酵母培养物在反刍动物生产中的应用

酵母培养物是酵母菌在特定的培养基上经发酵技术制得的一种营养丰富、成分复杂微生态发酵产品,具有提高反刍动物生产性能、调节免疫功能、改善胃肠道微生态平衡、保障肠道健康等多种营养保健的功效,作为一种具有替代抗生素潜力的产品,未来在反刍动物生产中应用前景将十分广泛.     

酵母培养物在动物日粮中的应用进展

酵母培养物(Yeast cultures,简称YC)作为动物的补充饲料已经有60多年的历史。YC是一种经过干燥的产品,既含有酵母菌又含有酵母菌赖以生长的培养基,YC含有丰富的维生素、酶、各种营养成分和某些重要的协同因子,在厌氧环境中能保持代谢活性,并能耐受干燥、加热和酸性等应激环境,在动物饲料中已应用多年,它具有使用方便、安全无毒、无副作用等优点。     

酵母培养物与活性酵母的特点及对反刍动物的影响

反刍动物特别是高产奶牛饲粮中的酵母培养物和活性酵母产品之间存在着重要的差异。研究人员特别感兴趣的是以不同亚种和不同品系的单细胞真菌和酿酒酵母为基础的产品怎样改善或提高瘤胃功能。从而提高动物生产性能。反刍动物如牛、绵羊和山羊极度依赖于瘤胃功能。在瘤胃中．微生物活动把纤维素、淀粉和蛋白质分解为可吸收的营养。反刍动物把这些营养用于维持生长、生产和繁殖。     

酵母培养物在反刍动物生产中的作用

本文就酵母培养物的作用机制及其对反刍动物的作用效果作一阐述。     

酵母培养物在反刍动物高精料饲粮条件下的应用研究进展

在集约化生产条件下,为追求高生产性能,常以高精料的营养策略饲喂高产奶牛和高强度育肥肉牛、肉羊。长期饲喂高精料或突然采食大量含易发酵碳水化合物饲粮时,动物易出现瘤胃代谢紊乱,诱发代谢性瘤胃酸中毒及腹泻等多种代谢性疾病。如何在高精料饲粮条件下保持瘤胃健康是进行营养调控的关键。酵母培养物作为微生态制剂的一种,已在反刍动物养殖中得到了广泛应用和研究,在维持瘤胃健康、提高动物生产性能和免疫功能等方面具有明显的作用。本文总结了酵母培养物的作用机制及其在高精料饲粮条件下的应用效果,并阐述了酵母培养物在反刍动物饲粮中适宜的添加量,为酵母培养物在反刍动物饲粮中合理利用提供参考和理论依据。     

酶在反刍动物日粮中的应用

概述了近年来酶制剂在反刍动物青贮饲料及精料中的应用情况及作用效果。     

酵母培养物在反刍动物中的作用机制

综述了酵母培养物在反刍动物中的作用模式，是通过刺激瘤胃微生物特定区系从而改善瘤胃环境，其生化基础是营养理论、控氧理论和小肽营养代谢扳机理论。     

尿素在反刍动物日粮中的应用

反刍动物可通过瘤胃细菌的生物合成对非蛋白氮加以有效地利用.非蛋白氮主要有尿素、二缩脲和铵盐等.瘤胃内的细菌利用非蛋白氮作为氮源,以可溶性碳水化合物作为碳架和能量的来源合成细菌体蛋白,进而在动物体消化酶的作用下,被动物消化吸收.反刍动物利用非蛋白氮必须满足的条件日粮中要有足够的非纤维性能源即可溶性糖和淀粉;日粮蛋白质水平要适宜;日粮中添加一定量的微量元素和硫等其它矿物质元素;日粮中添加非蛋白氮的量要适合,饲喂方法要正确.     

