高温胁迫下几个灌木树种的生理生化特性

随着"温室效应"的加剧,夏季高温是影响植物生长发育的重要生态因子之一。利用人工气候室控制温度,对花椒、黄刺玫、百日红和小叶女贞4个灌木树种进行了高温胁迫下的生理生化研究。结果表明:在高温胁迫下,植物叶片受到明显的破坏,随着温度的升高,叶片的相对电导率升高;脯氨酸含量也持续增加;而可溶性糖含量呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

高温胁迫下21个山茶种质的生理生化响应

为给山茶属植物的资源评价及进一步开发利用提供科学依据,以21个山茶种质为材料,研究了高温胁迫条件下的相对电导率、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和SOD活性变化情况。结果表明,随着温度的升高,21个山茶种质的相对电导率升高,且呈"S"型曲线,XSC14等5个种质的半致死高温均达60℃以上。高温胁迫促使21个山茶种质的叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降。结合MDA含量和SOD活性测定结果,发现XSC20、XSC14耐热性较强,而XSC4耐热性较差。     

高温胁迫对黑皮油松主要生理指标的影响

研究高温胁迫对黑皮油松主要生理指标的影响,以不经过处理的叶片为对照组,以不同温度分别处理不同时间的为实验组,测其生理指标。结果显示黑皮油松叶片中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量在高温胁迫40 min后都呈下降的趋势。超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性随着高温胁迫时间的延长都呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。高温胁迫确实对黑皮油松的生理指标即色素的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性产生了影响。     

四种景天属植物高温高湿下的耐湿热性

选择4种景天属植物,研究其在高温高湿胁迫下的形态特征、生理生化变化及其适应高温高湿的机理。结果表明:随胁迫时间延长,植物叶片细胞膜透性增大,叶绿素总量有明显上升又下降趋势,可溶性蛋白含量下降,保护酶系统的平衡受到破坏,膜脂过氧化程度加重,PRO含量总体呈上升趋势。由主成分分析和隶属函数法得出耐湿热胁迫能力大小为:凹叶景天>胭脂红景天>中华景天>金叶景天。     

高温胁迫对植物光系统的影响及对策

温度是影响植物光合作用的重要因子之一。本文结合当前研究的最新进展就高温胁迫下对植物光合作用光系统的结构、组成和功能作了综述，指出高温胁迫PS Ⅰ功能激发，PS Ⅰ的加速运转起到保护光合机构的作用；PS Ⅱ放氧活性及受体端电子传递被抑制，结构变化，组分从复合体上脱落。认为从育种和分子生物学等方面可以解决高温胁迫的伤害。     

干旱胁迫对白桦光合特性的影响

对不同处理植株进行干旱胁迫下叶片相对含水量、叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度、净光合速率：、水分利用率等光舍指标测定和研究,结果表明,白桦随着干旱胁迫时间的延续,各植株光舍指标明显下降,这意味着干旱胁迫对白桦光合作用造成了一定程度的破坏,严重的会影响植物的生长状态,但不同处理对胁迫的敏感程度不同。     

重金属对植物生长发育及其品质的影响

重金属在植物体内积累过多,会对植物产生毒害.本文综述了重金属胁迫对植物营养生长、生殖生长以及植物品质的影响,影响程度因重金属种类、浓度和植物种类不同而不同.     

仙客来耐热性的生理研究——酶性和非酶性活性氧清除能力与耐热性

温度是影响植物生理过程的重要生态因子之一.植物体在生长发育过程中,经常会遭受到高温的胁迫,造成植物萎蔫甚至死亡,这与高温引起植物生理代谢的紊乱和细胞结构破坏有关.随着全球环境的恶化,植物对高温的反应日益受到人们的关注.植物在高温条件下,细胞内会产生过量的自由基,能引发膜脂过氧化作用,造成膜系统的伤害.超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等为防御膜脂过氧化的主要保护酶系统,抗坏血酸(AsA)是植物体内有效的抗氧化剂.它们通过不同的作用方式清除植物体内产生的活性氧,减弱氧化伤害.本研究以两个品种的仙客来为试验材料,比较研究两者在高温胁迫下其清除系统活性和含量的变化,从活性氧代谢来探讨仙客来耐热性的机理.     

