椭圆管单管拱架日光温室结构性能分析

为探明椭圆管单管拱架日光温室的结构性能,该研究以北京地区风雪荷载为例,选取8、9、10 m三种常见跨度的日光温室为研究对象,依据国家标准《农业温室结构荷载规范》和农业行业标准《日光温室设计规范》确定日光温室的建筑剖面尺寸以及荷载作用形式,主要研究日光温室在屋脊不同位置设置拉杆时,随着拉杆位置的不同,在保证结构安全的前提下,针对拱架两端与基础和后墙的不同连接形式、不同跨度以及不同的屋脊形式建立结构计算模型,运用3D3S软件计算分析拉杆设置位置的变化对单管拱架的内力影响。计算发现,不论拱架与后墙采用哪种连接形式,当拱架与基础采用固接时,设置拉杆时拱架的应力比系数最小为0.974,其余均大于1.0,此种连接形式都应避免设置拉杆;当拱架与基础采用铰接时,设置拉杆时拱架的应力比系数大部分小于1.0,应尽量增设拉杆;在拱架与基础采用铰接连接、与后墙采用固结连接时,不同跨度日光温室增设屋脊拉杆的作用效果呈现曲线变化态势,9 m跨度的日光温室设置拉杆后的应力比系数最小,为0.90,因此推荐温室的跨度以9 m为宜;对尖屋脊和圆弧屋脊日光温室拱架的内力分析发现,建议如果不设屋脊拉杆,温室的屋脊形式应尽量做成圆弧形,而设置屋脊拉杆后可将屋脊做成尖屋脊。该研究成果可为椭圆管单管拱架日光温室的结构设计提供理论支撑。     

型钢拱架日光温室结构稳定性能及参数分析

型钢拱架日光温室结构的主要受力构件长细比大,暴雪等极端灾害天气下易引发结构失稳灾变。针对此问题,该研究利用弹塑性力学理论和非线性有限单元法,建立型钢拱架日光温室结构精细化有限元模型,开展雪荷载下日光温室稳定性能分析;通过对型钢截面类型（平椭圆形截面、箱形截面和几字形截面）、温室跨度（8、10和12 m）、雪荷载分布形态（分布厚度不均匀和分布区域不对称）等参数下进行日光温室失稳全过程分析,分别确定日光温室稳定承载力,揭示雪荷载分布对日光温室稳定承载力的量化影响;结合日光温室的荷载系数-位移全过程曲线和不同加载时刻点的变形图、应力图、轴力图与弯矩图,从直观现象和内在本质两个层面深入探明日光温室的静力失稳机理。分析结果表明：在保证不发生平面外整体失稳的前提下,当型钢截面面积和翼缘宽度相同时,相较于箱形截面型钢、几字形截面型钢,采用平椭圆形截面型钢拱架的日光温室稳定承载力分别提高了19.2%和44.2%;跨度对日光温室稳定承载力的影响较大,与8 m跨度相比,10、12 m跨度的日光温室的荷载系数分别下降了27.1%和57.9%;相较于均匀分布雪荷载,在非均匀分布雪荷载下日光温室的稳定承载力最大下降63.8%;相较于不设置拉杆和撑杆的情况,单独设置拉杆的日光温室稳定承载力最大可提高9.0%,单独设置撑杆的日光温室稳定承载力最大可提高66.8%。该研究得出的结果和给出的建议可为型钢拱架日光温室结构抗雪设计、稳定性研究和防灾分析提供技术指导和理论参考。     

