Relationship between Quality, Colour of Glume and Gliadin Electrophoregrams in Durum Wheat

Gliadin electrophoregrams, protein content and SDS-sedimentation values from the modified SDS-sedimentation test were obtained from six Greek cultivars of Triticum durum and 98 biotypes (78 with white glumes, 20 with red glumes). Our results provide wheat breeders with the tool TO predict the cooking quality of durum wheat from early generation breeding lines, since we were able to correlate the colour of the glume with the presence or absence of gliadin bands 42/45. All red glume biotypes lacked gliadin band 45 and possessed gliadin band 42. Furthermore, their SDS sedimentation values were around 27 (weak gluten), indicating poor cooking quality. Yet, the electrophoregrams of the gliadin proteins allowed an identification of the wheat cultivars examined, since for each cultivars the pattern was different. No correlation was found between the colour of the glume and the amount of total gram protein.     

Relationship Between Gluten Strength and Glutenin Proteins in Durum Wheat Cultivars

An electrophoretic study of gliadin and glutenin proteins, mainly low-molecular-weight (LMW) Glutenin Subunits, was undertaken to investigate possible assoeiations between these proteins and gluten strength. Thirty-eight durum wheat cultivars having different origins and currently grown in Spam were analysed. Different electrophoretic methods were used to analyse the seed storage proteins. Protein grain content was estimated and gluten strength was measured by the SDS-sedimentation test. New patterns for LMW glutenins were observed. Besides the known patterns of LMW-1, associated with γ-gliadin 42, and LMW-2 associated with γ-gliadin 45, six cultivars had LMW-2^? associated with γ-gliadin 43, one cultivar showed LMW-2* associated with γ-gliadin 44, and another cultivar, null for γ-42 and γ-45, had LMW-1^?. Significant differences for gluten strength were found among groups of cultivars with different LMW patterns. High molecular weight glutenins were found in general to be poor indicators of viscoelastic properties, although band 20 showed a negative influence on quality. The results are discussed in relation to development ol cultivars with good gluten strength.     

Bread and Durum Wheat under Heat Stress: A Comparative Study on the Photosynthetic Performance

The photosynthetic responses to heat stress, during grain filling, in four genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. (Sever and Golia) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Acalou and TE 9306), chosen according to its genetic background diversity, were investigated. All wheat genotypes (excepting Golia) showed synergistic trends implicating the internal CO₂ concentration, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Additionally, the modifications of net photosynthesis were associated with changes in stomatal control. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (minimal fluorescence, maximal and variable fluorescence, intrinsic efficiency of PSII in darkness, non‐photochemical quenching, photochemical quenching and energy‐dependent chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) further pointed heat protective mechanisms, implicating F_v/F_m stabilization (i.e. maintaining the efficiency of PS II) and electron transport rate preservation. It is concluded that, comparatively to bread wheat, the photosynthetic performance of durum wheat is more tolerant to heat stress, as stomatal conductance and transpiration are less affected.     

Gli-B3/Glu-B2 encoded prolamins do not affect selected quality properties in the durum wheat cross 'Abadía'×'Mexicali 75'

A study was made of the effects of the Gli-B3/Glu-B2 encoded prolamins on durum-wheat quality. Twenty-six F₃ lines from the durum wheat cross ‘Abadia’בMexicali 75’ were analysed electrophoretically for prolamin composition and for the following quality parameters: SDS sedimentation value, mixing properties, and percentage grain protein and percentage vitreous kernels. The results showed that the presence or absence of the Gli-B3/Glu-B2 encoded prolamins did not result in any significant difference in the quality characteristics of the F₃ lines; however, as expected, the LMW glutenins encoded at Glu-B3 showed large differences and are therefore the major prolamins influencing durum wheat gluten quality.     

