Characterization of Heterodera avenae in Spain1

Several types of Heterodera spp. belonging to the ≪ avenae ≫ group have been found in Spain on cereal crops and wild Gramineae. The morphological differences between them relate to the colour of the cysts, presence or absence and consistency of the subcrystalline layer, presence or absence and shape of the ≪ underbridge ≫ in the vulvar cone, length of the 2nd-stage larvae and shape of their stylet knobs. The value of these characters in the diagnosis of these species is discussed together with the identity of the types.     

Integrated Control of Heterodera avenae1

Cereal cyst nematode is a major pathogen in southern Australia costing $40 to $80 million in lost production each year. Our research has shown that three chemicals applied with the seed in the drill row, viz. Counter (terbufos) granules, Vydate (oxamyl) as a seed dressing and Nemadi (ethylene dibromide), reduced Heterodera avenae damage and gave yield increases which are economical in the Australian wheat farming system. A plant assay of soil has been developed to assess potential damage by H. avenae before employing chemical control. Wheat yields 2 years after growing H. avenae-resistant Festiguay wheat were 0.4 to 1 t/ha higher than after other cultivars. Rotations with legumes alternating with wheat reduced damage from H. avenae. Wheat sown without cultivation (minimum tillage) resulted in less root damage from H. avenae and higher yields than when sown into cultivated soil.     

Development of two species-specific primer sets to detect the cereal cyst nematodes Heterodera avenae and Heterodera filipjevi

Twelve Heterodera species are of major economic significance in wheat and barley. Of these, H. avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons are among the most important ones, and sometimes coexist. The identification of Heterodera species using morphological characteristics is time consuming, requires specialized skill and can be imprecise, especially when they occur mixed in field populations. Molecular techniques can provide a more accurate way for nematode identification. This study reports the results of experiments targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene to develop species-specific primers that could be used for the identification of H. avenae and H. filipjevi. The COI gene of 9 Heterodera spp. and Punctodera punctata was partially sequenced and the resultant sequences were aligned to find unique sites suitable for the design of primers. The alignment showed variability between H. avenae, H. filipjevi and other Heterodera species. Two sets of species-specific primers were identified for the identification of both species and the conditions for their use in PCR were optimised. The specificity of the designed primers was checked by comparison with one population of P. punctata and populations of 14 other Heterodera species, nine populations of H. avenae and 10 populations of H. filipjevi originating from different countries. To test the sensitivity, the PCR was run with DNA extracted from five second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. avenae or five J2 of H. filipjevi mixed with DNA extracted from varying numbers of J2 of H. latipons. It was possible to detect as few as five J2 of H. avenae or H. filipjevi among 100 J2 of H. latipons. The two primers sets allow the detection of H. avenae and H. filipjevi where they occur in mixed populations with other Heterodera spp.     

Heredity of Heterodera avenae Resistance Originating from two Barley Cultivars and one Spring Wheat Cultivar1

Two spring barley cultivars Bajo Aragon-1-1 and Martin 403-2 from the cyst nematode test assortment were each crossed with a susceptible, a pathotype-11 -resistant, and a pathotype-11 and 12-resistant cultivar, as well as with each other. A spring wheat cultivar, AUS 10894, from the cyst nematode test assortment was crossed with a susceptible and a resistant cultivar. From these crosses F! and F₂ single plants were tested against pathotype 12 and/or pathotype 11 of Heterodera avenae in Denmark. Some plants of the spring barley cultivar Bajo Aragon-1-1 have two resistance genes, which probably are both dominant, but it is not out of the question that one might be recessive. Each gene is inherited independently of the other or with low linkage frequency. Neither gene is the same as or allelic to the resistance gene in the cultivar Ortolan, but one gene is allelic to or the same as the 191 gene in the cultivar Siri. The spring barley cv. Martin 403-2 has one dominant resistance gene which is not allelic to or the same as the resistance gene in Ortolan but is the same as or allelic to the 191 gene in the cultivar Siri. It is possible that there is one more gene, which might be recessive against pathotype 11. The spring wheat cv. AUS 10894 has one dominant resistance gene which might be the same as or allelic to the Loros gene.     

The Decline of Heterodera avenae Populations1

Populations of the cereal cyst nematode fail to multiply in many soils in Europe and farmers are able to grow susceptible crops intensively on infested land. Similar numbers of females develop on roots in summer in soils where numbers of the nematode increase or decline. Two fungi, Nematophthora gynophila and Verticillium chlamydosporium parasitize females on roots, prevent cyst formation, decrease fecundity, and limit nematode numbers. Formalin (38 % formaldehyde) soil drenches at 3000 1/ha reduce the activity of these fungi and populations of the nematode increase, N. gynophila is an Oomycete which infects by motile zoospores whose activity is decreased when summer rainfall is light whereas V. chlamydosporium is much less affected by soil moisture. The decline of Heterodera avenae populations is associated with large numbers of spores in soil. At present it is not possible to control the nematode by introducing these fungi into soils where they are few or absent.     