高温胁迫下植物抗性生理研究进展

温度是影响植物生理过程的重要生态因子,全球变化使得高温热害变得非常突出,成为限制植物分布、生长和生产力的一个主要环境因子。本文综述了热胁迫对植物细胞膜的伤害、生理活动的影响和植物应对高温的生理生化变化及其机理,以期为绿化植物的引种驯化、珍稀濒危植物的迁地保护和植物良种的选育和选择提供理论依据。     

植物地理种源抗逆性研究进展

地理环境差异和自然选择使植物种内产生了广泛的遗传变异,并丰富了遗传多样性。植物为适应逆境环境会产生一系列复杂的生理变化,而同一植物的不同地理种源其生理表现存在着明显差异,这为筛选优良种源提供了基础。文中综述了在盐胁迫、水分胁迫、温度胁迫和低磷胁迫下不同植物地理种源间生理变化的差异,分析了研究中存在的问题,对未来的研究工作提出了展望,以期为植物资源合理利用与保护和科学改良提供科学依据。     

Effects of "near-lethal" stress on bud dormancy and stem cold hardiness in red-osier dogwood

We studied the effects of "near-lethal" (NL, 47 degrees C for 1 h) heat stress, applied to intact shoots of red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) during early (October), deep (November) or late (December) dormancy, on bud dormancy release and development of stem tissue cold hardiness under natural conditions and at a constant temperature of 0 or 23 degrees C in the dark. The NL heat-stress treatment overcame bud dormancy when applied during the early and late stages of dormancy. During October and December, all plants in the 23 degrees C + dark post-stress environment broke bud within 35 and 12 days, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for days to bud break in the control plants were more than 150 and 110 days, respectively. Application of NL heat stress during deep dormancy caused only slightly earlier bud break compared to the control plants. In the 0 degrees C + dark post-stress environment, all NL heat-treated plants died within 9 weeks. Under natural post-stress conditions, bud break in plants receiving NL heat stress during early and deep dormancy occurred at the same time as in control plants, whereas bud break of plants receiving NL heat stress during late dormancy occurred 55 days earlier than in control plants. Under both natural and 23 degrees C + dark post-stress conditions, cold hardiness of plants receiving NL heat stress during early dormancy was similar to that of controls. Application of NL heat stress during deep dormancy hastened the rate of deacclimation under the 23 degrees C + dark post-stress conditions but had no effect on deacclimation under natural post-stress conditions. Application of NL heat stress during late dormancy enhanced deacclimation of plants in both the 23 degrees C + dark and natural post-stress environments.     

利用农杆菌介导法获得转codA基因麻竹再生植株的研究

温度是影响植物生存和生长发育的基本环境因子之一。大多数植物对低温等都是高度敏感的,低温伤害现象尤为突出,几乎涉及所有的经济植物。因此,改善植物的抗低温冻害的胁迫能力,可以显著提高植物的生长范围、增加产量。codA基因可以增加植物对低温胁迫的耐受能力,而Rd29A是一种胁迫诱导特异表达启动子,胁迫条件可以快速诱导基因表达,也可以减少由于转基因过量表达带来的不利影响。研究以麻竹花药离体培养的愈伤组织为材料,采用农杆菌介导法,探讨了影响麻竹愈伤组织遗传转化效率的主要因子。结果表明,潮霉素的最佳筛选浓度是25 mg.L-1,预培养时间为3 d,侵染时间为20 min,共培养时间为3 d,乙酰丁香酮的浓度控制在100 mg.L-1时可以有效的提高遗传转化效率。在此基础上对获得的转基因植株进行分子检测,初步表明外源基因codA已经整合到麻竹基因组中。     

Growth of Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) seedlings in a greenhouse in response to shade and soil temperature