Waterlogging Affects Leaf and Tillering Dynamics in Wheat and Barley

The aim of this study was to analyse (i) the crop attributes that determine flowering time (i.e. final leaf number, FLN; and phyllochron, Phy), (ii) the dynamics of tiller appearance and (iii) the synchrony between leaf and tiller appearance in wheat and barley plants exposed to waterlogging. Two experiments were carried out in pots, in which wheat and barley cultivars were exposed to five waterlogging treatments, during different periods throughout the crop cycle, from emergence to maturity. The appearance of leaves and tillers on the main stem was measured twice a week in labelled plants. Waterlogging from emergence to flag leaf appearance significantly delayed time to flowering. The delay was greater when waterlogging occurred at the beginning of tillering, lengthening the period from emergence to flowering 24 % (13–15 days) in barley and 10–15 % (6–10 days) in wheat, as compared to control. Phy was the main attribute explaining the delay in flowering, as FLN was not altered. Waterlogging during the early stages of development reduced tiller appearance rate (TAR) in both species, but this effect was partially counterbalanced by a lengthening of the tillering phase, so the effect on final tiller number at maturity was limited. In conclusion, the exposure of wheat and barley to waterlogging during early stages of development delayed time to flowering and reduce TAR in both species. Waterlogging during more advanced crop stages produced slight effects on tillering dynamics, which would indicate that waterlogging affected structure generation more than mortality.     

Linkage Between the Incompatibility Locus Z and a β-Glucosidase Locus in Rye

Crosses of plants from the same I_0.1 line can be used for studying linkage relations between incompatibility loci and marker genes. Only one of the two incompatibility loci of rye has so far been localized, on chromosome 1R. In order to locate the second locus, crosses were performed with plants possessing known isozyme markers of the rye genome. Linkage was found with the β-glucosidase locus on chromosome 2R. By combined analysis a recombination value of C.144 was determined.     

Influence of Warm Intervals on the Effects of Vernalization and the Composition of Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Seedlings of Winter Wheat

Excised embryos of winter wheat were submitted to a different number of vernalization (2 °C) and devernalization (20 °C) cycles of different lengths. In all treatments sum of cold and warm intervals was 50 and 10 days, respectively. The influence of different temperature conditions of seedling growth on the effectiveness of vernalization and correlations between effectiveness of vernalization and final content of phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed.
All indexes of generative development of plants (length of vegetative phase, % of generative plants, number of side shoots) showed the most effective was uninterrupted vernalization beginning immediately after excision of embryos. Increasing the number of 2 ° C/20 °C cycles rapidly depressed effectiveness of vernalization, which reached the minimum with the 8.3 days at 2 °C and 2 days at 20 °C cycle and then improved again as cycles became shorter and more numerous.
Correlations between indexes of generative plant growth and indexes describing composition of fatty acids in seedlings showed that from 50 % to 60 % of variability in the composition of phospholipid can be associated with changes in the degree of generative induction. A higher degree of generative induction was associated with a higher share of < 16, 16: 0 and 18:2 acids and a lower share of 18: 3 acid and also with a lower value of the 16: 0/< 16 ratio of phospholipids.
The relation between the generative induction of plants and the composition of phospholipid fatty acids may however be blurred when induction proceeds under conditions of alternate short spells of vernalization and devernalization temperatures.     

Inheritance of the Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene Pm9 in Relation to Pm1 and Pm2 of Wheat

The inheritance of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm9 originating from the hexaploid spring wheat cultivar ‘Normandie’ was analyzed in relation to Pm1 and Pm2. Two leaf segments of individual P_1?, P_2?, F_1? and F₂-plants of the cross ‘Normandie’ (Pm1, 2, 9) בFederation’ (no known Pm gene) were inoculated separately with two powdery mildew isolates. Using powdery mildew isolate No. 6 virulent for Pm1 and Pm2 but avirulent for Pm9, a 1 resistant (r): 3 susceptible (s) F₂-segregation was found for the Pm9 gene. Using powdery mildew isolate No. 3 virulent for Pm1 and Pm9 but avirulent for Pm2, a 3 (r): 1 (s) F₂-segregation was found for the Pm2 gene. Combining the data of both experiments (leaf segments of identical plants had been used), a 9 (sr): 3 (ss): 3 (rr): 1 (rs) segregation resulted for the F₂ of this cross: therefore, independent inheritance of the genes Pm2 and Pm9 can be concluded. Similarly, the cross ‘Mephisto’ (Pm1, 2, 9) בAmor’ (no known Pm gene) was analyzed. The Pm9 gene again showed a monogenically recessive inheritance, whereas Pm1 showed a monogenically intermediate segregation upon inoculation with powdery mildew isolate No. 9a virulent for Pm2 and Pm9 but avirulent for Pm1. Combining the single gene segregations, linkage between both genes was found among the progenies. A distance of 8.5 cM was calculated. Analyzing a set of spring wheat cultivars with seven defined powdery mildew isolates, the presence of Pm1, Pm2 and Pm9 in these lines was verified; in most cases, Pm1 occurred together with Pm9.     

