我国新能源汽车产业创新体系的建设与发展

我国新能源汽车发展较为迅速,新能源汽车产业创新体系的建设和发展对于保证新能源汽车技术进步具有重要意义。文章介绍了我国新能源汽车产业创新体系背景,并对体系内容进行详细阐述。新能源汽车产业创新体系包括目标体系、政策体系、技术体系、环境与社会化服务体系,我国新能源汽车产业发展需要促进各组成要素交流与合作,促进新能源体系的进一步完善。     

From measuring impact to learning institutional lessons: an innovation systems perspective on improving the management of international agricultural research

This paper argues that impact assessment research has not made more of a difference because the measurement of the economic impact has poor diagnostic power. In particular it fails to provide research managers with critical institutional lessons concerning ways of improving research and innovation as a process. Our contention is that the linear input–output assumptions of economic assessment need to be complemented by an analytical framework that recognises systems of reflexive, learning interactions and their location in, and relationship with, their institutional context. The innovation systems framework is proposed as an approach where institutional learning is explicit. Three case studies of recent developments in international agricultural research are presented to illustrate these points. We conclude by suggesting that the innovation systems framework has much to offer research managers wishing to monitor and learn new ways of addressing goals such as poverty alleviation. The greatest challenge however, is that such holistic learning frameworks must contend for legitimacy if they are to complement the dominant paradigm of economic assessment.     

A systems approach to quantify greenhouse gas fluxes from pastoral dairy production as affected by management regime

A model was developed to determine what effect management practices would have on the production of the greenhouse gases (GHG) within pastorally based dairy production systems typical of those practiced in Ireland. The model simulates two levels of GHG emissions, firstly the on-farm GHG emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide for example from the pastorally spreading of slurry and secondly, off-farm GHG emissions associated with both inputs brought onto the farm to maintain productivity (for example emissions arising from manufacture of concentrate feeds and fertiliser) as well as from indirect GHG emissions associated with nitrate leaching and ammonia. The aim of this work was to allow the development of effective GHG mitigation strategies at the farm level capable of reducing GHG emissions per litre of milk.Greenhouse gas emissions were modelled for nine farming systems differing in the level of concentrate supplementation (376, 810 and 1540 kg per cow per lactation) and genotype for milk production as assessed by their pedigree index (<100, 100–200 and 200–300 kg) of milk production. A three-year study to evaluate the influence of cow genetic potential for milk production and concentrate supplementation level on profitability of pasture-based systems of milk production was used to drive the Moorepark Dairy Systems Model (MDSM). Output from this model then described farm size, feed budgets, animal numbers and farm profitability when annual milk quota was set to 468,000 kg of milk year. Relating GHG emissions to annual milk sales revealed that for these pastorally based systems increasing concentrate usage reduced both on-farm and off-farm emissions, but that increasing the genotype of the dairy cow (i.e., the genetic capacity of the animal to produce milk) will increase both on-farm and off-farm GHG emissions. Lowest GHG emissions per kilogram of milk were achieved for an intermediate genotype type cow fed within a high concentrate system whilst the highest emissions were associated with high genotype cows fed within a low concentrate system. Maximum profitability was obtained when either a high concentrate feeding regime was combined with high genotype cows or where low concentrate systems were fed to low genotype cows.Relating farm profitability to GHG emissions allowed the identification of scenarios where changing from one management systems to another would achieve a simultaneous reduction in GHG emissions whilst improving farm profitability. By implementing this approach of assessing management induced change on both GHG emissions arising from the farm together with farm profitability, individual whole farm GHG mitigation strategies could be developed with a high degree of acceptability to the producer.     

