Organic manure stimulates biological activity and barley growth in soil subject to secondary salinization

A pot experiment was performed to compare the impact of organic manure on soil enzymatic activity, respiration rate and the growth of two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) differing in their salt tolerance under a simulated salinized environment. A plastic pot with a hole (2 cm in diameter) in the center of bottom was filled with an anthropogenic (paddy) soil and placed in a porcelain container containing NaCl solution (3.0 g L⁻¹) such that a secondary salinization process was simulated via upward capillary water movement along the soil profile. A treatment with neither organic manure nor simulated soil salinization was taken as a control (CK1). The organic manure was applied either inside or outside rhizobag made of nylon cloth (40 μm of pore size). The soil was treated with: 20 g kg⁻¹ rice straw (RS), 20 g kg⁻¹ pig manure (PM), or 10 g kg⁻¹ rice straw plus 10 g kg⁻¹ pig manure (RS+PM). No organic manure was added in an additional control treatment (CK2). The results indicated that the placement of organic manure both inside and outside rihzobags significantly increased the activity of urease, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, as well as respiration rate in both rhizosphere and bulk soils. Also, nutrient uptake by barley plants was enhanced in the treatments with organic manure amended either inside or outside rhizobags. The activity of these enzymes along with the respiration rate was higher in rhizosphere than in non-rhizosphere when organic manure was supplied inside rhizobags, while the opposite was found in the case of manure incorporated outside rhizobags. Among all the treatments, RS+PM treatment had most significant stimulating effects on enzymatic and microbial activity and shoot dry weight of barley, followed by PM and RS. Moreover, more significant stimulating effects on both enzyme activity and plant growth were achieved in the treatments with manure amended inside rhizobags than outside rhizobags. The results of the present study confirmed the view that incorporation of organic manure especially into soil-root zones is an effective low-input agro-technological approach to enhancing soil fertility and minimizing phytotoxicity induced by secondary salinization.     

Prediction of carbon mineralization rates from different soil physical fractions using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Soil carbon (C) mineralization rate is a key indicator of soil functional capacity but it is time consuming to measure using conventional laboratory incubation methods. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of visible-near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapid non-destructive determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) concentration. We investigated whether NIRS (350-2500 nm) can predict C mineralization rates in physically fractionated soil aggregates (bulk soil and 6 size fractions, n=108) and free organic matter (2 size fractions, n=27) in aerobically incubated samples from a clayey soil (Ferralsol) and a sandy soil (Arenosol). Incubation reference values were calibrated to first derivative reflectance spectra using partial least-squares regression. Prediction accuracy was assessed by comparing laboratory reference values with NIRS values predicted using full hold-out-one cross-validation. Cross-validated prediction for C respired (500 days) in soil aggregate fractions had an R² of 0.82 while that of C mineralized (300 days) in organic matter fractions was 0.71. Major soil aggregate fractions could be perfectly spectrally discriminated using a 50% random holdout validation sample. NIRS is a promising technique for rapid characterization of potential C mineralization in soils and aggregate fractions. Further work should test the robustness of NIRS prediction of mineralization rates of aggregate fractions across a wide range of soils and spectral mixture models for predicting mass fractions of aggregate size classes.     

Rainforest litter quality and chemical controls on leaf decomposition with near‐infrared spectrometry