高纬度地区多功能日光温室设计

高纬度地区的传统日光温室常由于结构设计不合理,冬季生产需要补温,果蔬种植和加工环节分离,运输中容易发生冻害,制约该地区温室的冬季生产。该文基于传统日光温室优点及存在问题,结合高寒地区气候特点,从温室结构优化和功能创新2方面提出新型日光温室设计方案。利用经典温室设计理论,结合生产实际,对采光角度、前屋面弧度、保温性能等进行优化,并对雪荷载、风荷载、屋面活荷载、作物吊挂荷载进行计算,利用结构分析软件midas计算温室结构的受力稳定性,对温室各参数设计的合理性进行验证。优化结果为:总跨度16 m,一层种植部分跨度9 m,生产加工部分跨度7 m,总高度6.5 m,前屋面主采光角37°,土地利用率达到1.7。该设计实现了高纬度地区温室冬季不加温种植果蔬,利用传统温室后墙的遮阴部分,创造地上、地下3层使用空间,显著提高了土地利用率,实现种植、加工、存储多种功能集成,是高纬度地区日光温室的一种创新尝试,可以作为棚室种植园区的核心节点温室。     

固化沙蓄热后墙日光温室热工性能试验

结合西北非耕地地区多沙的特点,在因地制宜、就地取材的基础上,该课题组设计了1种以多孔砖和固化沙为后墙结构主要材料的新型复合墙体日光温室。该日光温室有被动蓄热后墙和主动蓄热后墙2种类型,被动蓄热后墙以固化沙为主要蓄热体,主动蓄热后墙在被动蓄热墙体的基础上增设了蓄热循环系统。通过在内蒙古乌海地区进行试验,分析其热工性能,并与当地普通砖墙日光温室性能进行比较分析。试验结果表明,晴天条件下,固化沙被动蓄热后墙温室、固化沙主动蓄热后墙温室、普通砖墙温室的夜间平均气温分别为13.7、17.0、12.8℃。阴天条件下,3座温室的夜间平均气温分别为10.6、13.8、10.0℃。固化沙被动蓄热后墙温室墙体内部恒定温度区域处于500~740 mm之间,蓄热体厚度近500 mm,其中固化沙蓄热体厚度近380 mm。固化沙主动蓄热后墙温室的墙体内部恒定温度区域处于740~1 000 mm之间,蓄热体厚度超过740 mm,其中固化沙蓄热厚度超过620 mm。综上,固化沙主动蓄热后墙日光温室的热工性能明显优于固化沙被动蓄热后墙日光温室及当地普通砖墙日光温室,可满足喜温作物的越冬生产,在西北多沙地区具有一定的实用推广价值。     

日光温室前屋面支撑位置对实腹式骨架安全性的影响

为掌握日光温室前屋面支撑点设置位置对骨架结构安全性的影响规律,获得最佳支撑点位置设置区域,该研究以北京地区为例,选取8、9、10 m三种常见跨度的日光温室为研究对象,依据相关设计规范提出了3种跨度日光温室的建筑剖面并确定了荷载作用形式。假定在日光温室前屋面骨架设置一个支撑点,并且支撑点位置可以沿着前屋面骨架以每隔一段相对固定的距离(约为50 cm)进行变化,运用MIDAS-Gen软件分别计算对应的49种支撑工况、255种荷载组合下温室前屋面骨架的宽厚比、挠度和应力比系数等强度及稳定性指标。计算发现,在不同支撑工况和荷载组合下,分别选取70mm×50mm×2.0 mm、80 mm×60 mm×2.0 mm、90 mm×60 mm×2.0 mm作为8、9、10 m跨日光温室的实腹式主拱架截面,对应的拱杆宽厚比为33、38、43,挠度值最大为15.13、14.69、18.5mm,均满足规范要求。温室前屋面支撑点位置变化对骨架安全性产生显著的影响,挠度变形、应力比系数随支撑点位置的变化规律均呈现出"孤峰型"曲线特征,且3种跨度温室的曲线规律基本一致,在峰值附近是最佳的支撑设置区域,其中8、9、10 m跨日光温室相对于前屋面投影的最佳相对支撑位置分别为51%、72%和71%,在此位置区域内增加支撑可降低日光温室拱杆应力,减小挠度值。研究结果可为指导日光温室应急防灾、实腹式骨架系统研发等提供参考。     

