Soil fauna alter the effects of litter composition on nitrogen cycling in a mineral soil

Plant chemical composition and the soil community are known to influence litter and soil organic matter decomposition. Although these two factors are likely to interact, their mechanisms and outcomes of interaction are not well understood. Studies of their interactive effects are rare and usually focus on carbon dynamics of litter, while nutrient dynamics in the underlying soil have been ignored. A potential mechanism of interaction stems from the role fauna plays in regulating availability of litter-derived materials in the mineral soil. We investigated the role of soil fauna (meso, macro) in determining the effect of surface-litter chemical composition on nitrogen mineralization and on the micro-food web in mineral soils. In a field setting we exposed mineral soil to six types of surface-applied litter spanning wide ranges of multiple quality parameters and restricted the access of larger soil animals to the soils underlying these litters. Over six months we assessed litter mass and nitrogen loss, nitrogen mineralization rates in the mineral soils, and soil microbes and microfauna. We found evidence that the structure of the soil community can alter the effect of surface-litter chemical composition on nitrogen dynamics in the mineral soil. In particular, we found that the presence of members of the meso- and macrofauna can magnify the control of nitrogen mineralization by litter quality and that this effect is time dependent. While fauna were able to affect the size of the micro-food web they did not impact the effect of litter composition on the abundance of the members of the micro-food web. By enhancing the strength of the impact of litter quality on nitrogen dynamics, the larger fauna can alter nitrogen availability and its temporal dynamics which, in turn, can have important implications for ecosystem productivity. These findings contribute to evidence demonstrating that soil fauna shape plant litter effects on ecosystem function.     

Litter, warming and plants affect respiration and allocation of soil microbial and plant C, N and P in arctic mesocosms

In a mesocosm experiment, we studied decomposition rates as CO₂ efflux and changes in plant mass, nutrient accumulation and soil pools of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), in soils from a sub-arctic heath. The soil was incubated at 10 °C and 12 °C, with or without leaf litter and with or without plants present. The purpose of the experiment was to analyse decomposition and nutrient transformations under simulated, realistic conditions in a future warmer Arctic.Both temperature enhancement and litter addition increased respiration rates. Temperature enhancement and surprisingly also litter addition decreased microbial biomass carbon (C) content, resulting in a pronounced increase of specific respiration. Microbial P content increased progressively with temperature enhancement and litter addition, concomitant with increasing P mineralisation, whereas microbial N increased only in the litter treatment, at the same time as net N mineralisation decreased. In contrast, microbial biomass N decreased as temperature increased, resulting in a high mobilisation of inorganic N.Plant responses were closely coupled to the balance of microbial mineralisation and immobilisation. Plant growth and N accumulation was low after litter addition because of high N immobilisation in microbes and low net mineralisation, resulting in plant N limitation. Growth increased in the temperature-enhanced treatments, but was eventually limited by low supply of P, reflected in a low plant P concentration and high N-to-P ratio. Hence, the different microbial responses caused plant N limitation after litter addition and P limitation after temperature enhancement. Although microbial processes determined the main responses in plants, the plants themselves influenced nutrient turnover. With plants present, P mobilisation to the plant plus soil inorganic pools increased significantly, and N mobilisation non-significantly, when litter was added. This was presumably due to increased mineralisation in the rhizosphere, or because the nutrients in addition to being immobilised by microbes also could be absorbed by plants. This suggests that the common method of measuring nutrient mineralisation in soils incubated without plants may underestimate the rates of nutrient mobilisation, which probably contributes to a commonly observed discrepancy of measured lower rates of net nutrient mineralisation than uptake rates in arctic soils.     