青海省小麦孢囊线虫病发生和分布特点

小麦孢囊线虫病是青海省小麦青稞产区的主要病害之一。2007-2010年,采用随机取样方法对青海省小麦孢囊线虫病的发生、分布情况进行了调查。调查结果表明,小麦孢囊线虫病主要分布在青海省西宁、海东、海北、黄南、玉树、海西州6个地区,在不同海拔、不同生态区均有分布,但不同生态区以及同一生态区不同地块间发生量差异较大。垂直分布调查结果表明,同一地块中禾谷孢囊线虫主要分布在20 cm以上的土层中。     

北京地区小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病发生动态调查

小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病是小麦生产上的重要病害.2010-2011年对北京地区小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生规律进行了定期定点调查.结果表明,禾谷孢囊线虫在北京地区全年只发生1代,夏季滞育,卵孵化高峰为4月初;2龄幼虫侵染高峰为4月上旬,3龄幼虫发育高峰为4月下旬至5月初,4龄幼虫发育高峰为5月上旬,白雌虫发育高峰为5月下旬至6月上旬,10月份播种后部分2龄幼虫就可以发生侵染并且冬前发育至3龄幼虫.本研究结果可为北京地区禾谷孢囊线虫的防治提供理论依据.     

河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型研究

为了明确河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫的致病类型,采用27个国际鉴别寄主品种和2个感病小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对河北省邯郸、保定、任丘和唐山的4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型进行了鉴定。依据Andersen等鉴别标准,4个群体的致病型不同于国际上已命名的16个禾谷孢囊线虫致病型。唐山群体为一个致病型,它的致病型和山西太谷、安徽固镇群体的致病型相似;邯郸群体、保定群体和任丘群体的致病型属于同一致病型,这3个群体的致病型和定州群体的致病型很接近。对照小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体均表现感病。     

甘肃省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生及分布

为了解甘肃省小麦孢囊线虫病发生程度和分布情况,2009-2012年于小麦抽穗至灌浆期,采用Z字形取样法,取根际0~20cm土壤,用漂浮法分离孢囊,统计100g土样的孢囊数量,用形态学方法鉴定线虫。从甘肃省12个地区50个县区,134个乡镇共采集到463个小麦田间土样。结果表明,孢囊平均检出率为47.9%,其中冬麦区孢囊平均检出率为61.5%,春麦区平均检出率为34.2%,冬麦和春麦混播区为52.3%,冬麦、春麦及冬春麦混播区平均孢囊数分别为3.5、6.8和3.9个/100g土样。其中平凉市灵台县和兰州市永登县孢囊线虫发生最为严重,个别地块每100g土样中孢囊数超过40个。根据孢囊形态学特征的观察,将甘肃省采集到的孢囊线虫鉴定为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)。研究结果可为有效防治甘肃省麦类孢囊线虫病提供依据。     

Classification of Plants Resistant to Heterodera avenae1

Differentiation of barley plants resistant to Heterodera avenae is simple when they are completely without cysts and the number of cysts is high on a susceptible control cultivar. Problems with classification are discussed.     

燕麦孢囊线虫在田间的水平和垂直分布

为明确燕麦孢囊线虫在田间的水平和垂直分布,分别在小麦收获后玉米播种前和小麦播种前土壤翻耕后进行水平和垂直取样调查。调查结果表明,燕麦孢囊线虫在田间水平分布主要为聚集分布,翻耕对其水平分布影响不大; 小麦收获后翻耕前燕麦孢囊线虫在田间垂直分布主要分布于5～10cm处,占取样深度土层孢囊总数量的35.8%,翻耕后燕麦孢囊线虫的垂直分布主要在0～15cm的土层发生变化,0～10cm的孢囊数量下降而10～15cm的孢囊数量增加。在0～20cm土壤中,翻耕前与翻耕后孢囊数量分别占孢囊总数量的89.4%和88.6%。     

Studies on the Australian Pathotype of Heterodera avenae1

Australian studies on populations of Heterodera avenae have been conducted in Victoria, Western Australia. South Australia, and New South Wales. Only one pathotype has been identified so far, and it is distinct from those recorded elsewhere. Few recognised sources of resistance in barley and oats are useable in Australian breeding programmes. The first commercially acceptable cultivars of wheat, barley, and oats resistant to cereal cyst nematode will be released in Victoria within the next year or two. Their resistances are derived from spring wheat(AUS 10894), Marocaine 079 (CI 8334), and Arena sterilis (Cc 4658) respectively.     

