杨树花粉染色体加倍有效处理时期的研究

以毛新杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｔｏｍｅｎｔｏｓａ×Ｐ．ｂｏｌｅａｎａ）为材料,在掌握小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程的基础上,对花粉染色体加倍中减数分裂的有效处理时期以及作用持续时间进行了研究,结果表明：（１）经秋水仙溶液处理所获得的花粉中均有一定比例的形态较大的花粉,最高可达８８％。这种大花粉经花粉染色体检查为２ｎ＝３８,且均能正常萌发。（２）一般只要是在水培４０ｈ左右,花药由淡绿色转为绿黄色以后且未变红前,也就是由细线末期到终变期之前处理,均能取得较好的加倍效果。（３）在有效处理时期内,处理次数与花粉得率也有一定的相关性,考虑２ｎ花粉比率及花粉量得率,处理次数以３～５次,每次间隔５～７ｈ为宜。     

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the greenhouse. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology of P. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.     

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the greenhouse. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards t...     

A MADS-box gene of Populus deltoides expressed during flower development and in vegetative organs

A MADS-box gene (PdPI) was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from male flower buds of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. According to an analysis of genomic DNA structure and putative protein structure, and a phylogenetic study, PdPI is an ortholog of the Arabidopsis PI gene. Relative-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that PdPI has a broader expression pattern than PI in Arabidopsis. PdPI was strongly expressed in floral buds and roots and weakly expressed in immature xylem, leaves and apical buds of the male P. deltoides tree. In male inflorescences, PdPI expression was abundant in the perianth and anther, and weak in the peduncle and mature pollen. The large differences in PdPI expression at various phases of male floral bud development were closely related to the development of flower organs (perianth and stamen) and pollen. PdPI was also expressed in female inflorescences. Our results suggest that PdPI has multiple functions in the development of P. deltoides.     

Biological features of flowering and development of male gametophyte in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthurium andreanum</Emphasis>

The aim of this study is to follow each development stage of inflorescence in order to understand the biological feature of flowering and the development of male gametophyte in Anthurium andreanum ““Arizona““ and to try to find the optimum conditions for its pollination. The methods of dissection and paraffin section were adopted to examine the structural characteristics of anthurium‘s tiny floret and the development of the microspore. All the florets of the anthurium arrange on the rhachis helically subtended by a colorful bract. Each tiny floret has one gynoecium, four tepals and four stamina. The bract and the florets show different colors during the whole blooming period. The ovary is bicarpellary and has two locules, each of which has one anatropous ovule. The placenta is of a central placentation type. The stylar canal cells not only can produce the secretory mucilage but also can release their own cytoplasm caused by their self-disintegration before the pistil reaches its maturity. The wall of the anther is composed of four layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The tapetal cells and the middle layers‘ cells degenerated completely during meiosis of microsporocytes. The pollen grains were 2-celled at the time of anther dehiscence. Early morning, when the inflorescences stay at their fiRb development stage, is the optimum opportunity for pistil to get pollen grains. The pollen-collection should be done at the end of the seventh stage.     

硬头黄竹花的形态与结构研究

[目的]研究硬头黄竹花(Bambusarigidd)的基本形态结构及胚胎发育规律,为其胚胎学积累原始资料,为育种工作打下基础。[方法]通过解剖与形态观察的方法,对硬头黄竹生殖器官、抱子发生及雌雄配子体的发育过程进行解剖观察。[结果]硬头黄竹小穗为假小穗,簇生,基部具潜伏芽,平均长度为3.75 cm,有3~7朵小花。小花内外稈各1片,浆片3枚,雌蕊1枚,雄蕊6枚。雌蕊为三分枝羽毛状柱头。子房长卵圆形,具明显纵向三棱。子房单室,侧膜胎座、倒生胚珠。正常发育的花粉粒为二细胞花粉,花药壁造抱细胞时期为四层药壁,花药成熟时只剩两层药壁。绒毡层为分泌型,花药成熟时,绒毡层完全退化。花药易见发育异常现象,形成不同的败育类型。[结论]硬头黄竹小穗基本结构发育正常,但花药发育后期会大量出现异常现象,这是导致硬头黄竹结实率低的主要原因。     

Floral biology and breeding behavior in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Floral biology and breeding behavior were studied in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees. The inflorescence in this species is a large branching panicle. Fertile florets are intermixed with smaller sterile ones. There are six stamens. The ovary is stipitate and turbinate. The style is long and the stigma is bifid and plumose. Dendrocalamus strictus is typically dichogamous and protogynous. The gynoecium matures 3-4 days before the androecium, effectively preventing self pollination. Flower bloom, which took place over a period of 2 to 3 h, was dependent on air temperature and only occurred between 0600 and 1300 h. Dendrocalamus strictus is anemophilous. Flowers in the male phase were visited by insects. These insects completely neglected the flowers at the female phase. The insects fed on the pollen and were not pollen vectors. When wind was excluded by enclosing the inflorescences in bags there was no seed set, indicating that cross pollination by wind is necessary for fertilization and that parthenocarpy and apomixis are not occurring in this species. Pollen fertility was about 98% as indicated by staining fresh pollen at the time of anther dehiscence and pollen release with Alexander's stain (Alexander 1969). When placed on a modified Brewbaker-Kwak medium containing 1% glucose, the pollen grains germinated well, and the pollen tubes grew to 15-20 times the diameter of mature pollen grains. Although profound protogyny has its disadvantages in times of sporadic flowering, it can be useful in breeding programs because it eliminates the need for emasculation.     