Integrating agricultural research and policy analysis: analytical framework and policy applications for bio-economic modelling

Interdisciplinary approaches to identify suitable incentives for enhancing sustainable natural resource use require an analytical framework that satisfies both practical purposes of policy support and disciplinary requirements regarding the specification of underlying technical and behavioural relations. Different approaches for agricultural policy analysis are distinguished according to the nature of problems addressed and the analytical procedures applied. Major drawbacks of more disciplinary analysis can be circumvented through functional integration of these approaches. The methodological foundations of an integrated bio-economic modelling framework for the simultaneous appraisal of agro-ecological and socio- economic parameters are presented, and assumptions on farm household decision making regarding crop and technology choice, labour use, market exchange and price responsiveness are discussed. Implications of this integrated approach are analysed against the background of policy discussions on land markets, incentives for innovation, and public investment for agricultural intensification. Policy analysis for sustainable land use proves to be critically dependent on the specification of the linkages between decision-making procedures regarding resource allocation by farm households and their supply response to changes in the economic and institutional environment.     

我国农业可持续发展研究热点浅析

农业可持续发展是我国农业经济研究领域的热点之一.国内对农业可持续发展的研究主要集中于理论构架、模式、路径选择、支撑体系及区域农业等发展方面.推进农业可持续发展需要全面协调资源、环境、经济、社会各子系统,需要政府的职能转变和政策支持,根本出路在于技术创新和制度创新,同时指出今后研究的重点方向.     

Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: The interactions between innovation networks and their environment

The purpose of this article is to investigate effective reformism: strategies that innovation networks deploy to create changes in their environment in order to establish a more conducive context for the realization and durable embedding of their innovation projects. Using a case study approach, effective reformism efforts are analyzed in a technological innovation trajectory related to the implementation of a new poultry husbandry system and an organizational innovation trajectory concerning new ways of co-operation among individual farms to establish economies of scale. The findings reinforce the idea, emerging from a complexity perspective on agricultural innovation systems, that interaction between innovation networks and their environment is only steerable to a limited extent. Nonetheless, innovation networks can enhance effective reformism by creating tangible visions that serve as vehicles to create understanding about the innovation and mobilize support for it, and by employing several kinds of boundary spanning individuals that are able to forge effective connections between innovation networks and their environment. Because innovation networks can only partially influence their institutional environment, and because unintended consequences of actions and random events influence the course of the innovation process, innovation network actors need to continuously re-interpret the contexts in which they move. This constant reflection by the innovating actors on their position vis-à-vis their environment needs to be supported by dedicated facilitators and monitoring and evaluation methods aimed at system learning. This implies that agricultural innovation policies should, instead of aiming to fully plan and control innovation, foster the emergence of such flexible support instruments that enable adaptive innovation management.     

新时期我国农业装备产业科技创新发展研究

农业装备产业科技创新正进入变革发展新阶段,重点从创新及政策角度总结近20年我国农业装备产业科技发展情况,分析全球农业装备科技创新的新机遇、新趋势,以及未来发展面临的重大挑战和需求,提出要走战略引领、目标导向、全链统筹和国际视野的创新发展道路,推进产业基础技术、战略前沿技术、高效智能技术装备和绿色技术装备创新,发展新一代智能农业技术、产品、服务体系和产业链,构建支撑可持续发展的科技与产业创新体系。      

湖南资源型城市土地利用政策创新研究

湖南资源型城市具有产业支持,但结构单一,需要大力发展多元化产业体系,这又需要高效、有力的土地差别化供应政策支持。因此要加强湖南资源型城市土地利用政策创新,为湖南资源型城市发展开拓新的制度空间。     

Smallholder dairy production and markets: A comparison of production systems in Zambia,Kenya and Sri Lanka

Three smallholder dairy production systems in Zambia, Sri Lanka and Kenya are analysed and compared. The focus is on the relationships between the animal production system, the farm household system, and the institutional environment. Attention is given to the valuation of marketed and non-marketed products and the intangible benefits of livestock in insurance, financing and status display. The comprehensive and comparative analysis of the production systems shows the direct relationship between type and intensity of dairy production and the presence or absence of markets for milk and other products, services and employment. The generally unobserved income components resulting from products other than milk and from the intangible benefits prove to be a substantial proportion of the total income in all three systems. The comprehensive perspective on the dairy production system results in policy suggestions that include institutional linkages.     

