太原市小店区Xiao类调查研究

１９９６年－１９９８年,在太原市小店区采用路线调查和定位观察的方法对Ｘｉａｏ类的群落组成,种群密度,迁徒规律,食物组成和繁殖特性等进行了调查,结果表明,该地区共有６种Ｘｉａｏ类,与１０年前比种群数量明显减少,该地区Ｘｉａｏ类食物主要由啮齿动物,小型鸟类和昆虫等组成。     

红角鸮种群数量及繁殖生态的调查研究

红角鸮在山西省内分布广泛,笔者于2008年至2010年在阳圪台林场对红角鸮的迁徙、种群数量、繁殖特性、栖息地和食物组成等进行了生态调查,结果表明,红角鸮在山西省的迁徙特点是每年最早迁入的日期差异为2 d~4 d,最晚迁离的日期差异为1 d~4 d,居留期为162 d~167 d,间隔期为198 d~204 d;红角鸮繁殖季前的种群数量为0.75只/km2,繁殖季后为1.08只/km2;鼠类、两爬类、昆虫类等为其主要食物。     

太原市小店区雀鹰的生态研究

１９９６年—１９９８年的３月—１０月,在太原市小店区对雀鹰的生态进行了研究。结果为：该地区雀鹰种群密度为０．０５只／ｋｍ,筑巢于４月,每巢产４枚卵,孵化期２２．５ｄ～２４ｄ,巢内育雏期２０ｄ～２３ｄ。食物由鼠类、鸟类、昆虫和蛙类组成。     

长白山自然保护区水獭种群现状及趋势

采用野外观测和访问调查，对长白山自然保护区水獭资源、栖息地食物状况和致危因素进行了调查研究。结果表明，目前长白山自然保护区水獭种群不足10头，近30年来种群数量下降了97％；水獭栖息地由于过渡捕捞、农药污染、筑坝等人类活动，许多水生动物种类已减少或消失，水獭的食物严重不足，导致水獭种群数量急剧下降。     

南京市湿地水鸟种群与分布

2006年10月-2007年10月对南京湿地水鸟种群与分布进行了调查,南京地区共有水鸟7目17科88种,以雁鸭类、鸻鹬类和鹭类为主.居留型以冬候鸟占优势,占总数的45.5%.区系组成古北界种类为主,占67.0%.石臼湖、绿水湾以及七里河等地是水鸟主要的分布区.同时,对南京地区湿地及水鸟受威胁因素进行了分析并提出保护性建议.     

黑龙江省穆棱东北红豆杉种群结构与分布格局

2005年4月对黑龙江省穆棱东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata Sieb.etZucc.)天然林分的组成结构、立地条件、及种群年龄结构。进行了调查研究。结果表明,该地区东北红豆杉种群生存的林分结构以天然针阔混交林为主,土壤含水量较高(40%-60%),pH值偏酸(4.7~5.5);野生东北红豆杉的种群结构不合理,属于衰退种群,这也是导致野生东北红豆杉种群下降的原因之一。虽然穆棱地区的立地条件适合东北红豆杉野生种群的生长,但目前成年东北红豆杉树干中空、腐烂,中等胸径的健壮成年树被盗伐,而且幼树经常被野生动物啃食,该地区东北红豆杉的种群仍然是下降趋势,处于濒危状态。     

黄河三角洲水鸟种群动态变化

2008年1月至2009年12月,在黄河三角洲地区以每月一次的调查频度对水鸟开展连续两年的调查,共记录到水鸟107种,累计403992只次,其中2008年调查水鸟102种,数量256385只次,2009年调查水鸟106种,数量147607只次。受威水鸟2008年度11种,17604只次,2009年度12种,10695只次。水鸟种群数量在3～5月和10～12月为高峰值,呈双曲线变化,种类4月和10月最多。2009年1～2月极度严寒的天气影响了水鸟的数量,导致数量锐减,并持续影响到2009年。最后,论文还分别对雁鸭类、秧鸡类、鸻鹬类、鸥类、鹭类、鹤类、鹳类等重点水禽种群变化进行了分析。     

海南岛尖峰岭地区大型真菌考察报告

本文报道了 1981—1983年在海南岛尖峰岭地区开展大型真菌考察的初步结果。分析和研究了该地区大型真菌的组成与特征;主要真菌种群与生态环境的关系以及尖峰岭地区主要资源真菌种类等。     