Effects of soil fauna on leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from experimental systems simulating coniferous forest floor

Summary Long-term experiments (97–98 weeks) were carried out in macrocosm systems simulating the complexity of coniferous forest soil. The macrocosms were partially sterilized by freezing, thawing and drying, then re-inoculated with microbes alone or microbes + soil fauna. Removable microcosms containing birch litter, spruce litter, or humus were inserted into the substrate humus in the macrocosms. Two experiments used organic matter only, and in the third there was mineral soil below the humus. The macrocosms were incubated in climate chambers that simulated both summer and winter conditions. At 4- to 6-week intervals the substrates were irrigated for analyses of pH, total N, NH ₄ ⁺ –N, NO ₃ ^– –N, and PO ₄ ^3– –P in the leachates. At the end of each growing season a destructive sampling was performed, including analyses of KCl-extractable N and P.Leaching of NH ₄ ⁺ and PO ₄ ^3– from both the litter and the total systems was significantly enhanced by the soil fauna. There were also differences in mineralization of N and P between the refaunated systems, apparently due to divergent development of the faunal communities. In general, fauna affected KCl-extractable nutrients from the litter positively, although this effect was less evident than in the leaching water. In the humus and mineral soil the fauna significantly increased the release of N and P, especially in the later stages of the experiments. Soil pH was higher in the presence of fauna, but there was no difference in the pH of the leachates. Not only invertebrate-microbial interactions, but also mutual relationships among fauna were important in the nutrient dynamics.     

Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study

Leaf litters from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) trees were collected from mixed, deciduous woodlands growing on three soil types that varied in mineral nutrient concentrations and N mineralisation potential. Litter quality, including %N, %Mn, %P, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, Klason lignin, phenylpropanoid constituents of lignin, hexose and pentose sugar (mainly from hemicelluloses) varied within species according to soil type. However, oak and beech showed the opposite responses to soil nutrient status for most of these variables. The litters were incubated in the laboratory for 12 months (at 18 °C and constant moisture) on beds of forest floor material from two soils of contrasting high nutrient material (HNM) or low nutrient material (LNM) nutrient status to investigate litter quality and substrate interactions. At 4, 8 and 12 months there were significant differences in mass losses from oak and beech litters from all sites, and for each litter type exposed to the HNM and LMN soils. At 12 months mean mass losses were higher for HNM treatment (38.7% oak, 27.8% beech) than for the LNM treatment (30.6% oak, 25.5% beech). However, the beech and oak litters from the different sites consistently responded in opposite ways on the same soil treatment reflecting site-related effects on litter quality. Initial concentration of Klason lignin was the best predictor for mass losses from litter species and litter types. Intra-specific variation in rates of litter decomposition of beech and oak litters from different sites, and differences in their interactions with the two forest floor materials, illustrate the complexities of proximate controls on decomposition that are often masked in system-level studies.     

Effects of long-term litter manipulation on soil carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus in a temperate deciduous forest

Changes in above-ground litterfall can influence below-ground biogeochemical processes in forests. In order to examine how above-ground litter inputs affect soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in a temperate deciduous forest, we studied a 14-year-old small-scale litter manipulation experiment that included control, litter exclusion, and doubled litter addition at a mature Fagus sylvatica L. site. Total organic C (TOC), total N (TN) and total P (TP), total organic P (TOP), bioavailable inorganic P (Pi), microbial C, N and P, soil respiration and fine root biomass were analyzed in the A and in two B horizons. Our results showed that litter manipulation had no significant effect on TOC in the mineral soil. Litter addition increased the bioavailable Pi in the A horizon but had no significant effect on N in the mineral soil. Litter exclusion decreased TN and TP in the B horizon to a depth of 10 cm. In the A horizon of the litter exclusion treatment, TP, TOP and bioavailable Pi were increased, which is most likely due to the higher root biomass in this treatment. The high fine root biomass seems to have counteracted the effects of the excluded aboveground litter. In conclusion, our study indicates that aboveground litter is not an important source for C in the mineral soil and that P recycling from root litter might be more important than from above-ground litter.     

