Cell proliferation activity of proliferating bile duct after bile duct ligation in rats

The cell proliferation activity of proliferating bile ducts produced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats was examined histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. Proliferating bile ducts, which were similar to normal bile ducts, increased with time after BDL. The cell proliferation activity of proliferating bile ducts, measured using proliferating-cell nuclear antigen and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine antibodies, tended to be high at 1 and 3 days after BDL and decreased progressively at 2 to 4 weeks after BDL. On the other hand, alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblast-like cells increased continuously after BDL. These findings indicate that there is a negative correlation between the cell proliferation activity of proliferating bile ducts and that of myofibroblast-like cells.     

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of ito cells (fat-storing cells) in response to extrahepatic bile duct ligation in broiler chickens.

The Ito cell (fat-storing cell) lies in perisinusoidal space of liver and has a variety of functions. We investigated the immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of Ito cells in normal and cholestatic livers of broiler chickens. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Ito cells expressed HHF35 muscle actin, vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A and cytokeratins in normal livers. These cells were diffusely scattered throughout the lobules. Livers treated with extrahepatic bile duct ligation (BDL) showed cholestasis, fibrosis, proliferation of biliary ductules and Ito cells. The Ito cells were frequently found in fibrotic areas and were larger in size with more extensive immunoreactivity than those of normal livers. Ultrastructural study demonstrated that Ito cells were closely associated with the production of collagen fibers in BDL livers. These findings suggest that Ito cells actively react against hepatocytic injuries and play a major role in the hepatic fibrogenesis of cholestatic livers of chickens.     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后局部粘膜免疫功能的变化

雏鸡1日龄感染鸡贫血病毒（CAV），8日龄接种Lasota疫苗，以未感染免疫雏鸡为对照，于免疫后7、14、28d检测其哈德尔腺和盲肠扁桃体T细胞及IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ 抗体生成细胞数量，泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中IgG、IgM、IgA含量以及泪液、胆汁HI抗体滴度的动态变化。揭示了感染CAV雏鸡接种ND疫苗免疫后哈德尔腺、盲肠扁桃体的T细胞和IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ 抗体生成细胞数量，泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量以及泪液、胆汁HI抗体滴度，均较未感染免疫雏鸡明显减少。表明眼部、呼吸道和消化道局部粘膜免疫防御能力减弱。     

Changing of antioxidant enzyme activity on the biliary obstructed rats treated with resveratrol

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of antioxidant enzyme activity and nitric oxide levels induced by 28 day biliary obstruction in the rat. A total of 21 young Swiss albino rats were divided in to 3 groups. Bile duct ligations, bile duct ligations plus resveratrol, sham operated. Bile duct ligations plus resveratrol group received 10 mg/kg dose of resveratrol intraperitonealy once daily throughout for 28 days. Liver damage and cholestasis were determined by biochemical examination. SOD, CAT and GSH-PX activity decreased in BDL group compared with shame opareted groups (p < 0.001). NO levels increased in BDL groups compared with shame opareted groups (p < 0.001). SOD, CAT and GSH-PX activity was found higher in BDL+resveratrol treated groups than BDL groups (p < 0.001). In addition this NO levels decreased in BDL+resveratrol treated groups than BDL groups (p < 0.001). In conclusion, it is thought that resveratrol may be used as a protective agent in biliary obstructions; however, further clinical and experimental studies are needed to verify its antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects.     

Infection and immune responses in chickens exposed to Salmonella typhimurium

The transmission of Salmonella typhimurium among adult chickens maintained in wire-floored cages was examined. Within 6 days, organisms had spread from infected seed chickens to the majority of uninoculated chickens. Initially, organisms were found in the intestinal tract alone, but by day 20, all chickens were infected, and most of these had organisms in the liver, spleen, and intestinal tract. Antibodies to whole bacterial cells and lipopolysaccharide were detected in the serum and bile of all chickens from day 24. Clearance of organisms from the tissues was not apparent until after day 33. Cell-mediated immunity to salmonella antigens was also induced in chickens that naturally acquired the infection. The role of these parameters of immunity in the clearance of organisms is discussed.     