太原市小店区四声杜鹃夏季生态研究

１９９６ 年—１９９８ 年的夏季,在太原市小店区,对四声杜鹃夏季生态进行了研究。研究内容包括季节迁徙、栖息地、种群密度、寄生性繁殖、食物组成等。     

黑鹳研究概况及保护对策

本文从黑鹳种群数量、分布特征、繁殖习性、食物组成、觅食行为、迁徙路线、生境选择和人工繁育等方面综述性的概括了黑鹳研究现状,并结合陕西省黑鹳调查实地情况,提出了黑鹳的保护措施,为相关部门制定保护对策提供一定的参考依据。     

箬竹叶挥发性成分的GC—MS分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏，GC-MS联用技术，对知竹叶挥发性成分进行提取、分离和鉴定，共分出了47个色谱峰，鉴定了其中的43种成分，占挥发性成分总量的96.45%，含量最高的为4-乙烯基苯酚，含量为15.26%，其次为3-已烯酸，含量为10.06%。在43种成分中醛类化合物共有在2种，其含量占挥发性成分总量的27.49%，羧酸类化合物8种，其含量占挥发性成分总量的23.54%。     

树种组成指数及其应用

树种组成式仅为一个文字表达式,不便于林分间进行树种多样性的定量分析与比较。本文引入Shannon物种多样性指数,提出树种组成指数的概念,用树种组成指数可以定量描述林分树种多样性。用树种组成指数表,可迅速查出树种组成指数,应用十分方便。     

Diversity and composition of tropical secondary forests recovering from large-scale clearing: results from the 1990 inventory in Puerto Rico

The extensive recovery from agricultural clearing of Puerto Rican forests over the past half-century provides a good opportunity to study tropical forest recovery on a landscape scale. Using ordination and regression techniques, we analyzed forest inventory data from across Puerto Rico’s moist and wet secondary forests to evaluate their species composition and whether the landscape structure of older forest affected tree species composition of recovering forests at this scale. Our results support conclusions from studies conducted in Puerto Rico at smaller scales and temperate forests at larger scales that timing of abandonment and land use history are of overwhelming importance in determining the species composition of recovering forests. Forest recovery is recent enough in Puerto Rico that previous land use is clearly evident in current species composition, and creates new forest communities. As demonstrated in other work, physical factors such as elevation and substrate co-vary with land use history, so that the species composition of the forest landscape results from the interplay between biophysical and socioeconomic forces over time. Our results also indicate that increasing the distance to the largest forest patches occurring in the landscape 12 years previous had a small negative impact on species richness but not species diversity or community composition. We conclude that land use history has as much influence in species composition as biophysical variables and that, at the scale of this study, there is no large influence of forest landscape structure on species diversity or composition.     

Modelling the management of fragmented forests: Is it possible to recover the original tree composition?: The case of the Maulino forest in Central Chile

In the fragmented Maulino forest (in Central Chile), differences in the relative frequencies of species between seedlings and mature trees are strong indicators of a changing replacement dynamics in the community. Stationary Markov chain models predict that the future tree composition such Maulino forest fragments will differ from that of continuous, intact forest. We found that the persistence probability was highest for Aristotelia chilensis and lowest for Nothofagus glauca. These two tree species are the most affected by fragmentation, and changes in their abundances appear to be the main drivers of the long-term change in stand composition. The aim of our study was to test if the management of just these two species would be sufficient to avoid long-term changes in the composition of forest fragments or would recover their composition toward a state more similar to the continuous forest. For this purpose, we constructed a Markov matrix model from published information, and calculated the future stable stand composition under different management simulations: (1) reduction of A. chilensis recruitment, (2) increased recruitment of N. glauca, and (3) a combined treatment. To evaluate the effectiveness of management treatments, the future composition of fragments was compared with the composition expected for continuous (i.e., undisturbed) Maulino forest. We performed a sensitivity analysis of the stable composition in order to assess the intensity of changes in the future composition driven by the treatments, and to determine to what extend the recruitment of other coexisting species contributes to changes in relative frequencies of A. chilensis and N. glauca.     