Differential acquisition of amino acid and peptide enantiomers within the soil microbial community and its implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil

l-isomeric amino acids and oligopeptides are thought to represent a key nitrogen (N) source for plants and soil microorganisms, bypassing the need to take up inorganic N, whilst self-cycling of d-enantiomers within peptidoglycan-containing bacteria may provide a further short circuit within the N cycle. Here we use stable isotope profiling (SIP) to identify the fate of organic N within soil microbial communities. We followed the incorporation of ¹³C-labelled d- or l-labelled amino acids/peptides into phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). l-alanine and its peptides were taken up more rapidly than d-enantiomers by Gram-positive bacteria with ¹³C incorporation being predominantly into anteiso- and iso-fatty acids typically associated with Gram-positive bacteria. d-enantiomer uptake was found not to differ significantly between the microbial groups, providing little support for the view that soil bacteria may self-cycle d-forms of amino acids and peptides. There was no consistent association between peptide chain length and incorporation. The concentrations of l- and d-isomeric amino acids in soil solution were 866 nM and 72 nM, respectively. We conclude that Gram-positive bacteria appear to be the primary competitors for l-enantiomeric forms of amino acids and their peptides, but that both d- and l-enantiomers are available N and C sources for bacteria and fungi.     

臭氧污染对水稻土物理结构和氮磷钾含量的影响

利用中国稻-麦轮作O3FACE(Free-air O3 concentration enrichment)试验平台,研究了连续3年大气O3浓度升高(比周围大气高50%)对稻田表层(0~20 cm)土壤团聚体、土壤容重及孔隙度和氮磷钾养分含量的影响。结果表明,大气O3浓度升高显著增加耕层土壤0.25~0.053 mm团聚体23.5%和降低<0.053 mm团聚体24.6%。O3污染具有增大0~10 cm土层和降低10~20 cm土层土壤容重的趋势,0~10 cm土壤中气体孔隙度显著减小39.8%,10~20 cm土壤中毛管孔隙度显著增加9.1%和气体孔隙度显著减小32.4%,改变了固、液、气三相比。长期O3污染显著降低土壤全氮含量10.5%和速效钾13.3%,显著增加有效磷40.8%,但对有效氮未产生显著影响。结果表明,长期臭氧污染将改变土壤物理结构和养分物质的生物地球化学循环。     

Soil aggregation in a laboratory experiment: Interactions between earthworms, woodlice and litter palatability

Interactions between soil invertebrate functional groups are still poorly understood. In this study, the effect of the soil dwelling earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa and the woodlouse Porcellio scaber (litter inhabitant), alone or in combination, on soil aggregation was investigated in laboratory microcosms with litter of different quality (Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica). After 4 months of incubation, the aggregate size distribution was measured using a dry-sieving method. A. caliginosa played an important role in the formation of large aggregates (>2 mm), whereas P. scaber greatly influenced litter disappearance. A. caliginosa individuals formed a greater number of large aggregates when fed with beech leaves compared to oak leaves even though they preferred the latter. In the presence of beech and P. scaber, A. caliginosa produced significantly fewer large aggregates than expected.     

Rhizosphere interactions between microorganisms and plants govern iron and phosphorus acquisition along the root axis - model and research methods

Iron and phosphorus availability is low in many soils; hence, microorganisms and plants have evolved mechanisms to acquire these nutrients by altering the chemical conditions that affect their solubility. In plants, this includes exudation of organic acid anions and acidification of the rhizosphere by release of protons in response to iron and phosphorus deficiency. Grasses (family Poaceae) and microorganisms further respond to Fe deficiency by production and release of specific chelators (phytosiderophores and siderophores, respectively) that complex Fe to enhance its diffusion to the cell surface. In the rhizosphere, the mutual demand for Fe and P results in competition between plants and microorganisms with the latter being more competitive due to their ability to decompose plant-derived chelators and their proximity to the root surface; however microbial competitiveness is strongly affected by carbon availability. On the other hand, plants are able to avoid direct competition with microorganisms due to the spatial and temporal variability in the amount and composition of exudates they release into the rhizosphere. In this review, we present a model of the interactions that occur between microorganisms and roots along the root axis, and discuss advantages and limitations of methods that can be used to study these interactions at nanometre to centimetre scales. Our analysis suggests mechanisms such as increasing turnover of microbial biomass or enhanced nutrient uptake capacity of mature root zones that may enhance plant competitiveness could be used to develop plant genotypes with enhanced efficiency in nutrient acquisition. Our model of interactions between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere will be useful for understanding the biogeochemistry of P and Fe and for enhancing the effectiveness of fertilization.     