Increasing profits and reducing risks in crop production using participatory systems simulation approaches

The development of cropping systems simulation capabilities world-wide combined with easy access to powerful computing has resulted in a plethora of agricultural models and consequently, model applications. Nonetheless, the scientific credibility of such applications and their relevance to farming practice is still being questioned. Our objective in this paper is to highlight some of the model applications from which benefits for farmers were or could be obtained via changed agricultural practice or policy. Changed on-farm practice due to the direct contribution of modelling, while keenly sought after, may in some cases be less achievable than a contribution via agricultural policies. This paper is intended to give some guidance for future model applications. It is not a comprehensive review of model applications, nor is it intended to discuss modelling in the context of social science or extension policy. Rather, we take snapshots around the globe to ‘take stock’ and to demonstrate that well-defined financial and environmental benefits can be obtained on-farm from the use of models. We highlight the importance of ‘relevance’ and hence the importance of true partnerships between all stakeholders (farmer, scientists, advisers) for the successful development and adoption of simulation approaches. Specifically, we address some key points that are essential for successful model applications such as: (1) issues to be addressed must be neither trivial nor obvious; (2) a modelling approach must reduce complexity rather than proliferate choices in order to aid the decision-making process; (3) the cropping systems must be sufficiently flexible to allow management interventions based on insights gained from models. The pro and cons of normative approaches (e.g. decision support software that can reach a wide audience quickly but are often poorly contextualized for any individual client) versus model applications within the context of an individual client's situation will also be discussed. We suggest that a tandem approach is necessary whereby the latter is used in the early stages of model application for confidence building amongst client groups. This paper focuses on five specific regions that differ fundamentally in terms of environment and socio-economic structure and hence in their requirements for successful model applications. Specifically, we will give examples from Australia and South America (high climatic variability, large areas, low input, technologically advanced); Africa (high climatic variability, small areas, low input, subsistence agriculture); India (high climatic variability, small areas, medium level inputs, technologically progressing; and Europe (relatively low climatic variability, small areas, high input, technologically advanced). The contrast between Australia and Europe will further demonstrate how successful model applications are strongly influenced by the policy framework within which producers operate. We suggest that this might eventually lead to better adoption of fully integrated systems approaches and result in the development of resilient farming systems that are in tune with current climatic conditions and are adaptable to biophysical and socio-economic variability and change.     

传统资源型地区现代农业产业发展对策——以河南省禹州市为例

以河南省禹州市为例,运用SWOT分析法,对传统资源型地区现代农业的发展进行优势、劣势、机遇和挑战的综合分析,为该地区的转型进行政策建议。通过分析可得,禹州市农业资源类型多、发展基础好、产业特色和优势突出,现代农业跨越发展现实基础好和发展条件优越。发展策略应重点考虑活用战略(SO)和差别化战略(ST),同时结合强化战略(WO)和防御型战略(WT),科学合理地进行发展规划。提出重视生态建设和生态保护,稳定粮食基础产业,促进现代循环农业发展;建设综合性生态中药小镇,开发红薯休闲主题公园,强化特色优势产业发展;综合利用农业资源,融合文化产业和旅游产业,发展都市生态农业产业;构建现代新型农民技能培训体系,强化人才支撑,为现代农业发展提供智力保障的发展策略及建议。     

我国农业装备产业技术创新支撑体系分析

基于产业技术创新系统理论,以及国外农业装备产业技术创新支撑体系特点及构建经验,分析了我国农业装备产业技术创新支撑体系的现状及问题,提出了产业技术创新支撑体系的概念及功能,从创新驱动、产业竞争、技术发展和创新资源等层面的需求出发,提出了构建适应国情、立足产业、协同高效和支撑发展的新型农业装备产业技术创新支撑体系的思路。      

“互联网+农业”经济模式及建议

在“互联网+”信息化时代,任何产业都能够实现与互联网之间的相互结合,形成全新的产业发展局面。我国作为农业大国,必然会思考与实践,将互联网与农业结合起来,促成“互联网+农业”的新经济发展模式,它对于我国未来新型国际化农业发展是具有重要意义与政策、技术指导作用的。通过提出“互联网+农业”背景下具体的经济发展模式类型,提出业界创新模式质疑问题,并再次给出未来该创新模式的若干发展建议,引领我国农业发展真正走入新时代。      

