as an indicator crop) was conducted to determine the effects of different ridge:furrow ratios and supplemental irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the RFRH system with mulches during the growing seasons of 1998 and 1999.The results indicated that the ridge:furrow ratios had a significant effect on crop yield and yield components. The 120:60 cm ridge and furrow (120 cm wide ridge and 60 cm wide furrow) system increased yield by 27.9%, seed weight per head by 14.8%, seed number per head by 7.4% and 1000-seed weight by 4.7%, compared with the 60:60 cm ridge and furrow (60 cm wide ridge and 60 cm wide furrow) system. No differences in WUE were found between the two ratio systems. For corn and winter wheat, the optimum ridge:furrow ratio seems to be 1:1 in the 300-mm rainfall area, 1:2 in the 400-mm rainfall area and 1:4 in the 500-mm rainfall area. The optimum ridge:furrow ratio seems to be 1:3 for millet in the 300-mm rainfall area, although it is unnecessary to adopt RFRH practice in regions with more than 400 mm rainfall. The most effective ridge size for crop production seems 60 cm in the Loess Plateau. Implementing supplemental irrigation in the RFRH system is also a useful way to deal with the temporal problem of moisture deficits. In the case of corn, supplemental irrigation at its critical growth stage can increase both grain yield and WUE by 20%. The combination of in situ RFRH system with supplemental irrigation practice will make the RFRH system more attractive.     

Effects of gravel-sand mulch, plastic mulch and ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system combinations on water use efficiency, soil temperature and watermelon yield in a semi-arid Loess Plateau of northwestern China

In the northwestern Loess Plateau of China, low precipitation results in poor crop yields, with a great fluctuation from year to year. The adoption of gravel-sand mulching has shown improvements in the growth of crops such as watermelon. The ridge and furrow rainwater harvest system (RFRHS) has been shown as an easy and efficient way to collect rainwater. A field experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2009 at Gaolan, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, to measure the effects of RFRHS, plastic mulch and gravel-sand mulch combinations on soil temperature, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and watermelon yield. There were eight treatments: (1) flat gravel-sand mulched field, (2) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 1:1 of ridge and furrow, (3) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (4) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 5:3 of ridge and furrow, (5) RFRHS with a sand and plastic mulched furrow, bare ridge and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (6) RFRHS with an entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (7) conventional ridge planting with a plastic mulched ridge, and (8) flat gravel-sand mulched field plus 23 mm supplementary irrigation. Soil temperature for RFRHS with a gravel-sand plus plastic mulched furrow was slightly lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. The RFRHS caused a significant increase in watermelon yield and WUE. The increase in watermelon yield and WUE was greatly influenced by the ratio of ridge and furrow when RFRHS was combined with gravel-sand mulch. Watermelon yield was highest for the 1:1 ratio, and WUE was highest for the 5:3 and 1:1 ratios of ridge:furrow, and these were significantly greater than that of flat gravel-sand mulch, without or with irrigation. The use of ridge with plastic film mulch increased the beneficial effect of RFRHS on yield. The watermelon yield and WUE for non-plastic-mulched ridge were even lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. In summary, the findings suggest that RFRHS with gravel-sand mulched furrow plus plastic film mulch, and 1:1 ratio of ridge:furrow, would facilitate the use of limited rainfall most efficiently in improving watermelon yield, by reducing ET and increasing WUE in this semiarid region.     

小麦、玉米一体化垄作沟灌技术要素试验研究

对小麦、玉米一体化垄作沟灌种植模式的垄宽、沟深、沟宽和田面坡度4个灌水技术要素进行正交试验,研究其水流推进规律及灌水质量评价指标,通过极差分析优化技术要素组合。结果表明,田面坡度和垄宽的影响最大,沟宽和沟深影响较小,较为合理的技术要素组合为垄宽70cm、沟宽40cm、沟深20cm和坡度2‰。     

不同种植模式冬小麦耗水特性及产量试验研究

通过田间试验,研究了两种种植模式（传统平作和垄植沟灌）不同水分处理对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明：相较于传统平作种植模式,垄植沟灌冬小麦的全生育期耗水量减少26.26~31.92mm,穗粒数和千粒重分别增加6.09%和3.79%,增产150.57~237.63kg/hm2,水分利用效率提高9.43%~10.39%;两种种植模式的耗水量和产量与水分处理呈正相关,但随着水分控制下限的提高,水分利用效率则先增大后减小;确定垄植沟灌为冬小麦适宜种植方式,并在L-70水分处理获得了最优的水分利用效率,达到1.91 kg/m3,产量达到7589.96 kg/hm2。     

基于加权灰色关联模型的干旱区玉米覆膜耕作方式评价

通过设置垄作全膜、垄作半膜、平作全膜以及平作半膜4个覆膜耕作处理,采用加权灰色关联模型评价不同覆膜耕作方式的优劣.结果表明:垄作全膜处理保水保温效果明显;干旱条件下,耕作措施较覆膜方式对地温的影响更为明显;而在水量充沛条件下,覆膜方式则表现出对地温更显著的影响.田间起垄耕作结合全膜覆盖的种植方式,有利于干物质的积累,促进滴灌条件下玉米产量的形成,同时提高水分利用效率,为干旱区农业节水和玉米高产提供了技术依据.     

Comparison of soil water content and corn yield in furrow and conventional ridge sown systems in a semiarid region of China

Water deficits and unusually warm soil temperatures can adversely affect conventional ridge sown systems. Increasingly serious water and temperature issues associated with global climate change may be problematic in the future, particularly in semiarid regions. This study explored the soil water and crop yield benefits of switching the sowing location of corn from ridges to furrows. Experiments were conducted over three years. Corn was grown in shallow furrow (SF) and deep furrow (DF) sown treatments until the V8 stage (eight visible leaf collars). New ridges were then built over the existing furrows. Grain yield was found to be higher in the SF and DF sown treatments than in a conventional ridge sown treatment (CR), especially in drought years. Switching sowing position from ridge to furrow could increase corn yield, directly, by improving soil moisture early in the growing season and, indirectly, by stimulating the growth of resource-capturing organs (e.g., leaves and roots). This simple and efficient approach to crop production in semiarid climates may be practical for the management of numerous agricultural systems, particularly those that are resource-limited, with greater vulnerability to the effects of global climate change.