Plant‐litter chemical quality is an important driver of many ecosystem processes, however, what actually constitutes high‐ or low‐quality litter (chemical potential for fast and slow decomposition, respectively) is often interpreted by the indices available. Here, near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to explore leaf‐litter chemical quality and the controls on decomposition in the tropical rainforest region of north Queensland Australia. Leaf‐litter samples from litterfall collections and litterbag studies were used. NIRS was used to calibrate the chemical compositions of the material (N, P, C, Mg, Ca, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, α‐cellulose, and total phenolics) from a smaller sample set covering the spectral range in the full set of samples. Calibrations were compared for both separate (local) and combined models, for litterbags, and litterfall. Coefficients of determination (r²) in the local models ranged from 0.88 (litterbag Mg) to 0.99 (litterfall N), with residual prediction deviation ratios > 3 for all constituents except Mg (≈ 2.5). Mass loss in the litterbags was strongly related to the NIR spectra, with model r²'s of 0.75 (in situ leaves) and 0.76 (common control leaf). In situ decomposability was determined from modeling the initial NIR spectra prior to decomposition with litterbag exponential‐decay rates (model r² of 0.81, n = 85 initial samples). A best subset model including litter‐quality, climate, and soil variables predicted decay better than the NIR decomposability model (r² = 0.87). For litter quality alone the NIR model predicted decay rate better than all of the best predictive litter–chemical quality indices. The decomposability model was used to predict in situ decomposability in the litterfall samples. The chemical variables explaining NIR decomposability for litterfall were initial P, C, and phenolics (linear model r² = 0.80, n = 2471). NIRS is a holistic technique that is just as, if not more accurate, than litter–chemical quality indices, when predicting decomposition and decomposability, shown here in a regional field study.     

Relationship of percolation stability of soil aggregates to land use, selected properties, structural indices and simulated rainfall erosion

Simple tests of structural stability are needed for evaluating the ease with which soils slake and erode when in contact with water. In a laboratory study, we related the percolation stability (PS) of 22 Nigerian soils to land use, soil properties, structural stability indices and simulated rainfall erosion. All measurements were carried out with the 1–2 mm diameter air-dry aggregates. Land use influenced PS more than the type of soil. Forest soils, bush fallows, mulched, minimally tilled plots and pasture lands had rapid PS (>250 ml/10 min) values, whereas mulched conventionally tilled plots, bare fallows and continuously cultivated plots from where residues were removed by burning had relatively slow to moderate PS values (34–241 ml/10 min). The single most important soil property that correlated positively with PS is organic matter (OM) (r = 0.55^*) followed by total Fe + Al (r = 0.52^*). The significant inverse relationship (r = −0.49^*) between log (PS) and log (pH/OM) indicates a decrease in PS of these acidic, low-OM soils with increasing pH levels. The percent water-stable aggregate (WSA) >0.20 mm diameter, aggregated clay index (AC) and clay dispersion ratio (CDR) correlated weakly with PS. Conversely, the sealing index (SI) (i.e. the ratio of saturated hydraulic conductivity of an uncrusted to that of a crusted soil) had a strong, inverse relationship with PS (r = −0.97^***). These relationships indicate that PS measures the slakability (and not dispersibility) of soils. The relationship between PS and erosion (E) was an exponential decay form, E = 102 e^−0.0043PS (r² = 0.98) and showed that high interrill erosion rates would be expected on soils with PS < 250 ml/10 min. The PS which is simple to measure, is, therefore, a good indicator of structural stability for assessing the potential of these soils to erode.     

Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions

 Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg^–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg^–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil, are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers. Received: 6 May 1998     

CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer

A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO₂ flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g⁻¹ and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g⁻¹, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g⁻¹) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m⁻² during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m⁻² during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO₂ emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m⁻², respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO₂ emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO₂ during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO₂ flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO₂ flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO₂ flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil.     

Organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soils under different crop rotations in the tropics

Soil organic matter level, soil microbial biomass C, ninhydrin-N, C mineralization, and dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity were studied in soils under different crop rotations for 6 years. Inclusion of a green manure crop of Sesbania aculeata in the rotation improved soil organic matter status and led to an increase in soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme activity and soil respiratory activity. Microbial biomass C increased from 192 mg kg^–1 soil in a pearl millet-wheat-fallow rotation to 256 mg kg^–1 soil in a pearl millet-wheat-green manure rotation. Inclusion of an oilseed crop such as sunflower or mustard led to a decrease in soil microbial biomass, C mineralization and soil enzyme activity. There was a good correlation between microbial biomass C, ninhydrin-N and dehydrogenase activity. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the soil under different crop rotations was little affected. The results indicate the green manuring improved the organic matter status of the soil and soil microbial activity vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil. Received: 7 January 1996     

Organic manure input and straw cover improved the community structure of nitrogen cycle function microorganism driven by water erosion