HAPLOID BREEDING OF POPULUS

After 14 year‘s growth observation on the plant growth,it was found that obvi-ous segregation appeared among the haploid pollen plants obtained from anther culture ofPopulus Xiaohei T.S.Hwany ex C.Wang et Tung in vitro.By vegetative propagation,19 cloneswere selected and field contrast test was carried out.Statistical analysis result showed a signifi-cant difference in volume production.They are superior clones which could be selected fromamong the pollen plants for utilization.A haploid breeding procedure is suggested in the paper.     

Haploid breeding ofpopulus

After 14 year’s growth observation on the plant growth, it was found that obvious segregation appeared among the haploid pollen plants obtained from anther culture ofPopulus Xiaohei T.S. Hwany ex C. Wang et Tung in vitro. By vegetative propagation, 19 clones were selected and field contrast test was carried out. Statistical analysis result showed a significant difference in volume production. They are superior clones which could be selected from among the pollen plants for utilization. A haploid breeding procedure is suggested in the paper. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

黄金梨小孢子败育的解剖学观察

利用石蜡切片法观察了黄金梨花药发育和花粉发育过程中细胞形态变化特点。结果表明，开花时黄金梨花药干瘪，花粉粒极少，每个花药中只有30粒左右花粉，表现出雄性不育的空囊花药；导致花粉败育的主要原因可能是绒毡层细胞在花粉母细胞时期出现畸形，提早解体，致使绝大多数小孢子母细胞不能正常发育；从3月20日开始，绒毡层细胞逐渐解体，花药开始出现空腔，随着时间推移，空腔逐渐加大，到4月1日基本变成空囊花药。花粉粒中没有细胞核，花粉粒细胞壁开始破裂。     

Effects of induction treatments on flowering in Populus deltoides

Stimulation of early flowering is required to shorten breeding cycles of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. var. deltoides), a commercially important and fast-growing hardwood species. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the influence of various treatments on flowering in rooted cuttings from mature and juvenile trees. A combined treatment of water stress, root pruning and paclobutrazol was applied to 3-month-old rooted cuttings from mature trees. These cuttings had been subjected to root restriction and long days. All treated plants flowered, whereas no untreated plants formed flower buds. One-year-old rooted cuttings from juvenile trees did not flower when treated with either paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol plus water stress, paclobutrazol plus root pruning, or paclobutrazol plus girdling. This was true both under continuous or periodic growth. Assessment of the lack of flowering in juvenile trees may require an integrated approach that investigates environmental or physiological stimuli, assimilate shift, gibberellic acid type and concentration, and flowering-time gene activity in the new shoots of mature and juvenile cottonwood trees.     

新疆杨、速生杨（中林-46）树种光合特性研究

通过对新疆杨、速生杨沙地造林树种光合特性比较研究发现：（1）新疆杨、速生杨是高光能利用效率树种：新疆杨净光合速率平均值高于速生杨（中林-46）;（2）新疆杨树种蒸腾速率受气温、空气相对湿度及水汽压的直接影响而变化的幅度大于速生杨（中林-46）;（3）新疆杨水分利用效率高于速生杨（中林-46）;（4）新疆杨和速生杨树种的光能利用效率,与水分竞争能力之间具有互补性,反映出这2种杨树对干旱环境的适应策略较强;（5）速生杨气孔导度均值大于新疆杨气孔导度,但是,新疆杨气孔导度值变化幅度较大。     

提高新疆杨扦插成活率途径的研究

新疆杨属于难生根的树种,在乌兰察布地区利用硬枝直接扦插成活率不足30%,严重制约着该树种的扩繁工作.经过多年试验表明,采取对插穗进行催芽处理等一系列育苗技术措施,可使新疆杨硬枝扦插成活率提高到80%～95%.     