“双循环”格局下陕西自贸区杨凌片区农业经济高质量发展路径

陕西自贸区杨凌片区是中国目前唯一以农业发展为主要特色的自贸区,位于中国最早建立的国家杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区。在国际国内双循环的新发展格局下,杨凌农业自贸区经济高质量发展面临着疫情和国内外市场波动的双重风险。首先,剖析了“双循环”与杨凌自贸片区农业经济高质量发展逻辑联系;其次,构建了杨凌自贸片区农业经济高质量发展评价指标体系;再次,提出了政策支持、体制机制创新、农业科技人才培养等经济高质量发展的影响因素;最后,探讨了“双循环”格局下杨凌农业自贸区经济高质量发展路径,即推动农业科技创新与产业布局深度融合、大力发展特色现代农业、积极开拓国际市场。      

技术创新是农产品加工业科学发展的必由之路

从农产品加工业发展对技术创新的必然要求出发，分析了技术创新在农产品加工业发展的作用，阐述了当前农产品加工业存在的问题与解决思路。     

论构建农业科技创新体系的主要途径

黑龙江省是国家粮食生产的重要基地,其农业机械化程度和农业装备水平居全国前列。多年来,黑龙江省省属农机科研机构全面落实"科教兴省"的战略方针,充分发挥科技第一生产力的作用,在促进农业科技创新、推广农业先进技术、转变传统农业生产方式、发展现代农业、促进农业跨越式发展以及使粮食生产连续登上新台阶等方面发挥了极其重要的作用。要实现农业现代化的发展,科技是关键。因此,深入研究农业科技创新体系,对农机科研机构的体制创新、机制创新、科技创新以及优化科技资源配置有着重要意义,同时也将对黑龙江省农业的快速发展及构建和谐社会起到促进作用。     

农机股份合作制模式的探讨

农机股份合作制是新形势下适应我国农业和农村经济发展的一种制度创新。这种新型的农机经济组织形式,对于创新农业经营体制、加快传统农业向现代农业转变、推进农村现代化建设具有重要意义。为此分析了农机股份合作制产生的诱因,由于产权主体不同体现出的不同组织形式,以及分析了制度创新的优势所在。这种社会化、企业化的农机发展道路必将成为我国农机社会化服务组织形式未来发展的重要方向。     

广东省南药产业发展现状及对策建议

广东省是我国南药的优势产区,南药种类丰富、产业发展前景广阔。近十几年来,广东省南药产业飞速发展,种植面积和产值不断增长,产业化水平不断提升,但仍存在品种选择有一定盲目性、良种繁育水平亟待提升、种植模式优化和生产标准体系建设相对滞后、产业链整合程度有待提高、道地药材资源枯竭和濒危现象突出等问题。据此,提出优化产业发展格局、加强种质资源保护、推动产业科技创新、健全生产质量保障体系、塑造特色品牌、全产业链融合发展等建议,以期为推动广东省南药产业高质量发展提供借鉴和参考。      

世界林业技术装备发展趋势对我国的借鉴

该文综述了世界林业发达国家的林业技术装备概况,分析了林业装备技术领域的主要发展趋势,提出了对我国林业技术装备富有借鉴意义的跟进措施。研究认为,世界林业发达国家的林业生产已全面实现了机械化,在技术上向智能、高效、多功能和大型化方向发展,并重视资源和生态保护。我国应在重大技术装备的自主研发,加强政策引导和行业管理,完善林业技术装备政策等方面跟进和加强。      

我国玉米收获机行业现状及质量分析

近些年在农机购置补贴政策的推动下,玉米收获机行业得到了巨大发展,目前行业正处于市场深度调整、产业创新转型和产品升级换代的新阶段。介绍了玉米收获机生产企业数量以及区域分布,对市场进行了分析和展望;概括梳理了市场上主要机型种类和各自特点;归纳了玉米收获机的产品标准体系。通过统计分析国家监督抽查中玉米收获机产品质量问题,并结合作业过程中的质量问题,分析得到了存在质量问题的主要原因,并对玉米收获机行业的发展提出了针对性建议。