Water erosion process induces differences to the nitrogen (N) functional microbial community structure, which is the driving force to key N processes at soil-water interface. However, how the soil N transformations associated with water erosion is affected by microorganisms, and how the microbial respond, are still unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the changes of microbial diversity and community structure of the N-cycle function microorganisms as affected by water erosion under application of organic manure and straw cover. On the basis of iso-nitrogen substitution, four treatments were set up: 1) only chemical fertilizer with N 150 kg ha^?1, P₂O₅ 60 kg ha^?1 and K₂O 90 kg ha^?1 (CK); the N was substituted 20% by 2) organic manure (OM); 3) straw (SW); and 4) organic manure + straw (1:1) (OMSW). The results showed that applying organic manure and straw to sloping farmland can increase soil N contents, but reduce runoff depth, K_w, sediment yield and N loss, especially in the OMSW. Straw cover and straw + organic manure increased the diversity (Chao1) of nitrifier (AOB), and both diversity and uniformity (Shannon) of denitrifier (nirK/S) were increased in the OMSW. All erosion control measures reduced N-fixing bacteria diversity and increased their uniformity, and the combined application of organic manure and straw cover was a better erosion control measure than the single application of them. Improved soil chemistry and erodibility were the main drives for the changes of N-functional microbial community structure and the appearance of dominant bacteria with different organic materials.     

轮作绿肥对盐碱地土壤性质、后作青贮玉米产量及品质的影响

为明确种植和翻压绿肥改良和培肥盐碱地的效果,采用田间试验研究了种植和翻压毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth.)、田菁(Sesbania cannabina Poir.)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis L.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)6种绿肥对中度苏打盐碱地土壤理化性质、返还土壤的N、P_2O_5和K_2O数量、后作青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)鲜草产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:与对照(不种植绿肥)相比,绿肥生长后期可显著提高土壤含水量1.0%~6.2%,使pH降低0.03~0.43,EC降低0.12~1.50 mS×cm~(-1);翻压绿肥可返还土壤N 15.6~195.4 kg×hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 5.3~58.8 kg×hm~(-2)和K_2O 34.5~127.9 kg×hm~(-2),使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别提高0.42~1.86 g×kg~(-1)、0.05~0.34 g×kg~(-1)、0.5~32.3 mg×kg~(-1)、0.42~4.65 mg×kg~(-1)和3.8~26.1 mg×kg~(-1);与对照相比,青贮玉米的鲜草产量和蛋白质含量分别增加1 294~19 391 kg×hm~(-2)和0.4~23.9 mg×g~(-1)。总体而言,种植和翻压豆科绿肥在保蓄土壤水分,降低土壤pH和EC,提升土壤有机质含量和N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分数量(特别是N素数量),提高青贮玉米鲜草产量与蛋白质等方面的效果均显著优于禾本科绿肥,其中以适应性强、生长快、生物量大的毛叶苕子处理的改良、培肥土壤,生产优质牧草的效果最好;其次是草木樨处理。种植和翻压豆科绿肥可有效改良中度苏打盐碱地,显著提高土壤肥力,提供无机养分替代部分化肥,提高优质牧草的生产,是适合大同盆地中度苏打盐碱地经济、有效和环保的改良模式,对稳定耕地面积、保证粮食安全具有重要意义。     

Cropping system effects on carbohydrate content and water-stable aggregates in a calcareous soil of Central Iran

The effect of humus, readily decomposable organic matter, and carbohydrates of a nonspecific nature on the formation of water-stable aggregates in field rotation members of a calcareous soil in central Iran, Isfahan (fine loamy mixed thermic typic haplargid) has been studied. The study was carried out at Lavark experimental farm in plots receiving 0 (T1), 25 (T2), 50 (T3) and 100 (T4) Mg/ha of manure for 5 years successively with a cropping rotation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–corn (Zea mays L.) every year and plots under similar chemical fertilizer management but with three different cropping rotations (T5, T6 and T7) that has been the prevalent cropping systems. Three replications of soil sample in each treatment and at the depths of 0–5 and 5–15 cm were used to measure organic carbon (OC), hot-water-soluble carbohydrate, dilute acid hydrolysable carbohydrate, cold-water-soluble carbohydrate and mean weight diameter of water stable aggregates. The highest amount of carbohydrate (700 mg/kg) and aggregate stability (0.8 mm) were obtained in plots with 100 Mg/ha manure (T4). The amount of carbohydrate extracted from soil samples decreased in the order of hot water, dilute acid and cold water extracts.Aggregate stability had a better correlation with hot water (r = 0.74**) and dilute acid-soluble carbohydrate (r = 0.73**) than organic carbon (r = 0.62**) content of soil. This indicates that the carbohydrate extracted by hot water and dilute acid may be a suitable indicator for showing soil quality, particularly in relation to soil aggregation.     