Seed Storage Proteins of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and Their Effect on the Technological Quality in Durum Wheat

F₄ progenies of a cross between durum wheat cultivar ‘Creso’ and an accession of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides with high protein content were analysed by two different electrophoretic procedures (A-PAGE and SDS-PAGE). Variation of storage proteins at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-B3 and Gli-B1 loci was studied. Electrophoretic analyses have shown that parents contain different alleles at each of the four loci considered and that protein components of T. dicoccoides are uncommon among cultivated wheats. Recombination between the Glu-B3 and Gli-B1 loci was observed. To determine the effects of the allelic variants on gluten properties, F₅ grains from every F₄ line were analysed for protein content and SDS-sedimentation value. Gluten quality was strongly associated with the allelic type of proteins coded by the Glu-B3 locus and, to a lesser extent, to those coded by Glu-A1. Mean sedimentation value of progenies possessing the ‘Creso’Glu-B3 allele was significantly greater than that showing the T. dicoccoides allele. High molecular weight glutenin sub-units coded by the T. dicoccoides Glu-A1 locus were also associated with larger sedimentation values than null form of ‘Creso’. Results of SDS-test, obtained for recombinants between Glu-B3 and Gli-B1, confirmd that specific omega- and gamma-gliadins are only genetic markers of quality, whereas variation for LMW glutenin subunits coded at Glu-B3 is responsible for differences in gluten properties.     

The Genetics and Breeding Potential of Rht12, a Dominant Dwarfing Gene in Wheat

Rht12, a dominant dwarfing gene of wheat, was shown to be located distally on the long arm of chromosome 5A. Lack of recombination with the awn inhibitor B1 suggested that Rht12 is cither tightly linked to this gene or is, in this material, a pleiotropic expression of the gene. Linkage to β-Amy-A1 was also very tight, indicating that Rht12 is present on the segment of chromosome SAL ancestrally translocated from 4AL. The close linkage to β-Amy-A1 also suggests that Rht12 is not a homoeoallele of the commercially important GA-insensitive dwarfing genes. Analysis of near-isogenic lines in a number of genetic backgrounds showed that Rht12 reduces height without altering ear size and significantly increases spikelet fertility. However its successful utilization in breeding programmes will require careful selection since in some backgrounds the gene reduces grain numbers and grain size. In all backgrounds, Rht12 delayed ear emergence time by around 6 days. A delay of this magnitude could, in many environments, adversely affect yield if it is not neutralized by altering the balance of other genes determining ear emergence time.     

Breeding Progress in Grain Yield and Selected Agronomic Characters of Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) over the Last Quarter of a Century

This study gives estimates of breeding progress achieved in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) since the 1960′s in grain yield and the change in several morphological traits for seventeen historically important cultivars: 12 six-rowed and 5 two-rowed, grouped into four epochs according to the period of major commercialization in Italy. All genotypes were evaluated across a range of soil fertility and climatic environments. The modern six-rowed cultivars have shown a consistent increase in tillers/m² and seeds/spike (16 and 28 %, respectively) over the local populations. In the modern two-rowed cultivar ‘Igri’ the increase in tillers/m² and seed weight were, respectively, 20 and 14 % snd seeds/spike decreased by 20 % over the local populations. The modern six-rowed and two-rowed cultivars have less lodging, are earlier and shorter than the old varieties and local populations. In the last quarter of a century, the breeding progress for gram yield has been increased by 52 and 74 kg/ ha/year or 0.75 and 1.1 % per year respectively, for six-rowed and two-rowed genotypes: while the gain in biomass yield in the same period was not uniform for six-rowed cuitivars and increased by 64 kg/ha/ year or 0.46 % in two-rowed cultivars. The grain yield improvement in the modern six-rowed and two-rowed cultivars is the result of a better partitioning of the photosynthetic products into the grain.     