Effects of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion in chickens

1. The effect of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion were examined in chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea. 2. When fed a low-protein diet, the water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were increased by colostomy (P < 0.05) but not changed further by caecal ligation of colostomised chickens. 3. When fed a low-protein diet supplemented with urea, the amount of water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were not changed by either treatment. 4. Total water excretion was much higher in the colostomised plus caeca-ligated chickens than in other 3 groups fed both types of diet (P < 0.05). 5. The amount of faecal water excretion was increased by cecal ligation in colostomised chickens fed either diet (P < 0.01). 6. No effect of any treatment on water balance was observed in chickens fed either diet. 7. It is concluded that the lower intestine plays a useful role in the water economy of chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea.     

鸡贫血病病毒感染雏鸡细胞周期的研究

用流式细胞仪对雏鸡感染鸡贫血病毒后不同时期胸腺和骨髓细胞的细胞周期进行了分析，结果显示感染鸡骨髓和胸腺发生了Ｇ１阻滞，这表明ＤＮＡ合成抑制，Ｇ２／Ｍ期细胞数量明显减少，这说明增殖性细胞在减少。本实验结果提示增殖性细胞减少是鸡传染性贫血病（ＣＩＡ）中胸腺淋巴细胞和骨髓造血细胞大量减少的重要原因之一，这为阐明ＣＡＶ的发病机理提供了新资料     

感染CAA雏鸡ND免疫后三种体液中HI抗体变化

对１日龄感染ＣＡＡ雏鸡接种Ｌａｓｏｔａ弱毒疫苗后，其血清、泪液、胆汁中ＨＩ抗体滴度的变化进行了研究。结果发现，感染ＣＡＡ雏鸡Ｌａｓｏｔａ疫苗免疫后，三种体液中ＨＩ抗体滴度明显低于未感染ＣＡＡ的照雏鸡。     

Effect of bilateral cecal ligation on use of dietary energy in growing chickens

In order to determine the role of the cecum on energy use in growing chickens, metabolizability of the dietary energy and energy expenditure were examined in the week following bilateral ligation and washing out of the cecum. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were 14.30 and 13.69 kJ/g air‐dry matter for sham‐operated and cecally ligated chickens, respectively. These values were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05). Although AME intake and fasting heat production were decreased by cecal ligation, the distribution of AME (measured as fasting and feeding heat production, as well as heat increment and energy retention, as a proportion of AME intake) was not affected. These results suggest that the cecum helps chickens extract AME from corn‐soybean type diets with little, if any, effect on AME use, based on the present study of growing chickens in the week following cecal ligation.     

Infection and reinfection of chickens with Salmonella typhimurium: bacteriology and immune responses.

Four-day-old chickens infected orally with a spectinomycin-resistant (Spcr) mutant of a highly invasive avian Salmonella typhimurium strain excreted salmonellae in the feces for at least 10 weeks. When these chickens were reinfected at this time with a nalidixic acid-resistant (Nalr) mutant of the same strain, they excreted this mutant in significantly smaller numbers (P less than 0.01) than did a previously uninfected control group. The Nalr mutant had a shorter survival rate in the tissues of the immunized chickens than in tissues of the control birds. The Spcr mutant stimulated strong IgG, IgA, and IgM responses in serum, small-intestinal contents, and bile. These were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against antigens of crude whole bacterial cell protein sonicate, lipopolysaccharide, flagella, and outer-membrane proteins. There was some evidence of an anamnestic response with IgA in bile following reinfection with the Salmonella. The peak response of antibody-producing cells from the spleens of infected chickens, assayed by solid-phase ELISA, occurred at 3 weeks postinoculation. A strong delayed hypersensitivity reaction, detected by foot-pad swelling after inoculation with either whole-cell or outer-membrane proteins, was observed between 2 and 5 weeks after infection with the Spcr mutant. The data indicate that outer-membrane proteins are major immunogens for both humoral and cell-mediated arms of the immune system.     