Towards a Consistent Laboratory Assay for Resistance to Heterodera avenae1

Causes of variation in numbers of females on a cultivar are examined. These are such that an accurate assessment of resistance in the field is not possible. The method used for a laboratory assay is as follows. Seed is selected for uniformity of size and pre-germinated before sowing, when the seminal roots are about 1 cm long, in tubes of sandy loam. Tubes are opaque (2.5 cm internal diameter by 13 cm long) and are set on a base of potting compost. Seedlings are inoculated immediately with the required number of larvae in 1 mi water - for oats 50 larvae, wheat 75 larvae and barley 100 larvae. They are inoculated at the same density at 3-daily intervals on four further occasions. The aim is to produce 50 females on the most susceptible cultivar; densities have been determined from intolerant cultivars. Plants are grown under 10-h day-length at 15oC and are harvested 2 months after the last inoculation, at which time they are assessed and the valuable plants can be repotted and grown on for seed production.     

小麦禾谷胞囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的核糖体基因(rDNA)限制性片段长度多态性研究

 采用PCR技术扩增出中国和摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫群体的核糖体基因(rDNA)的内转录间隔区(ITS)片段的长度约为1 060 bp。用11种限制性内切酶(RE)酶切禾谷胞囊线虫ITS扩增产物,共产生27个酶切片段。用AluI和RsaI酶切ITS扩增产物证明中国禾谷胞囊线虫ITS属于"B型",而摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫ITS属于"A型"。用HinfI酶切后,7个中国禾谷胞囊线虫群体产生2个RFLP片段(860和200 bp),而摩洛哥群体产生3个RFLP片段(520、340和200 bp),HinfI揭示出中国与摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫ITS之间存在差异。AvaI和HindⅢ不能酶切禾谷胞囊线虫ITS。用CfoI、Bsh1236I、MsrFI、ScrFI、HaeⅢ和MvaI 6种RE酶切中国和摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS,均分别得到相同类型的RFLP分布型,因此这6种RE不能揭示中国与摩洛哥群体的rDNA-ITS的差异。     

The Status of Heterodera avenae on Cereals in New Zealand1

The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) was discovered in New Zealand in 1975 on wheat and oats. It was not at that time causing appreciable economic losses in yield, presumably because usual management practice incorporated a good crop rotation with lucerne. However, now that the growing of cereals has become more profitable, farmers are tending to grow consecutive cereal crops and more damage from H. avenae is being experienced. On one farm, up to 9 % of an oat crop was lost due to this nematode. The biotype has not yet been determined.     

禾谷孢囊线虫与不同小麦根系的互作表型特征

为了明确高抗品种‘华麦1号’的抗禾谷孢囊线虫机制,以Pluronic F-127胶体为介质,比较了禾谷孢囊线虫2龄幼虫(J2)侵入根系前对抗病品种‘华麦1号’与感病品种‘豫麦34’和‘矮抗58’的根尖趋性差异,并采用室内人工接种法观察了线虫侵入3个品种后的发育进程。结果表明,J2对3个品种的根尖均表现明显的趋性,对‘矮抗58’的趋性最强,而对‘华麦1号’的最弱,接种4h和6h时‘华麦1号’与‘矮抗58’根尖吸引的线虫总量差异显著(P0.05);组织染色观察到J2对3个品种的根系均有一定数量的侵入,但高抗品种‘华麦1号’根系侵入的幼虫量和后期形成的白雌虫量均显著低于感病品种‘豫麦34’和‘矮抗58’。结果证实,‘华麦1号’的抗性机制主要表现为减少线虫的有效侵入量、抑制侵入后的线虫生长发育。     

Estimation of Loss in Wheat Yield Due to the Cerealcyst Nematode Heterodera avenae

Abstract

The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924, occurs worldwide including India where it causes ‘molya’ disease of wheat and barley. Wheat yield losses due to the nematode were estimated during 1974-76 at a few villages in Mohindergarh district, Haryana, India, by applying dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture and dibromochloropropane singly or in combination as soil f umigants. In light soil the cereal cyst nematode infestation at 4/5 eggs and larvae/g soil approximated the economic threshold level. However, depending on the initial population density of H. avenae and other field conditions, such as soil type, moisture, soil condition, chemical application method, chemical application time etc., the increase in yield of wheat cv. Kalyan Sona ranged from 8 to 49% at nematode infestation levels of about 6 to 13 eggs and larvae/g soil when treated with these nematicides.     

The Effect of Environment on Survival and Hatching of Heterodera avenae1

Eggs within cysts of Heterodera avenae are able to survive long periods of desiccation and can be held for several years at 5oC when stored at low relative humidity. While this provides an excellent means of storing the nematode for use in laboratory experiments, field experiments show that desiccated eggs are readily dispersed by wind. Tolerance to desiccation is similar in free and encysted eggs, which hatch at the same rate. When eggs are desiccated, water is withdrawn from the larva within the egg shell. If cysts are exposed to conditions favouring eclosion, subsequent desiccation reduces egg viability and larval emergence. The importance of defining pre-test conditions in survival studies is emphasized, and differences in the physiological state of eggs may explain different observations in Australian and European studies.