甘蔗茎在弯曲荷载下的破坏

研究甘蔗的物理力学特性对研究甘蔗切割过程、设计刀片具有重要意义。该文采用三点弯曲方法研究甘蔗茎在弯曲荷载下的力学特性。以“桂林—1号”甘蔗为试验材料,在日本SHIMADZU公司生产的AG-I 50 AUTOGRAPH材料力学试验机上进行了蔗茎的弯曲试验。试验结果表明：蔗茎在弯曲荷载下主要有4种破坏形式：中性层裂纹、横向裂纹、底部纵向裂纹、不规则裂纹。其中基部和尾部试样以横向裂纹为主,其他部位的试样产生中性层裂纹;“桂林-1号”甘蔗基部弹性模量的平均值为1172 N/mm²,最大抗弯强度的平均值为46.5 N/mm²;基部去掉蔗皮后,弹性模量的平均值为1514.8 N/mm²,最大抗弯强度的平均值为42 N/mm²;蔗茎基部的弹性模量在剥皮前后有显著差异,且基部蔗芯的弹性模量明显高于未剥蔗皮基部的弹性模量。蔗茎基部的抗弯强度在剥皮前后无显著差异。     

雪荷载作用下几字型钢日光温室极限承载力分析

雪灾是导致日光温室倒塌的主要原因之一。为探明几字型钢日光温室在雪荷载作用下的失稳机理,该研究采用有限单元法,以8 m跨日光温室为研究对象,模拟其在雪荷载（均匀分布雪荷载和非均匀分布雪荷载）作用下的失稳破坏过程,计算其极限承载力,并探究纵向系杆、初始几何缺陷、截面参数对极限承载力的影响。结果表明：对于净截面面积、上翼缘宽度、腹板高度和壁厚均相同的几字型钢和空心矩形钢管,几字型钢日光温室极限承载力稍高于空心矩形钢管日光温室极限承载力;相较于均匀分布雪荷载,日光温室拱架对非均匀分布雪荷载更为敏感,非均匀分布雪荷载作用下的极限承载力约是均匀分布雪荷载作用下的28%,在日光温室结构设计中,应重点考虑非均匀分布雪荷载工况;在非均匀分布雪荷载作用下,屋脊和后屋面支座处为危险截面,最先进入全截面屈服状态;纵向系杆的设置可有效抑制结构平面外变形,进而提高结构极限承载力,有纵向系杆约束条件下的结构极限承载力约是无纵向系杆约束条件下的1.25倍;该日光温室拱架对初始几何缺陷敏感度较低,当最大初始几何缺陷幅值从5 mm增加到20 mm时,极限承载力降低约2%;在几字型钢截面选取时,在满足规范要求宽厚比前提下,建议上翼缘宽度与翻边宽度之比控制在4.17左右,腹板高度与翻边宽度之比不大于9.25,下翼缘宽度与翻边宽度之比不大于1.7,上翼缘宽度与下翼缘宽度之比控制在3.33左右,腹板高度与下翼缘宽度之比控制在4.67左右。该研究结果可为开口冷弯薄壁型钢日光温室拱架抗雪设计提供参考。     

主动蓄热日光温室不同气流方向后墙传热CFD模拟

日光温室是一种能源高效利用型的温室结构,在中国北方的设施园艺产业中起到了非常重要的作用,其中主动储热日光温室结构是最近该领域研究的热点问题之一。针对高效主动储热风道的研究问题,该文构建了3种不同气流运动方式的主动蓄热日光温室后墙模型,分别是顶进顶出气流运动方式的主动蓄热日光温室后墙(W1)、侧进侧出气流运动方式的主动蓄热日光温室后墙(W2)、侧进顶出气流运动方式的主动蓄热日光温室后墙(W3)。在W1工况下对比试验数据及数值模拟数据发现,平均相对误差为6.7%,最大相对误差为13.4%,说明该文所建模型的数值模拟与试验数据有很好的一致性;进一步模拟结果表明,进口条件一致的情况下,W1、W2、W3在主动蓄热循环系统运行阶段的有效蓄热范围分别为700～800、500～600、600～700 mm;W1、W2、W3的出口平均温度分别为17.3、18.9、18.2℃,进一步计算得到,3种工况下,内部空气流的努塞尔特数分别为40.95、35.25、35.30;3种不同气流循环运动方式下,温室后墙的对流换热强烈程度表现为W1最大,W3其次,W2最小。该研究为设计主动蓄热日光温室墙体气流循环运动方式提供了理论依据和试验参考。     