Vertical distribution of total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in riparian soils of Walnut Creek, southern Iowa

Subsurface lithology plays an important role in many riparian zone processes, but few studies have examined how sediment nutrient concentrations vary with depth. In this study, we evaluated concentrations of nutrients (N, C and P) with depth in a riparian zone of the glaciated Midwest. A total of 146 sediment samples were collected from 24 cores that extended to a maximum depth of 3.6 m at eight sites in the riparian zone of Walnut Creek. Subsurface deposits were predominantly silt loam, becoming coarser and more variable with depth. Nitrogen and carbon content ranged from < 0.01 to 0.42% and < 0.01 to 7.08%, respectively, and exhibited a strong trend of decreasing nutrient content with depth. In contrast, P concentrations averaged 574 mg/kg and did not vary systematically. Systematic variations in texture and nutrient content with depth largely corresponded to stratigraphic differentiation among the Camp Creek, Roberts Creek and Gunder members of the regionally recognized Holocene-age DeForest Formation. Variations in subsurface nutrient content were not found to be significantly related to present land cover, but land cover may have influenced nutrient content at the time of original sediment accumulation. Subsurface lithology and stratigraphy should be considered an important component in riparian zone studies where nutrient losses to streams via streambank erosion or groundwater discharge are assessed.     

Mineralization and carbon turnover in subarctic heath soil as affected by warming and additional litter

Arctic soil carbon (C) stocks are threatened by the rapidly advancing global warming. In addition to temperature, increasing amounts of leaf litter fall following from the expansion of deciduous shrubs and trees in northern ecosystems may alter biogeochemical cycling of C and nutrients. Our aim was to assess how factorial warming and litter addition in a long-term field experiment on a subarctic heath affect resource limitation of soil microbial communities (measured by thymidine and leucine incorporation techniques), net growing-season mineralization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and carbon turnover (measured as changes in the pools during a growing-season-long field incubation of soil cores in situ). The mainly N limited bacterial communities had shifted slightly towards limitation by C and P in response to seven growing seasons of warming. This and the significantly increased bacterial growth rate under warming may partly explain the observed higher C loss from the warmed soil. This is furthermore consistent with the less dramatic increase in the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic N (DON) in the warmed soil than in the soil from ambient temperature during the field incubation. The added litter did not affect the carbon content, but it was a source of nutrients to the soil, and it also tended to increase bacterial growth rate and net mineralization of P. The inorganic N pool decreased during the field incubation of soil cores, especially in the separate warming and litter addition treatments, while gross mineralized N was immobilized in the biomass of microbes and plants transplanted into the incubates soil cores, but without any significant effect of the treatments. The effects of warming plus litter addition on bacterial growth rates and of warming on C and N transformations during field incubation suggest that microbial activity is an important control on the carbon balance of arctic soils under climate change.     