The effects of shade and soil temperature on growth of Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm (jarrah) seedlings were studied in greenhouse experiments. Plant dry weight and that of all plant parts declined in response to shade, as did root/shoot ratio. Plant leaf area was less in unshaded plants than in plants grown in shade, and specific leaf area increased with shade. Unshaded seedlings had a higher light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, a higher light compensation point and a higher light saturation point than seedlings grown in 70% shade. The relationship between plant dry weight and leaf dry weight was independent of shading, whereas the relationship between plant dry weight and plant leaf area was dependent on shading. Therefore, leaf dry weight may be a better predictor of biomass production than leaf area in forest stands where shade is likely to affect growth significantly. Soil temperature had a significant effect on the growth of all plant parts except cotyledons. Total plant growth and shoot growth were maximal at a soil temperature of 30 degrees C, but root growth had a slightly lower temperature optimum such that the root/shoot ratio was highest at 20 degrees C. Roots grown at 15 degrees C were about 30% shorter per unit of dry weight than roots grown at 20 to 35 degrees C. We conclude that increases in irradiance and soil temperature as a result of overstory removal in the forest will cause significant increases in growth of E. marginata seedlings, but these increases represent a relatively small component of the growth response to overstory removal.     

接种ERM的杜鹃在高温胁迫下生理指标变化*

为研究ERM真菌对杜鹃品种“淡妆”（Rhododendron“Danzhuang”）的抗热性是否有促进作用,测定高温胁迫下接种ERM真菌的杜鹃品种“淡妆”叶片生理指标的变化,结果表明：基质灭菌处理的侵染率比基质不灭菌处理的侵染率高,均高于不接种处理;接种ERM真菌能降低高温胁迫对杜鹃品种“淡妆”叶片的伤害程度,其中基质灭菌的处理表现优于基质不灭菌的处理。高温胁迫下,接种ERM真菌提高了杜鹃叶片的抗氧化酶活性,而对膜脂过氧化作用的产物积累影响较小,在一定程度上可以提高杜鹃“淡妆”的抗热性。     

浙江安吉县毛竹林高温干旱灾后林下植被调查分析

为了解高温干旱对毛竹林下植被数量特征、群落结构变化特点的影响及群落演变趋势,对2013年安吉县高温干旱受灾毛竹林林下植被进行了调查。结果表明:受高温干旱灾害影响的毛竹林的林下植被以喜阳类植物为主,平均盖度达0.95,物种丰富度为44,高度达1.20 m;而未受灾毛竹林的林下植被以喜弱光或喜阴类植物为主,平均盖度为0.72,物种丰富度为42,高度仅为0.66 m;受灾毛竹林一般位于立地条件较差的地区,经营效益低下,且受灾后毛竹林的自然恢复速率缓慢,而林下植被的自然生态恢复能力较强,并有较快地从低矮阴性或喜弱光的草灌逐渐向高大喜阳的乔灌木演化的趋势。     

多胺在植物抗逆中的生理机制

多胺（PAs）是一类低分子量、聚阳离子、脂肪族含氮物质,是植物对逆境响应的重要物质。国内外众多研究表明,在逆境胁迫下,植物体内不同类型的PAs,例如腐胺（Put）、亚精胺（Spd）、精胺（Spm）的含量会发生变化,外源PAs会对植物的抗逆性产生不同的影响。但多胺的研究对象多集中在农作物,对木本植物的研究较少。PAs对植物抗逆的作用机制较为复杂,不同种类的多胺对植物的抗逆影响不同,PAs的代谢与参与逆境胁迫的其他代谢密切相关。文中主要综述PAs在植物抗干旱、低氧、高温、低温、盐、重金属过程中的变化及生理作用机制,以期为开展PAs与抗逆林木研究、栽培与抗逆育种研究提供参考。     

2013年长沙市园林植物夏季损伤分析与研究

指出了2013年夏季,长沙出现了极其罕见的高温干旱天气．市区园林植物经历了严峻考验。并出现不同程度的损伤。通过有代表性地选取长沙城区数块城市绿地进行现状调查,对2013年夏季园林植物受损原因进行了分析与研究,并提出了相应的园林植物夏季保护建议,以期减少夏季高温干旱环境下园林植物受损程度。     

Influence of environment, fertilizer and genotype on shoot morphology and subsequent rooting of birch cuttings