冬夏兼用型日光温室内热湿性能分析与应用效果

日光温室是中国北方地区重要的农业设施类型,可进行春提早、秋延后与越冬栽培,但在夏季高温季节使用困难。为了提高苏北地区日光温室的利用效率,该文设计了一种后墙部分可拆装的冬夏兼用型日光温室,该日光温室的后墙包括上下两部分,上部分为镀锌钢架和秸秆块组成的拆装墙体,下部分为空心砌块砌筑的固定墙体。该文以当地传统空心砌块后墙日光温室为对照,首先监测两种日光温室最热月和最冷月的室内外温湿度变化;其次,比较分析了两种日光温室后墙材料热工性能、冬季后墙温度波动和热流密度的差异以及夏季室内空气流动速率的差异;最后,分析比较了两栋日光温室冬夏季室内作物生长状况、产量以及投入产出比。结果显示,冬夏兼用型日光温室固定墙体的热稳定性能和隔热性能分别高于传统空心砌块墙体10.8倍和18.3倍,昼平均热流密度高约19.0%,蓄热时间长约1.0 h,夜间平均热流密度高约18.3%,放热时间长约2.1 h。夏季拆除秸秆块后,冬夏兼用型日光温室内空气流速明显高于对照温室。田间监测发现,与对照温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室冬季白天室内平均气温高1.1℃,室内平均湿度低9.1%;夜间室内平均气温高1.0℃,室内平均湿度低6.8%,番茄单株产量显著提高16.7%;夏季通风口面积大,室内空气流速大,通过自然通风排除的热量多,白天室内平均气温低4.0℃,夜晚室内平均气温低3.1℃,日最高气温低1.4~8.1℃,不结球白菜单株鲜质量显著提高38.5%。统计结果显示,与对照温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室投入产出比高8.05%。综上,与当地传统空心砌块后墙日光温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室冬季保温性能和控湿性能好,夏季通风降温性能优良,能够实现作物的周年生产,在苏北地区具有一定的实用价值。     

日光温室主动蓄热后墙传热CFD模拟及性能试验

中国的日光温室实现了高效的能量利用,在中国北方地区的冬季农业生产中发挥了巨大的作用。但在实践生产中日光温室存在巨大的能量不平衡,给北方冬季的农业生产造成很大的损失,同时也限制了日光温室的高效应用。为了实现了日光温室对太阳能的高效利用,该文提出了一种能够将白天富裕能量进行有效存储的主动蓄热后墙日光温室。该文对主动蓄热后墙日光温室的室内温度和通风蓄热风道蓄热特性进行理论分析和试验,并与传统9m跨的被动蓄热日光温室进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,主动蓄热后墙日光温室的温度指标有了较明显提高。在晴天和多云采光天气条件下,主动蓄热后墙日光温室室内的温度较9m跨被动蓄热日光温室均有较大幅度的增加,在晴天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.8℃,最大为2.8℃,平均提高2.2℃;在多云天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.6℃,最大为4.2℃,平均提高2.2℃。该文利用CFD数值模拟对温室蓄热后墙的20℃等值面进行了分析,分析结果表明在定常条件下,通风主动蓄热的高效范围在10m以内,有效长度在20m以内。通过该试验,结合温室建筑的实践构造要求,确定的蓄热风道合理长度为20m。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.