绿肥还田在稻作生态系统的效应分析及研究展望

绿肥种植利用是中国传统农业技术的精华,也是绿色生态循环农业发展的关键性举措,为中国粮食稳定和绿色增效发挥着十分重要的作用.水稻栽种之前的绿肥还田耕作模式就是将绿肥植物体直接耕翻于稻田中作为肥料或是将绿肥植物体沤堆成肥再施用于稻田土壤,这不仅能够培肥稻田土壤、增强土壤供肥能力和减少稻季化学肥料施用,而且能够减少稻田周年化...     

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy: A tool to characterize the composition of different types of exogenous organic matter and their behaviour in soil

In addition to total organic carbon and nitrogen, potential organic carbon mineralization under controlled laboratory conditions and indicators such as the indicator of remaining organic carbon in soil (I_ROC), based on Van Soest biochemical fractionation and short-term carbon mineralization in soil, are used to predict the evolution of exogenous organic matter (EOM) after its application to soils. The purpose of this study was to develop near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration models that could predict these characteristics in a large dataset including 300 EOMs representative of the broad range of such materials applied to cultivated soils (plant materials, animal manures, composts, sludges, etc.). The NIRS predictions of total organic matter and total organic carbon were satisfactory (R²_P = 0.80 and 0.85, ratio of performance to deviation, RPD_P = 2.2 and 2.6, respectively), and prediction of the Van Soest soluble, cellulose and holocellulose fractions were acceptable (R²_P = 0.82, 0.73 and 0.70, RPD_P = 2.3, 1.9 and 1.8, respectively) with coefficients of variation close to those of the reference methods. The NIRS prediction of carbon mineralization during incubation was satisfactory and indeed better regarding the short-term results of mineralization (R²_P = 0.78 and 0.78, and RPD_P = 2.1 and 2.0 for 3 and 7 days of incubation, respectively). The I_ROC indicator was predicted with fairly good accuracy (R²_P = 0.79, RPD_P = 2.2). Variables related to the long-term C mineralization of EOM in soil were not predicted accurately, except for I_ROC which was based on analytical and well-identified characteristics, probably because of the increasing interactions and complexity of the factors governing EOM mineralization in soil as a function of incubation time. This study demonstrated the possibility of developing NIRS predictive models for EOM characteristics in heterogeneous datasets of EOMs. However, specific NIRS predictive models still remain necessary for sludges, organo-mineral fertilizers and liquid manures.     

Improving soil structure by promoting fungal abundance with organic soil amendments

Building soil structure in agroecosystems is important because it governs soil functions such as air and water movement, soil C stabilization, nutrient availability, and root system development. This study examined, under laboratory conditions, effects of organic amendments comprised of differing proportions of labile and semi-labile C on microbial community structure and macroaggregate formation in three variously textured soils where native structure was destroyed. Three amendment treatments were imposed (in order of increasing C lability): vegetable compost, dairy manure, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth). Formation of water stable macroaggregates and changes in microbial community structure were evaluated over 82 days. Regardless of soil type, formation of large macroaggregates (LMA, >2000 μm diameter) was highest in soils amended with vetch, followed by manure, non-amended control, and compost. Vetch and manure had greater microbially available C and caused an increase in fungal biomarkers in all soils. Regression analysis indicated that LMA formation was most strongly related to the relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) 18:2ω6c (r = 0.55, p < 0.001), fungal ergosterol (r = 0.58, p < 0.001), and microbial biomass (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination of FAME profiles revealed that vetch and manure drove shifts toward fungal-dominated soil microbial communities and greater LMA formation in these soils. This study demonstrated that, due to their greater amounts of microbially available C, vetch or manure inputs can be used to promote fungal proliferation in order to maintain or improve soil structure.     