The impact of protozoa on the availability of bacterial nitrogen to plants

Summary Microbial N from ¹⁵N-labelled bacterial biomass was investigated in a microcosm experiment, in order to determine its availability to wheat plants. Sterilized soil was inoculated with either bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or with a suspension of a natural bacterial population from the soil) or bacteria and protozoa to examine the impact of protozoa. Plant biomass, plant N, soil inorganic N and bacterial and protozoan numbers were determined after 14 and 35 days of incubation. The protozoa reduced bacterial numbers in soil by a factor of 8, and higher contents of soil inorganic N were found in their presence. Plant uptake of N increased by 20010 in the presence of protozoa. Even though the total plant biomass production was not affected, the shoot: root ratios increased in the presence of protozoa, which is considered to indicate an improved plant nutrient supply. The presence of protozoa resulted in a 65010 increase in mineralization and uptake of bacterial ¹⁵N by plants. This effect was more pronounced than the protozoan effect on N derived from soil organic matter. It is concluded that grazing by protozoa strongly stimulates the mineralization and turnover of bacterial N. The mineralization of soil organic N was also shown to be promoted by protozoa.Communication No. 9 of the Dutch Programme on Soil Ecology of Arable Farming Systems     

稻虾共作模式氮和磷循环特征及平衡状况

稻虾共作模式是我国长江中下游地区一种新兴的稻田复合种养生态模式,研究稻虾共作系统中氮（N）和磷（P）的循环特征及盈亏状况,对合理调控稻虾共作系统养分循环和平衡,指导系统N和P优化管理具有重要的意义。本文通过田间试验,采用投入产出法,以中稻单作模式作为对照,研究了稻虾共作模式下N和P的循环特征及平衡状况。结果表明：克氏原螯虾子系统N和P的输出/输入比分别为0.62和0.44,且子系统中N和P以饲料输入最大,占总输入的92.9%和96.4%,以成虾N和P输出最大,分别占总输出的53.3%和59.5%;在目前投入水平下,两种模式土壤子系统中N和P表观平衡均出现盈余,且稻虾共作模式土壤子系统N的盈余量高于中稻单作模式,而P的盈余量则低于中稻单作模式;稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于1,且稻虾共作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于中稻单作模式;稻虾共作模式增加了土壤截存的N和P量,其土壤截存的N和P量较中稻单作模式分别提高49.2 kg·hm^-2和9.1 kg·hm^-2;稻虾共作模式提高了系统N和P表观损失量,其系统N和P表观损失量较中稻单作模式分别提高10.2 kg·hm^-2和1.0 kg·hm^-2。可见稻虾共作模式降低了N和P输出/输入比,促进了土壤中N和P的累积,但增加了系统N和P表观损失量。     

Role of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soil N cycling in grassland soils

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant pool of soluble N in many soils and freshwaters. Further, the low molecular weight (LMW) component of DON represents an important source of N for microorganisms and can also be utilized directly by some plants. Our purpose was to determine which of the pathways in the decomposition and subsequent ammonification and nitrification of organic N represented a significant block in soil N supply in three agricultural grassland soils. The results indicate that the conversion of insoluble organic N to LMW-DON and not LMW-DON to NH₄⁺ or NH₄⁺ to NO₃⁻ represents a major constraint to N supply. We hypothesize that there are two distinct DON pools in soil. The first pool comprises mainly free amino acids and proteins and is turned over very rapidly by the microbial community, so it does not accumulate in soil. The second pool is a high molecular weight pool rich in humic substances, which turns over slowly and represents the major DON loss to freshwaters. The results also suggest that in NO₃⁻ rich soils the uptake of LMW-DON by soil microorganisms may primarily provide them with C to fuel respiration, rather than to satisfy their internal N demand.     

Variation in competitive abilities of plants and microbes for specific amino acids

 Microbes are assumed to possess strong competitive advantages over plants for uptake of nutrients from the soil. The finding that non-mycorrhizal plants can obtain a significant fraction of their N requirement from soil amino acids contradicts this assumption. The amino acid glycine (Gly) has been used as a model amino acid in many recent studies. Our preliminary studies showed that Gly was a poor substrate for microbial growth compared to other amino acids. We tested the hypothesis that the alpine sedge Kobresia myosuroides competes better for Gly than for other amino acids because of decreased microbial demand for this compound. Soil microbial populations that could grow using Gly as a sole carbon source were about 5 times lower than those that could grow on glutamate (Glu). Gly supported a significantly lower population than any of the ten other amino acids tested except serine. In contrast, K. myosuroides took up Gly from hydroponic solution at faster rates than Glu. In plant-soil microcosms, plants competed with soil microbes 3.25 times better for Gly than for Glu. We conclude that the low microbial demand and the rapid plant uptake of Gly relative to other amino acids allow Gly to be an especially important nitrogen source for K. myosuroides. Received: 9 February 1998     