酵母菌培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响

本研究采用完全随机试验设计,使用持续动态人工瘤胃装置,研究了酿酒酵母菌培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响。试验处理为对照组、1%和5%(占发酵液体积)酿酒酵母菌培养物添加组。通过对瘤胃液pH、微生物蛋白质(MCP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度的测定得出以下结果:添加酿酒酵母菌培养物对pH和NH3-N浓度没有显著影响(P>0.05);5%酿酒酵母菌培养物添加组显著提高MCP浓度并降低了丙酸浓度(P<0.05);而酿酒酵母菌培养物对总挥发酸酸、乙酸、丁酸和乙、丙酸比例没有显著影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:添加一定量的酿酒酵母菌培养物可在不改变瘤胃发酵类型的情况下,促进微生物蛋白质的合成。     

日粮粗蛋白水平对反刍动物瘤胃发酵和微生物区系影响的研究进展

蛋白质是反刍动物的必需营养素,不同蛋白质水平日粮使瘤胃发酵参数发生改变。本文就不同蛋白水平日粮对瘤胃pH、NH3-N、VFA的浓度和瘤胃微生物区系组成的影响研究进展情况进行综述,为进一步开展相关研究奠定基础。     

Dietary supplementation of yeast cell wall improves the gastrointestinal development of weaned calves

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of yeast cell wall (YCW) on the gastrointestinal development of weaned calves. Twenty healthy Holstein male calves (BW = 92 ± 8.29 kg and 60 ± 5 d of age) were randomly allocated into 2 groups: CON with no YCW, and YCW (accounted for 0.16% of the basal diet). The dietary concentrate-to-roughage ratio was 40:60. All the calves were fed regularly twice a day at 09:00 and 16:00 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The results showed that calves fed YCW showed higher (P < 0.05) length, width, and surface area of papillae in the ventral sac of the rumen as compared to CON. For the dorsal sac of the rumen, the muscularis thickness was thicker (P < 0.05) in the YCW group when compared with CON group. The villus height of YCW calves was higher (P < 0.05) than that of CON in the ileum. Calves supplemented with YCW also showed a higher (P < 0.05) villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the ileum. The YCW calves exhibited a greater (P < 0.05) thickness of the wall in the duodenum and jejunum. Calves supplemented with YCW improved (P < 0.05) the claudin 1 mRNA expression in the ileum and occludin mRNA expression in the jejunum and ileum. The YCW increased (P < 0.05) the contents of secretory immunoglobulin A in the jejunum and ileum of calves. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with YCW could improve the gastrointestinal development of weaned calves.     

去除瘤胃纤毛虫对山羊瘤胃代谢及进入十二指肠食糜的影响

3头同时装置永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠双筒 T 形瘘管的成年阉公山羊,在精料型饲粮(以风干物质计,混合精料:青干草=50:50)的条件下,以二辛基磺琥珀酸钠(DSS)去除瘤胃纤毛虫后,瘤胃总脱氢酶活力(TDHA)比未处理前(对照期)增高约一倍(P<0.01),瘤胃 NH_3—N、TVFA 和乙酸/丙酸比值显著下降。DSS 期与对照期比较,进入十二指肠食糜的总氮浓度升高(P<0.05),微生物氮则保持恒定,非微生物氮和非氨氮(NAN)均增加(P<0.05),表明在精料型饲粮条件下,去除瘤胃纤毛虫,降低饲料蛋白质在瘤胃中的降解,增加了到达十二指肠内的真蛋白的数量。     

人工瘤胃中半胱胺的稳定性及其对瘤胃发酵的影响

在人工瘤胃中半胱胺具有较高的稳定性,培养２４ｈ后,可检测到初始浓度的７４．３％,实验还发现,实验组的总脱氢酶活力较对照组显著提高,ＮＨ３－Ｎ浓度降低２８．６９％（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＭＣＰ浓度提高９．０７％（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＴＶＦＡ浓度较对照升高,２５．５６％（Ｐ〈０．０５）,同时,乙酸比例升高,丙酸比例降低,结果表明半胱胺可影响瘤胃微生物的活动及其区系结构。     