不同有机物料接种蚯蚓对设施菜地土壤 培肥及作物生长的影响

设施蔬菜栽培长期施用过量化肥,往往导致土壤质量退化及作物产量降低等问题。因此,采用生态友好的农业生产方式已成为农业可持续发展的趋势。本研究在野外调控试验的第3年采集作物和土壤,研究了施用不同有机物料条件下,接种赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)对设施菜地土壤性质和作物生长的影响。结果表明,在不同有机物料施用下接种赤子爱胜蚓均显著地提高了黄瓜和菠菜的产量,其中在施用腐熟牛粪+食用菌渣条件下接种赤子爱胜蚓效果最显著。此外,在腐熟牛粪和腐熟牛粪+食用菌渣施用条件下,接种赤子爱胜蚓显著地提高土壤的硝态氮(NO3–-N)、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和代谢熵(q CO2),而在施用商品有机肥的处理中,接种赤子爱胜蚓仅显著地提高了土壤NO3–-N和q CO2。本研究促进了对蚯蚓在设施农业生态系统中服务功能的理解,并为设施农业生产提供了理论基础。     

Changes in soil biological and biochemical characteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical inceptisol

Soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), their ratio (MBC/SOC) which is also known as microbial quotient, soil respiration, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were evaluated in a long-term (31 years) field experiment involving fertility treatments (manure and inorganic fertilizers) and a maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) rotation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute near New Delhi, India. Applying farmyard manure (FYM) plus NPK fertilizer significantly increased SOC (4.5-7.5 g kg⁻¹), microbial biomass (124-291 mg kg⁻¹) and microbial quotient from 2.88 to 3.87. Soil respiration, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were also increased by FYM applications. The MBC response to FYM+100% NPK compared to 100% NPK (193 vs. 291 mg kg⁻¹) was much greater than that for soil respiration (6.24 vs. 6.93 μl O₂ g⁻¹ h⁻¹) indicating a considerable portion of MBC in FYM plots was inactive. Dehydrogenase activity increased slightly as NPK rates were increased from 50% to 100%, but excessive fertilization (150% NPK) decreased it. Acid phosphatase activity (31.1 vs. 51.8 μg PNP g⁻¹ h⁻¹) was much lower than alkali phosphatase activity (289 vs. 366 μg PNP g⁻¹ h⁻¹) in all treatments. Phosphatase activity was influenced more by season or crop (e.g. tilling wheat residue) than fertilizer treatment, although both MBC and phosphatase activity were increased with optimum or balanced fertilization. SOC, MBC, soil respiration and acid phosphatase activity in control (no NPK, no manure) treatment was lower than uncultivated reference soil, and soil respiration was limiting at N alone or NP alone treatments.     

施肥模式对茶叶产量、营养累积及土壤肥力的影响

施肥是提高茶叶产量、品质、土壤质量及促进茶园可持续利用最重要的农业措施之一。为了筛选出合理的茶树施肥模式,采用连续4周年的田间定位试验方法,研究了6种不同施肥模式(不施肥、茶树配方化肥、1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥、有机肥、茶树配方化肥+豆科绿肥、1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥)对茶叶产量,茶叶中氮、磷、钾、茶多酚和水浸出物的累积量及茶园土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明:与对照(不施肥)模式相比,其他几种不同施肥模式均在一定程度上增加了茶叶产量,促进了茶叶营养物质的累积,并提高了茶园土壤的基本肥力状况;其中,1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥的试验效果最佳,其3年茶叶总产量最高,为5 929 kg.hm?2,比对照提高106.17%;茶叶氮、磷和钾累积量最高,分别为4.962 kg.hm?2、0.48 kg.hm?2和5.966 kg.hm?2,比对照分别提高88.6%、57.41%和98.87%;茶叶茶多酚和水浸出物累积量最高,分别为23.39 kg.hm?2和119.41 kg.hm?2,比对照分别提高73.29%和85.56%;并比对照分别提高茶园土壤有机质1.29倍、全氮1.7倍、全磷2.98倍、速效氮1.59倍、速效磷34.3倍和速效钾3.3倍。1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥施肥模式值得在茶园施肥上进一步推广应用。     