Differences in rooting ability of birch (Betula pubescens J.F. Ehrh.) cuttings were observed as a result of differences in genotype and physiology of the stock plants. The uniformity in response among cuttings from micropropagated plants compared with cuttings from seed plants confirmed the advantage of using micropropagated plants to study environmental effects. Shoot morphology of the seed stock plants was influenced by both photoperiod and thermoperiod. A day/night temperature of 15/25 degrees C reduced stem elongation compared with a day/night temperature of 25/15 degrees C regardless of photoperiod, and a continuous light regime resulted in more shoots per plant in both temperature regimes than a 16-h photoperiod. A reduction in the supply of macronutrients did not influence shoot morphology, but increased rooting substantially and seemed to override the effects of environmental factors. In cuttings of seed plants, the highest rooting percentage and number of roots were obtained in a 16-h photoperiod with a day/night temperature of 15/25 degrees C. In micropropagated stock plants, there was a positive correlation between shoot length and number of leaves per shoot and topographical distribution of light within the plants, but there was no correlation between these parameters and rooting ability of the cuttings. A rooting temperature of 16 degrees C delayed the rate of root production compared with the rate at higher temperatures, but the final rooting percentage was the same over the range from 16 to 28 degrees C. Root branching increased with temperature. At all temperatures, there was a large increase in sucrose content at the base of the cuttings during rooting, whereas the concentration of nontranslocated sugars remained constant. The carbohydrate content at the base of cuttings from micropropagated stock plants was three times higher than at the base of cuttings from seed stock plants, but the higher carbohydrate content was not correlated with a higher rooting potential.     

Soil temperature and plant growth stage influence nitrogen uptake and amino acid concentration of apple during early spring growth

In spring, nitrogen (N) uptake by apple roots begins about 3 weeks after bud break. We used 1-year-old 'Fuji' Malus domestica Borkh on M26 bare-root apple trees to determine whether the onset of N uptake in spring is dependent solely on the growth stage of the plant or is a function of soil temperature. Five times during early season growth, N uptake and total amino acid concentration were measured in trees growing at aboveground day/night temperatures of 23/15 degrees C and belowground temperatures of 8, 12, 16 or 20 degrees C. We used (15NH4)(15NO3) to measure total N uptake and rate of uptake and found that both were significantly influenced by both soil temperature and plant growth stage. Rate of uptake of 15N increased with increasing soil temperature and changed with plant growth stage. Before bud break, 15N was not detected in trees growing in the 8 degrees C soil treatment, whereas 15N uptake increased with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degrees C. Ten days after bud break, 15N was still not detected in trees growing in the 8 degrees C soil treatment, although total 15N uptake and uptake rate continued to increase with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degrees C. Twenty-one days after bud break, trees in all temperature treatments were able to acquire 15N from the soil, although the amount of uptake increased with increasing soil temperature. Distribution of 15N in trees changed as plants grew. Most of the 15N absorbed by trees before bud break (approximately 5% of 15N supplied per tree) remained in the roots. Forty-six days after bud break, approximately one-third of the 15N absorbed by the trees in the 12-20 degrees C soil temperature treatments remained in the roots, whereas the shank, stem and new growth contained about two-thirds of the 15N taken up by the roots. Total amino acid concentration and distribution of amino acids in trees changed with plant growth stage, but only the amino acid concentration in new growth and roots was affected by soil temperature. We conclude that a combination of low soil temperature and plant developmental stage influences the ability of apple trees to take up and use N from the soil in the spring. Thus, early fertilizer application in the spring when soil temperatures are low or when the aboveground portion of the tree is not actively growing may be ineffective in promoting N uptake.     

盐胁迫和干旱胁迫条件下细胞内Ca2+水平的变化

Ca^2＋是植物必需的矿质元素之一，直接参与调节细胞内许多重要生理生化过程，同时Ca^2＋作为细胞内重要的第二信使，在植物感受和转导外界刺激等方面起着重要的作用。本文就国内外有关植物在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫条件下细胞内Ca^2＋水平的变化以及Ca^2＋与植物抗盐、抗旱性的关系作一慨述，并提出和讨论了有关该领域有待进一步探讨的问题。