AcCBF1转录因子沉默对低温胁迫下扁桃花器官的影响

为了探明AcCBF1基因沉默对‘纸皮’扁桃花器官的影响,以了解CBF转录因子在扁桃花器官发育中的功能,采用病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)技术,以采用农杆菌侵染方法获得的含有pTRV2-AcCBF11、pTRV2-AcCBF12、pTRV2-AcCBF13片段的扁桃AcCBF1基因沉默枝条为试验材料,以常温和低温处理后的自然生长扁桃枝条为对照,观测低温处理后花器官表型指标变化,并对单花药花粉量、花粉活力以及花粉扫描电镜指标结果进行分析。结果表明:低温处理降低了对照组的单花药花粉量和花粉活力,但对花器官指标影响不显著。沉默后的AcCBF12片段和AcCBF13片段显著降低了花粉量与花粉活力,沉默花器官指标效果明显。花粉粒大小无显著变化,花粉纹饰存在一定差异。AcCBF11片段沉默效果不明显。AcCBF12片段和AcCBF13片段影响扁桃花器官表型指标的变化,如花瓣、花冠、花萼、花药、花粉形态、花粉量、花粉活力等,预测CBF转录因子可能在花器官指标发育中发挥着重要功能。     

In vitro anther culture and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the AP1 gene from Salix integra Linn. in haploid poplar(Populus simonii × P. nigra)

A reliable,efficient anther culture system,the dominant technique for generating haploid plants in breeding programs,that can be used for generating transgenic poplar plants has been needed.In the present study,therefore,an anther culture system was developed using isolated mid-and late-uninucleate anthers of poplar(Populus simonii x P.nigra).From a combination of SSR and ploidy analyses,six double haploid and two haploid lines were characterized from 86 plants grown from 16 regenerated anther cultured lines.After 48 months of development,two plant lines from the regenerated plants maintained their haploid level in vitro for over 2 years.A number of haploid plants from the different lines weretransferred to soil.The leaves of these transplants were then used as explants for transformation with the APETALA1(AP1) gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.Overexpression of AP1 in haploid poplar induced early flowering with obvious petals when ectopically expressed.To our knowledge,this is the first report on changes in flowering time in AP1-trangenic poplar,which is important for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of tree flower development.     

不同水分条件下胡杨和新疆杨苗期叶绿素变化

在不同水分条件下,应用SPDA-502叶绿素测定仪测定了胡杨和新疆杨苗木旺盛生长期的叶绿素含量.结果表明:(1)在7月和8月,不同水分处理下胡杨和新疆的叶绿素含量变化存在差异,7月胡杨叶绿素含量随着水分降低呈现增长趋势,而新疆杨叶绿素含量表现出先升后降再升高的趋势.8月叶绿素的含量变化是随着水分的减少2个树种都呈现先升...     

木棉雄蕊特征与其繁殖策略的关系分析

采用野外观察和实验室检测方法,对云南省个旧市冷墩村的木棉花部结构、雄蕊特征、花粉活性进行研究。结果表明,自然种群中花部形态特征具有一定变异性,3层雄蕊变异系数大小关系显著。在湿度为60%、温度为35℃时花粉活性最强。研究发现,木棉雄蕊长短变化可能有利于不同传粉生物传粉效率提高和增强适应性;木棉高层雄蕊花药个体大、花粉数量多、活性高,适应干热河谷传粉繁殖条件;温度较低时,底层花药花粉活力相对较高,可为逆境环境下木棉高层花药受损后提供后备花粉源。文章就木棉花部形态与繁殖关系、木棉形态及花粉活力对繁殖的影响进行讨论。     

新疆杨扦插育苗密度对苗木生长的影响

培育良种新疆杨火苗是加快宜林地绿化的重要途径，本文通过扦插育苗密度的试验，论述了适宜的密度是可以在短期内实现良种大苗的有效途径之一，为宜林地加快绿化，改善生态环境提供优质苗木。     

2个引进杨树无性系的硬枝扦插试验

以宁夏仁存渡护岸林场引进的截叶毛白杨、毛新×毛白73两个无性系的1年生硬枝为材料,以新疆杨为对照进行硬枝扦插试验,采用ABT-1号生根粉对插穗进行处理,比较其扦插生根情况。结果表明:2个无性系的杨树及新疆杨采用不同处理时,插穗生根情况不同;ABT-1生根粉处理的截叶毛白杨插穗在500 mg·L^-1浓度时愈伤组织形成率最大,达58.33%;毛新×毛白73枝条在600 mg·L^-1浓度时愈伤组织形成率最大,为41.67%。未用ABT-1生根粉处理的截叶毛白杨、毛新×毛白73和新疆杨的生根率高于处理过的。不同品种的杨树扦插生根率存在极显著差异,新疆杨生根率高达82.14%,高于截叶毛白杨与毛新×毛白73的,更适合进行扦插扩繁。     

新疆杨扦插育苗促进生根率技术研究

通过使用高锰酸钾、醋酸、双氧水等3种氧化剂和吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、萘乙酸等3种外源激素不同浓度对新疆杨插穗进行处理,以探讨新疆杨扦插生根促进技术。结果表明:虽然不同氧化剂试验处理对新疆杨生根率与对照相比差异是显著的,但没有达到生产上对生根率的要求;不同的激素浓度水平会明显影响新疆杨的生根率,以吲哚丁酸浸泡插穗6h最佳浓度是200mg·L-1,扦插生根效果较好,生根率达到3.65%。