鸡贫血因子病局部粘膜免疫功能变化的研究

用鸡贫血病毒感染１日龄ＡＡ雏鸡,以未感染同龄ＡＡ雏鸡的对照,在感染后７,１４,２１,２８,３５,４２,４９日龄检测其哈德尔腺及盲肠扁桃体Ｔ细胞和ＩｇＧ＾＋、ＩｇＭ＾＋、ＩｇＡ＾＋抗体生成细胞数量,泪液,气管液、肠液中ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量的动态变化。     

Cholangiohepatitis in broiler chickens in Japan: histopathological, immunohistochemical and microbiological studies of spontaneous disease

Forty-five broiler carcasses from 6 different flocks were condemned due to liver lesions at processing meat inspection, and collected for pathological and bacterial examinations. All affected chickens showed liver enlargement with discolouration and an apparent acinar pattern. The enlarged gallbladder and the extrahepatic bile ducts contained yellow inspissated cream-coloured material. Histopathologically, extensive proliferation of bile ductules with fibrosis was observed in interlobular connective tissue, and it spread to form bridges with adjoining triads. Destruction and obstruction of portal bile ducts with multiple granulomas due to bacterial infection and outflow of the bile were frequently observed. Many Gram-positive bacilli were seen in the lesions, and they were identified as Clostridium perfringens by indirect immunofluorescence staining technique. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from affected livers. These findings are consistent with cholangiohepatitis. Therefore, it is suggested that C. perfringens might be important in the pathogenesis of cholangiohepatitis in broiler chickens.     

内源性NO在雏鸡球虫感染中的作用

以腹腔注射途径给予感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (E.tenella)雏鸡细菌脂多糖 (L PS)和地塞米松 (Dex) ,用铜离子活化镉还原法检测血清 NO- 2 水平 ,并通过测定 NBT阳性细胞百分率、雏鸡增重、免疫器官的脏器系数、OPG值以及盲肠病变记分等指标 ,探讨了 NO在雏鸡感染球虫过程中的作用。试验结果表明 ,与空白对照组相比 ,给予 L PS可使 NBT阳性细胞百分率明显升高 (P<0 .0 1) ,并使盲肠病变及球虫感染引起的增重下降有所减轻 ,这提示 L PS对雏鸡具一定的保护作用 ;而给予 Dex不仅降低了感染雏鸡血清 NO- 2 的水平、NBT阳性细胞百分率、增重和胸腺的脏器系数 ,还增加了 OPG值和盲肠病变记分 ,说明在雏鸡感染球虫过程中 ,Dex会减少 NO的生成 ,并使雏鸡抗球虫免疫力下降。     

Influence of Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization on immunoglobulin response in chickens

The immunoglobulin response of chickens to colonization by Campylobacter jejuni isolates B-540 and Clin-1 was monitored. Chicken humoral IgG and biliary secretory IgA (sIgA) responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were taken from 128 C. jejuni-colonized chickens and 104 uncolonized chickens housed in a controlled environment. An indirect ELISA was performed using the homologous isolate of C. jejuni as the capture antigen and was developed with the specific goat anti-chicken IgG or IgA alkaline phosphatase conjugates. The ELISA absorbance values of the test samples at 405 nm (serum diluted 1:32 and bile diluted 1:10) were normalized in direct proportion to standard sera and bile sample values. In the colonized chickens, humoral IgG activities were highest at hatch, dropped to their lowest level after 2 weeks, and increased by 8 weeks to levels similar to those detected at hatch. The sIgA activity was lowest at hatch and increased by 4 weeks in colonized chickens while remaining lower in the control chickens. Chickens colonized with isolate B-540 showed a primary sIgA response during the first 4 weeks and reached a plateau over the final 4 weeks. In spite of these limited humoral and secretory immunoglobulin responses, once the chicken ceca was colonized by C. jejuni, the organism persisted throughout the 8-week experiment.     

Effect of taurine on intestinal morphology and utilisation of soy oil in chickens

1. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of taurine on intestinal morphology and utilisation of dietary fatty acids in chicken. One-day-old broilers chickens were fed with a maize- and soybean-based diet containing soy oil, and supplemented with taurine at either 0 or 0·5 g/kg. 2. Result showed that the total bile acid in blood and lipase activity in the small intestine were elevated in 3-week-old broilers given the taurine-supplemented diet. No differences were observed for total serum bile acid and lipase activity between the groups of 6-week-old broilers. 3. The development of the jejunum villus and ileum villus was inhibited, and the weight of jejunum and the relative height of intestinal mucosa were decreased in the chickens fed the taurine-supplemented diet. 4. The rate of diet fatty acid utilisation was not different between the groups of 3- and 6-week-old chickens. 5. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with taurine had no beneficial effect on intestinal morphology or utilisation of a soy oil diet in chickens.     

