玉米精量播种关键技术

玉米精量播种技术是王米播种史上的一项重大改革,具有省时间、省种子、增产增收等优点。近年来逐渐被推广,现将一些具体要求及有关注意事项进行介绍。     

气吸式精量播种技术应用效果

气吸式精量播种技术是现阶段实现精准播种的最佳技术。新疆生产建设兵团一师三团植棉播种技术已经历了条播技术和半精量播种技术,现正向精量播种技术方向发展。实施气吸式播种不但从根本上降低劳动强度,而且节省种子、降低成本。1气吸式精量播种技术应用情况三团在2003年12月从新疆农科院农机研究所和阿克苏通用机械厂成功引进了3台气吸式精量播种机,在2004年春播期间试播了410公顷。每公顷用种22.5~27kg,较常规棉田67.5kg少45kg。播后调查气吸式精量铺膜播种机的下种、出苗情况:1粒穴率为87%,2粒穴率为5%,空穴率为7%,出苗率为92%,保苗率为8…     

黄淮海麦茬大豆免耕覆秸精量播种栽培技术研究

黄淮海地区是我国重要的大豆生产区之一,该地区大豆的前茬作物为小麦,小麦收获后,田间麦秸量大,麦茬较高,大豆播种质量难以保证,进而影响大豆生长和产量形成。为破解上述生产难题,国家大豆产业技术体系经过多年协同攻关研发了麦茬大豆免耕覆秸精量播种技术。该技术可一次性完成秸秆侧向抛秸、分层施肥(药)、精量播种、覆土镇压、封闭除草等核心作业环节,同步实现了小麦秸秆全量还田、大豆精量播种和田间病虫草害的防治。本文结合多年来试验示范数据对麦茬大豆免耕覆秸精量播种技术进行了详细介绍,结果表明:免耕覆秸精量播种技术有效地解决了长期困扰黄淮海地区大豆生产的麦秸处理、大豆保苗和土壤培肥难题,增产增效显著。免耕覆秸精量播种技术在大豆生产过程中降低了生产成本,提高了大豆的种植效益,该技术在黄淮海地区具有广阔的应用前景。     

辽宁中熟、中晚熟与晚熟玉米品种的产量性能比较与分析

以15个辽宁省有代表性的中熟、中晚熟、晚熟玉米品种为试材,结合1999～2007年辽宁省玉米区域试验结果,对不同熟期品种的产量和生产性能进行比较研究。结果表明:中熟、中晚熟品种较晚熟品种有增产趋势,一些品种表现特别突出;中熟、中晚熟品种密植增产潜力大,密度适应范围广,稳产性更好;群体结构合理,经济系数高,源、流、库协调;在精量播种和机械化收获等方面,中熟、中晚熟品种有明显优势。     

先玉335对吉林省玉米产业发展的机遇与挑战

先玉335的推广极大地提高了吉林省玉米产量和质量,耐密品种得到全面普及,精量播种技术得到农民认可,品种广适安全的概念被强化。先玉335促进吉林省玉米种业建立工程化育种体系,提升企业育种技术与方法,种子质量全面提高,玉米品种示范网络和售后服务体系更加完善。     

我国大豆精量播种机械发展现状及趋势

大豆播种机械作为大豆机械化生产中的主要工具,其性能的优劣直接影响到播种质量及大豆产量。介绍了我国东北地区、黄淮海区域和南方区域大豆精密播种技术的应用现状,阐述了大豆精量排种器以及免耕防堵技术的理论研究现状,指出我国大豆精密播种技术需要解决的关键问题,从而为我国大豆精量播种机械的发展方向提供参考。     

2BZXJ-1型小区大豆(玉米)育种精量播种机研发成功

大豆产业技术体系运行以来,设施与设备研究室在深人大豆生产、科研实际调研基础上,针对我国大豆育种、栽培试验缺乏必要机械装备,普遍采用人力播种的现状,在体系专项基金的支持下,成功地研发出小区大豆（玉米）育种专用精量播种机。     

免耕覆秸精量播种技术在麦茬夏大豆中的节本增收效果分析

在黄淮海夏大豆主产区,采用裂区试验设计,比较了麦茬免耕覆秸精量播种、常规机械播种、人工小耧播种3种不同播种方式的节本增收效果,并分析了间苗对产量和效益的影响。结果表明,麦茬免耕覆秸精量播种方式的产量、效益均较常规机械播种、人工小耧播种处理高;间苗可改善植株的农艺性状,但在3种播种方式条件下均不增产,同时降低净利润;在不间苗条件下,麦茬免耕覆秸精量播种处理净利润较常规机械播种、人工小耧播种处理分别增加1053.60、2109.45元/hm2,增效分别为31.7%、93.0%,麦茬免耕覆秸精量播种处理成本利用率分别是常规机械播种、人工小耧播种处理的1.4、2.3倍,表明麦茬免耕覆秸精量播种为黄淮海夏大豆节本增效的播种技术。     

影响杂交玉米制种花期不遇的因素与调控措施

影响杂交玉米制种花期不遇的因素与调控措施王晓非，周化柱（辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所１１０１６１）（辽宁省义县农业技术推广中心１２１１００）玉米杂交制种成功的主要关键是杂交玉米的父母本花期能否相遇。在制种的实践中，人们往往采取父母本种于错期播种的方法，...     

棉花精量播种与配套栽培技术

棉花精量播种技术与常规播种技术相比,具有节省种子用量60%以上,产量提高5%～10%,减少人工投入,生长发育进程提前3～5d,节本增效明显和推动植棉技术进步等优点,因而在棉花生产上得到大面积推广。尤其是精量播种技术与膜下滴灌及测土配方施肥技术的集成配套应用,促进了     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.