Importance of forest structure versus floristics to composition of avian assemblages in tropical deciduous forests of Central Highlands,India

We investigated how much forest structure and floristics independently contributed to the composition of avian assemblages at multiple scales and for individual foraging guilds in tropical deciduous forests of Central Highlands, India. We derived dissimilarity matrices between all pairs of the 36 sampling sites with respect to forest structure, floristics, and bird species composition and ran Mantel's randomization tests to detect significant associations among the matrices after partialling out the effect of geographic distance between sites. Bird species composition was found to be significantly related to forest structure across habitats, and floristics within the moist-deciduous forests. This finding is consistent with earlier observations that birds respond, in their species composition, to vegetation structure across habitats and to vegetation composition within a habitat. As predicted, the composition of insectivorous birds was influenced by forest structure, but the phytophagous guild did not show any relation to vegetation composition in contrast to patterns observed elsewhere. We explain this anomaly as a result of availability of a wide choice of food plants for phytophagous birds in central Indian tropical forests and weak species–environment relationships on account of their nomadism. Extraction of non-timber forest products remains a key economic activity in central India and our results imply that it can potentially influence the composition of forest bird communities through alteration of forest structure and floristics.     

麦积山风景名胜区的珍稀濒危保护植物

麦积山风景名胜区有珍稀濒危保护植物19种，区系特点是以北温带成分为主，占该景区珍稀濒危植物总种数的40％，中国特有成分次之，占25％，东亚成分占20％，世界分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布、东亚和北美洲问断分布的成分各占5％。分析了景区珍稀濒危植物的现状及其应采取的保护措施。     

Effect of improvement cutting on the community structure of aphyllophoraceous fungi on Okinawa Island

Improvement cutting, which decreases tree density by cutting and thinning while leaving logging residues, has been practiced on Okinawa Island since the 1970s and changes not only the vegetation composition but also the amount and composition of woody debris on the forest floor. To quantitatively compare the effect of improvement cutting with the effects of woody debris and vegetation on the community structure of aphyllophoraceous fungi, we conducted a field survey of vegetation composition, the amount and composition of woody debris, and the aphyllophoraceous fungi flora on Okinawa Island in December 2006. We established 3 plots in forest stands without logging and 13 plots in a forest that had undergone improvement cutting from 1 to 22 years before our field survey. The number and volume of woody debris tended to be highest soon after improvement cutting. We recorded 1,172 fungal samples belonging to 81 species in four orders. Fungal species richness was correlated with the composition of the woody debris. Fungal species composition in forest plots 1 year after improvement cutting differed from most of the other logged forests. Variation partitioning revealed that the effects of improvement cutting explained 14.1 % of the total variation in fungal species composition, and that differences in woody debris and vegetation not related to improvement cutting explained 40.4 %. Changes in the composition of woody debris caused by improvement cutting explained at most 2.7 % of the variation. This suggests that improvement cutting does not have a strong effect on fungal community structure, but woody debris does.     

Nutrient supply at the local tree level in mixed forests of sessile oak and beech

In mixed-species forests, tree species composition can affect nutrient return through litter fall. This in turn is expected to have an effect on soil available nutrients, which could influence the nutrient status at the local tree level. Using ion-exchange resins, we estimated resin available soil nutrients at two depths beneath target trees of sessile oak and beech in the Belgian Ardennes. First we tested whether resin available nutrients were related to tree nutrition, using foliar nutrient concentrations as a proxy. In a second step, we tested whether local litter fall, through total nutrient return or litter species composition, affected resin available nutrients. In a final stage, we tested the impacts of local stand composition, as an integrated proxy of above- and belowground processes, and compared them to those of litter composition. With the exception of P for oak, nutrient supply was only poorly related to foliar nutrient concentrations for both target species. The effects of litter fall on nutrient supply were driven by litter species composition and not by total nutrient inputs. Litter composition and local stand composition effects were in close agreement. Our results show that nutrient supply to target trees in mixed-species stands is affected by local neighbourhoods, yet to a limited extent. Direct translation of resin available nutrients into foliar concentrations is probably hampered by complex capture patterns.     

太白山北坡森林土壤性质的研究

研究了太白山北坡森林土壤垂直带谱中褐土、山地棕壤、山地暗棕壤和森林草甸土的形态特征、腐殖质组成、颗粒组成、交换性能、氧化铁特征及粘粒矿物组成等,以阐明各土类的特性及其垂直变化规律。     

民勤荒漠草地红砂群落的季相特征研究

采用样线法对民勤荒漠草地红砂群落进行调查，通过对5月、7月和10月调查数据的统计，分析红砂群落的组成及季相变化特征。结果表明：红砂群落灌木层伴生物种组成相对稳定，红砂群落灌木层盖度和总盖度5月份最大，而草本层伴生种组成随季节变化较大，从5月到10月份草本层植物的种数、密度、盖度、冠幅逐渐增大，10月份植物种最多，密度、盖度、冠幅最大，结构最为复杂。