传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫雏鸡局部体液的免疫学变化

应用间接ELISA法,检测了传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫雏鸡4种局部体液(泪液、气管液、胆汁、肠液)免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量的动态变化。结果发现免疫雏鸡局部体液3种免疫球蛋白含量较未免疫对照雏鸡均有不同程度地升高;IBD超强毒株攻击后,对照雏鸡上述指标均明显低于疫苗免疫雏鸡,发生典型IBD,并全部死亡,而疫苗免疫雏鸡免疫保护率达60%,表明疫苗免疫后,可增强雏鸡的局部体液免疫功能。     

Cellular defense of the avian respiratory system: protection against Escherichia coli airsacculitis by Pasteurella multocida-activated respiratory phagocytes

The concept of nonspecific cellular defense of the respiratory system of poultry against respiratory pathogens by "preventive activation" of avian respiratory phagocytes (ARPs) was tested in an in vivo protection trial. Chickens were stimulated intratracheally by Pasteurella multocida Choloral vaccine strain. Seven hours later, these and mock-inoculated control chickens were challenged with pathogenic Escherichia coli via the air-sac route. Stimulated chickens had a 25-fold-elevated number of ARPs compared with mock-inoculated control chickens. The proportion of active phagocytes and the phagocytic capacity of these cells was higher in the ARP populations of stimulated chickens than in the ARP populations of control chickens. In vivo protection against E. coli air-sac infection was demonstrated by reduction of morbidity and mortality rates, diminished weight loss, and lower scores of gross and histopathological lesions of P. multocida-stimulated chickens compared with mock-inoculated controls.     

免疫增强剂对IBD疫苗免疫雏鸡局部黏膜免疫功能的影响

分别将免疫增强剂“禽福”和“Inmunair”与鸡传染性法氏囊病（IBD）中等毒力活疫苗配合使用,检测免疫雏鸡哈德尔氏腺和盲肠扁桃体T细胞及IgA、IgM和IgG抗体生成细胞数量。泪液、气管液、胆汁、肠液中免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量的动态变化,结果发现,应用免疫增强剂IBD疫苗免疫雏鸡上述局部免疫组织及四种局部体液的相应各项免疫检测指标均较IBD疫苗单独免疫雏鸡不同程度地增高,表明免疫增强剂与疫苗联合应用,能显著提高疫苗免疫雏鸡眼部、呼吸道和消化道局部黏膜免疫功能;而IBD强毒攻击后,疫苗单独免疫雏鸡上述指标明显低于应用免疫增强剂的疫苗免疫雏鸡,同时。后者对IBD强毒攻击的有效抵抗力明显高于前者。     

Per rectal portal scintigraphy in the diagnosis and management of feline congenital portosystemic shunts

Five cats with a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) were examined using transcolonic portal scintigraphy before and after surgical ligation of the shunting vessel. The mean shunt index before surgery was 52 per cent (range 45 to 61 per cent). Repeat portal scintigraphy, six to eight weeks after surgery, indicated a significant reduction in shunt index (mean 13 per cent, range 5 to 25 per cent) in four cats. In one of these cats a marked reduction in the shunt index, as determined by scintigraphy, preceded normal fasting blood ammonia. In the fifth cat there was no significant change in the shunt index, fasting serum bile acids and blood ammonia six months after surgery, although its clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy had improved. Portal scintigraphy is useful in the diagnosis of CPSS and enables a quantitative assessment of the effects of surgery and may be a more accurate indicator of the degree of shunting after surgery than blood ammonia and serum bile acids.     

Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the activity of macrophages in Newcastle disease virus-infected chickens

The effect of vitamin A deficiency on the activity of peritoneal macrophages (PM) was investigated in noninfected and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected chickens. Day-old chickens with limited vitamin A reserves were fed diets containing either marginal (120 retinol equivalents (RE)/kg) or adequate (1200 RE/kg) levels of vitamin A. At 4 weeks of age, half of the chickens in each group were infected with the La Sota strain of NDV and PM were isolated 11 or 12 days later. These were used for counting the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled yeast cells as an indicator of phagocytic activity and for measuring the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), which provides an estimate of oxygen-dependent killing of microorganisms. Vitamin A deficiency impaired NBT reduction and, to a lesser extent, phagocytosis in both infected and noninfected chickens. NDV infection increased phagocytosis and NBT reduction in normal and, to a lesser extent, in vitamin A-deficient chickens.