Response of Soil Aggregate Stability to Manure Amendments in the Ultuna Long-Term Soil Organic Matter Experiment

The present paper deals with the long-term effects of bare fallow and organic treatments on soil aggregate stability. Soil samples were collected from plots of the long-term soil organic matter experiment in Ultuna/Sweden, which is already running for 38 years. Soil aggregate stability (SAS) showed a clear response to soil management. SAS increased in following order: bare fa llow < no-N < green manure < peat ≤ farmyard manure. Humus contents of the plots had a significant impact on S AS. Increasing C_org^? contents generally enhanced aggregation. However, the unfavourably high C/N ratio of peat treatments and the resulting small size of microbial biomass led to a distinctly lower positive influence of accumu lated soil organic matter in case of peat additions.     

Amino acids and amino sugars extracted by EUF from a sandy soil incubated with green manure,bacterial biomass or cellulose

The extraction of soils by the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method yields organic N which has been used as an index for mineralisable N in soils. This EUF extractable organic fraction contains a mixture of various N compounds not yet completely identified. It has been proposed that the amino N compounds are more indicative for the potentially mineralisable N in soils than the total organic N extracted (Mengel et al., 1999). An amendment of soils with easily mineralisable organic matter may, therefore, alter the amino N concentrations of the organic N extracted. Our determination of the amino N compounds aimed to prove this hypothesis. The principle of our experiment was to mix soil with green manure, bacterial biomass and cellulose, respectively, and to incubate the treated soil aerobically for 80 days at 20°C in the laboratory. Control treatments without organic amendment were also incubated. Soil samples were taken several times during the incubation period and analysed for the inorganic N (NO₃⁻-N and NH₄⁺-N) and for the EUF extractable organic N. Amino acids and amino sugars were determined in the hydrolysed EUF extracts. The concentrations of amino acids and amino sugars in the organic N extracted varied with time and differed between the treatments. Glutamic acid has been found to be the most relevant amino acid in the EUF extracts and was particularly indicative for the existence of mineralisable green manure in the soil. Glucosamine was the most relevant amino sugar in the EUF extracts and this amino sugar appears to be indicative for the easily mineralisable relics of microbial cells in the soil.     

Application of near‐infrared spectroscopy in analysis of soil mineral nutrients

Abstract

The feasibility of using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was investigated for the analysis of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in 28 Canadian soil samples from three boreholes down to 10 m in depth. Field moist soil samples were scanned for pH and EC, and air‐dry samples were scanned for the analysis of the elements. Calibrations were developed between the near‐infrared spectral data and results obtained by conventional analyses. The NIR‐predicted values were highly correlated to the measured values obtained by the conventional methods (r²>0.9) for P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn, and almost as highly correlated (r²>0.8) for S and Na Results for pH were somewhat less successful (r²>0.6), and appeared to be useful only for screening purposes, whereas EC was not successfully predicted by NIRS in this study. It appeared that NIRS could be a useful method for the rapid, non‐destructive, simultaneous analysis of elemental concentrations in dry soils, useful in routine analysis.     

Distribution of microbial biomass down soil profiles under regenerating woodland

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured in soil profiles taken from two areas of deciduous woodland on Rothamsted Farm, one near neutral, one acidic. Biomass carbon (C) was calculated from these measurements. Comparison of the results with others taken from the literature showed that an exponential function m=e^−(r_bd) gave a close fit to the assembled data for the top metre of mineral soil, where m is biomass C, expressed as a fraction of that in the topsoil, d the depth (in cm, measured downwards from the middle of the topmost sampling layer) and r_b a constant, in cm⁻¹. The mean value for r_b for 12 soils (including our two) is 0.046 cm⁻¹, with a SD of ±0.0078.