A theoretical analysis of nonlinearities and feedbacks in soil carbon and nitrogen cycles

Analytical formulations of soil carbon and nitrogen cycles are used to explore the effects of model nonlinearities and feedbacks on the resulting dynamics. Two particular aspects are addressed: (i) nonlinearities in the decomposition rate of soil organic matter and (ii) nitrogen limitation feedbacks on microbial activity and plant-microbe competition. Although linear models of decomposition are more typical in the literature, nonlinear models accounting for the coupling between microbial biomass and its substrate have also been proposed. In deterministic conditions, linear models behave like exponential decay functions, while nonlinear models may also show fluctuating behavior, with dynamic bifurcations between stable-node and stable-focus equilibria as a function of the climatic parameters (e.g., soil moisture and temperature). Both data-model comparison and linear stability analysis support the conclusion that linear models are less suited to describe the soil fluctuating dynamics that arise under certain conditions. A second strong nonlinearity appears when the nitrogen-limitation feedback on decomposition is analyzed. Nitrogen limitation is often established when the substrate of the microbes is N-poor, and/or the competition with plants for mineral N is strong. Such conditions mainly occur when a large fraction of the microbial community cannot meet its nitrogen demand through organic N assimilation, so that mineral N is used. On the contrary, when the microbial community predominantly assimilates organic nitrogen, the occurrence of nitrogen-limitation is less likely and mineralization is given by microbial N surplus. The first case is traditionally modeled by the mineralization-immobilization turnover (MIT) scheme, while the second by the direct assimilation (DIR) scheme. However, since organic N assimilation and mineral N immobilization likely occur simultaneously because of soil heterogeneity and coexistence of different microbial communities, the two schemes only represent extreme cases. Thus, we combine them in a flexible model framework (parallel scheme) and explore how different efficiencies of organic nitrogen assimilation, mineral nitrogen availability and climatic factors control the outcome of plant-microbe competition. We conclude that models accounting only for the DIR pathway implicitly assume that microbes are superior competitors over plants, while models implementing only the MIT pathway might be too sensitive to N-limitation.     

Effects of salts on dry matter yield and nitrogen and phosphorus contents of rice plants

Abstract

The effects of different kinds and concentrations of salts on dry matter yield and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of rice plants under greenhouse conditions were determined for two silt loam soils, one from southern Ohio (Clermont) and one from Arkansas (Crowley). Yield and N and P contents tended to be enhanced by low salt concentration but to be depressed at higher concentration. The chloride salts (NaCl, CaCl₂) were most detrimental to yield and N and P contents, while the sulfate salts (especially Na₂SO₄,) were beneficial when the electrolyte concentration and P in the soil were not high.

The degree of adverse response to salts in the irrigation water and of favorable response to P fertilizer were reflected in the levels of electrolyte and available P in the soils studied. Total N content of the rice tissue increased much more from N and P additions than did total P content. The NaCl (1.5 mmhos/cm) and NaCl + Na₂SO₄ (3.0 mmhos/cm) salt treatments vere generally least detrimental, and NaCl and NaCl + CaCl₂both at 3.0 mmhos/cm were most detrimental to yield and N and P contents of tissue.

In the non‐lethal response range, salt‐depression of yield and N and P contents of tissue may well be largely or partially overcome by fertilizer application. In this study, the best combination of fertilizer and salt was the highest level of N (268 kg N/ha) and intermediate level of P (67 kg P/ha), in combination with NaCl + Na₂SO₄.     