小麦叶绿素缺失突变体Mt6172及其野生型叶片蛋白质组学双向差异凝胶电泳分析

以空间环境诱变获得的小麦叶绿素缺失突变体Mt6172的白化苗及其野生型邯6172的叶片为材料,进行双向差异凝胶电泳(2D-DIGE)蛋白质组学分析。在1645个蛋白点中,发现100个差异1.5倍以上的蛋白点,对在分析胶中得到的85个点进行质谱鉴定,最终鉴定出29种差异蛋白的62个差异点,其中50个表达下调,12个表达上调,可分为10个功能群。表达下调的蛋白主要定位于叶绿体中,包括光系统I、光系统II、NAD(P)H脱氢酶复合体和ATP合酶的部分亚基,以及参与卡尔文-本森循环、糖代谢和应激反应的蛋白。非叶绿体蛋白中的大部分表达上调,主要参与抗氧化反应、转录激活和蛋白质折叠等途径。初步推断,光合作用主要蛋白复合体的缺失、叶绿体抗氧化能力的下降和叶绿体RNA转录后编辑途径受阻等可能是Mt6172白化致死的重要原因。     

小麦Cyp450基因的电子克隆与生物信息学分析

为获得对小麦Cyp450基因及其编码蛋白质的理化性质与结构特性等,利用电子克隆方法克隆了一个新的小麦Cyp450基因,并对其编码的蛋白质进行了生物信息学分析。结果表明,该基因全长2155 bp,编码511个氨基酸;该蛋白序列的N端存在一个显著信号肽序列,属于CypX超家族,该蛋白定位于细胞质中,属于分泌途径中的信号肽蛋白,含有多个不同的磷酸化位点;二级结构以α螺旋（占48.14%）和无规则卷曲为主（占33.86%）,存在5个不稳定区,在85-511位处形成一个较大的球形蛋白域。该蛋白与大麦、二穗短柄草、水稻和高粱的同源Cyp450蛋白相似性较高,进化距离较近。获得了一个新的小麦细胞色素P450基因,并分析了其编码蛋白质的序列特性,为进一步实验克隆和研究其功能提供了理论基础。     

Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Vernalization Genes Vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1, and Vrn‐D1 in Spring Wheat Germplasm from the Pacific Northwest Region of the U.S.A.

The objective of this study was to determine the Vrn‐1 allelic composition of spring wheat germplasm from the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. Individual plants from 56 spring wheat lines were crossed to near‐isogenic tester lines carrying the dominant allele Vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1 or Vrn‐D1. F₂ progeny were evaluated for growth habit in the field and Vrn‐1 allelic composition was determined through chi‐square analysis. Lines also were analysed with DNA sequence‐based Vrn‐1 allele‐specific markers. A majority of the germplasm carried the dominant allele Vrn‐A1a alone or in combination with Vrn‐B1, Vrn‐D1 or Vrn‐B3 alleles. Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1 were almost always associated with other dominant Vrn‐1 allele(s). Based on DNA sequence analysis, a novel Vrn‐B1 allele referred to as Vrn‐B1b, which carried a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a 36 bp deletion, was identified in cultivar ‘Alpowa’. These results will be useful to wheat breeders for choosing parents with different Vrn‐1 alleles for crossing to maximize diversity at the Vrn‐1 loci with an expectation of identifying superior Vrn‐1 allelic combinations for cultivar improvement.     

杂交水稻恢复系桂99的抽穗期基因及其效应分析

以基因型明确的抽穗期主基因近等基因系EG0~EG7、ER~LR、T65系列为测验系（TLs）,在江西南昌（28^o 36’ N）夏季自然高温长日（14 h/d）和人工遮光短日（10 h/d）,以及海南三亚（18^o 14’ N）旱季自然低温短日（11.6 h/d）处理条件下,对籼型杂交水稻恢复系桂99的抽穗期基因及其感温性和基因位点间的互作效应进行了分析。结果表明,桂99在E₁、E₂和E₃位点分别带有感光迟熟等位基因E₁、E₂和E₃,在Se-1位点带有非感光等位基因Se-1^e,在Ef-1位点带有早熟基因Ef-1,由此推断其抽穗期基因型为E₁E₁E₂E₂E₃E₃Se-1^eSe-1^eEf-1Ef-1。迟熟基因E₁、E₃与早熟基因Ef-1同时存在,E₁、E₃与Se-1^e基因位点间的互作使桂99农艺性状表现弱感光性。感光基因Se-1^u（或Se-1ⁿ）的存在能增强E位点感光迟熟基因的感光性,感光基因对“TLs×桂99”F₂植株抽穗的影响,是延长平均抽穗期,增加迟抽穗植株分布频率。分析了感温性对TLs抽穗期的影响,讨论了以桂99为恢复系配置的杂交水稻组合丰产性和广适性的遗传基础。     