酵母培养物对热应激奶牛泌乳性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

文章旨在研究炎热夏季条件下日粮中酵母培养物添加水平对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取60头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量进行区组设计,随机分为3组,每组有20头奶牛。对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验1组奶牛和试验2组奶牛分别在基础日粮的基础上补充饲喂100 g/d·头和200 g/d·头的酵母培养物。预试期2周,正试期8周。试验期间每天记录产奶量,每周采集奶样测定乳成分,正试期最后3 d进行消化试验,采用酸不溶灰分法测定营养物质表观消化率。试验期间,每天大部分时间牛舍的平均温湿指数大于72,意味着奶牛试验期间遭受不同程度的热应激影响。酵母培养物显著提高热应激泌乳早期奶牛的干物质采食量,以饲喂200 g/d·头的奶牛具有最大干物质采食量(P <0.05)。酵母培养物显著增加遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛的产奶量,本试验条件下呈线性增加(P <0.05)。酵母培养物显著提高遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛的乳糖率,本试验条件下呈线性增加(P <0.05)。遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛补充饲喂酵母培养物对其他乳成分无显著影响(P> 0.05)。酵母培养物显著提高热应激条件下泌乳早期奶牛的干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的消化率(P <0.05),而对粗脂肪和酸性洗涤纤维的消化率无显著影响(P> 0.05)。因此,酵母培养物饲喂遭受热应激的泌乳早期奶牛可以显著增加其干物质采食量和提高产奶量,并改善营养物质消化率,本试验中以200 g/d·头的饲喂剂量最佳。     

论反刍动物酵母培养菌的补充

过去20年间,由于对动物日粮中酵母培养菌的作用有了更深的理解,从而得以开发和研制出一批经科学证明为有效的补充物,它们可使动物的生产性能得到提高,并使动物的健康状态得到改善。为了弄清其中的基本机理,科研界投入了大批的研究力量,试图查明酵母培养菌在许多动物种群中所产生的有益作用。其中,成果最为明显的是一项基本研究计划,即考察酵母菌对反刍动物所产生的作用。这些研究工作的目标,是     

Dynamics of the ruminal microbial ecosystem,and inhibition of methanogenesis and propiogenesis in response to nitrate feeding to Holstein calves

It is known that nitrate inhibits ruminal methanogenesis, mainly through competition with hydrogenotrophic methanogens for available hydrogen (H₂) and also through toxic effects on the methanogens. However, there is limited knowledge about its effects on the others members of ruminal microbiota and their metabolites. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary nitrate inclusion on enteric methane (CH₄) emission, temporal changes in ruminal microbiota, and fermentation in Holstein calves. Eighteen animals were maintained in individual pens for 45 d. Animals were randomly allocated to either a control (CTR) or nitrate (NIT, containing 15 g of calcium nitrate/kg dry matter) diets. Methane emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) tracer method. Ruminal microbiota changes and ruminal fermentation were evaluated at 0, 4, and 8 h post-feeding. In this study, feed dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ between dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Diets containing NIT reduced CH₄ emissions by 27% (g/d) and yield by 21% (g/kg DMI) compared to the CTR (P < 0.05). The pH values and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration did not differ between dietary treatments (P > 0.05) but differed with time, and post-feeding (P < 0.05). Increases in the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃–N) and acetate were observed, whereas propionate decreased at 4 h post-feeding with the NIT diet (P < 0.05). Feeding the NIT diet reduced the populations of total bacteria, total methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and the abundance of Succiniclasticum, Coprococcus, Treponema, Shuttlewortia, Succinivibrio, Sharpea, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Selenomona (P < 0.05); whereas, the population of total fungi, protozoa, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Atopobium and Erysipelotrichaceae L7A_E11 increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding nitrate reduces enteric CH₄ emissions and the methanogens population, whereas it decreases the propionate concentration and the abundance of bacteria involved in the succinate and acrylate pathways. Despite the altered fermentation profile and ruminal microbiota, DMI was not influenced by dietary nitrate. These findings suggest that nitrate has a predominantly direct effect on the reduction of methanogenesis and propionate synthesis.