北京“土壤-饲料-奶牛”系统氮磷流动及环境损失时空特征

分析大城市郊区"土壤-饲料-奶牛"养殖体系养分流动和环境排放特征是合理控制养殖规模、促进农牧结合、保护生态环境和保障畜禽产品供应等政策制定的基础。本研究选取北京市郊区28个规模化奶牛农场,调研包括饲料来源和投入、奶牛生产和粪尿管理以及产品输出情况。结合公开发表的文献数据和北京市统计数据,利用NUFER-animal模型对1980—2013年北京市规模化奶牛农场"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统养分流动特征、利用效率和环境损失的时空变化进行了定量化分析。结果表明,1980—2013年,奶牛个体尺度(仅包括泌乳牛)氮利用效率从14.9%增加到21.2%,磷利用效率从13.8%增加到27.3%;群体尺度(包括犊牛、育成牛、青年牛、泌乳牛和干乳牛)氮利用效率从14.5%增加到18.2%,磷利用效率从15.8%增加到24.9%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-奶牛)氮利用效率从11.3%增加到15.8%,磷利用效率从13.3%增加到22.3%。北京市奶牛养殖个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度氮利用效率在1985年前减少;而1985年后逐渐增加。个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度磷利用效率均不断增加。系统尺度氮总损失从1980年的1 516 t增加到2013年的16 973 t;磷总损失从114 t增加到1 763 t。生产1 kg氮磷产品造成的氮和磷损失均表现出不断减少的趋势。北京市"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统氮磷流动特征发生了很大变化,养分利用效率和总环境损失不断增加。产生这一变化的原因是养殖数量的增加、养殖模式从传统向集约化转变和环保管理措施的完善。因此,调整奶牛养殖从数量型向质量型转变以及提高喂养技术和粪尿管理水平等是提高都市奶牛养殖可持续发展的必要措施。     

硅、磷配施对玉米苗期生长及氮磷钾积累的影响

以‘正红2号’和‘正红115’玉米为材料,采用砂培方式,设置3个纯磷水平[1.0 mmol·L~(-1)(正常磷水平,P_(1.0))、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)(中度缺磷,P_(0.1))和0.01 mmol·L~(-1)(重度缺磷,P_(0.01))]和3个纯硅水平[1.5 mmol·L~(-1)(Si_(1.5))、0.75mmol·L~(-1)(Si_(0.75))和0 mmol·L~(-1)(Si_0)],通过对玉米苗期干物质、叶面积、根系形态和氮磷钾含量的测定分析,研究硅、磷配施对玉米苗期根系生长、各器官干物质及氮、磷和钾养分积累与利用的影响,为磷、硅肥合理配施提供理论依据。结果表明:缺磷抑制玉米苗期生长,降低根长、根体积、根表面积和叶面积,减少磷和氮、钾的吸收以及干物质积累量,这种效应随磷浓度的降低而增强;玉米通过提高根冠比,增加磷、氮在根系中的分配率,提高氮、磷、钾的干物质生产效率来适应低磷环境;低磷胁迫对‘正红115’根系生长和磷吸收积累量的影响大于‘正红2号’,但‘正红115’在低磷条件下大幅度提高磷在根系中的分配率。在正常磷(P_(1.0))条件下加硅可促进玉米根系生长,增加磷和氮、钾积累量,提高其在地上部分配率,增加叶面积和干物质积累量;在中度缺磷(P_(0.1))条件下加硅也可增加玉米的磷和氮、钾积累量,促进根系和地上部生长,缓解低磷胁迫;在重度缺磷(P_(0.01))条件下,增施硅对玉米根系生长和干物质积累无显著的改善作用,但会增加根系中磷、钾素积累量。由此表明,硅和磷存在显著的协同作用和配合效应,生产上硅和磷应配施。     

甘肃省农田氮磷钾养分平衡状况探析

对甘肃省农田N、P、K养分平衡状况分析结果表明,甘肃省农田N、P、K养分平衡状况为N、P盈余,而K素亏损。