Polymorphism of two waxy proteins in the emmer group of tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, and T. durum

Gel-electrophoretic analyses detected polymorphism of two waxy (Wx) proteins, Wx-Al and Wx-Bl, in 334 accessions of the emmer group of tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum and T. durum. The null allele for the Wx-Al protein (Wx-Alb) was found in one accession of T. dicoccoides and seven of T. dicoccum, but it was not present in those T. durum accessions analysed. The null allele for the Wx-Bl protein (Wx-Blb) did not occur in three emmer-wheat species. Wx-Al and Wx-Bl proteins showing alteration in mobility in SDS-PAGE gel or in isoelectric points were found in five accessions and considered to be the products of new alleles, Wx-Ald, Wx-Ale and/or Wx-Bld. Densitometric analysis of Wx protein bands revealed that Wx-Al was present in smaller amounts than Wx-B1 in almost all accessions.     

2个生理指标与大白菜耐抽薹性相关性初探

分析了白菜不同抽薹特性品种在低温诱导下POD(过氧化物酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性氧清除系统数值与白菜抽薹特性的关系,为白菜耐抽薹育种及快速选择抽薹特性品种提供理论依据,以20个不同抽薹特性的结球大白菜为材料,评价品种抽薹特性并测定低温诱导后叶片POD和CAT含量。结果表明, POD对照组,冷处理组及冷处理组比对照组与品种的抽薹特性显著正相关,而CAT对照组与抽薹特性负相关,冷处理组及冷处理组比对照组与抽薹性显著正相关。结论:接球大白菜的耐抽薹性与品种在低温胁迫下的活性氧清除能力有一定的相关性。     

黄淮平原冬小麦分蘖成穗动态与气候生态条件关系的研究

河南省黄淮平原冬小麦分蘖消长的一般规律是:“两个盛期,一个高峰,越冬不停,集中死亡”.用白天平均温度积温(∑Tid)作生物学时间,代替自然天文时间,通过对本区冬小麦分蘖动态与气候生态关系的研究,黄淮平原冬小麦分蘖成穗随气温、土壤湿度等气候生态环境而变化的规律是:(1)最高群体以前:f=y_m/(1+e~(a-b∑Tid)·f_s·f_a-f_m (∑Tid相似文献   

Hardening of Some Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Rye (Secale cereals L.), Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) and Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars During Autumn and the Final Winter Survival in Finland

Profound hardening is the prerequisite for survival of a cultivar over winter. In the present study, hardening abilities of 13 winter wheat, 10 rye, 3 triticale and 6 winter barley cultivars were determined in field samples collected during the autumns of 1990 and 1991 by measuring the amount of ion leakage from frost-treated leaf segments. The cultivars tested were selected from the Inter-Nordic Winterhardiness Project, in which Field Survival Indices were determined for a total of 23 winter wheat, 13 rye, 5 triticale and 11 winter barley cultivars in order to estimate winter survival potentials under Finnish conditions. The winter survival of the materials studied correlated well with their hardening ability assessed by using the electrolyte leakage method.     

小麦应答低磷的钙依赖蛋白激酶基因TaCPK1A和TaCPK10的克隆和表达

采用构建富集磷胁迫特异表达基因cDNA差减文库、序列分析和cDNA-AFLP技术,鉴定了2个应答低磷胁迫的钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK)基因的表达序列标签。克隆、测序和比对结果表明,上述基因分别为TaCPK1A和TaCPK10。其cDNA长度分别为2 129 bp和1 696 bp,开放阅读框分别为1 599 bp和1 281 bp,分别编码532和426个氨基酸;具有CDPK的典型结构特征。系统进化分析表明,上述基因的核苷酸序列同源性低,分别来自不同的祖先。在对低磷胁迫的响应上,TaCPK1A在磷胁迫1~24 h范围内根系内的表达水平不断增强,叶内表达水平在1 h内明显被诱导,以后保持稳定;TaCPK10在相应磷胁迫时间范围根叶内的表达水平均呈低—高—低变化,在磷胁迫1 h的表达被诱导,以后又逐渐降至胁迫前水平。TaCPK1A和TaCPK10对氮、钾胁迫没有应答响应。结果表明,CDPK在介导小麦低磷胁迫的信号转导中具有重要作用,小麦中存在两种或多种CDPK介导的磷酸化过程参与低磷信号的转导。