养殖户降低奶牛热应激的调控原则与方法

<正>热应激是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫力下降的主要原因之一。由于我国夏季高温时间长,热应激给奶牛养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失。因此,为缓解奶牛热应激,养殖户应遵循以营养调控为主,改善环境为辅的调控原则。下面进行简要介绍调控方法,希望对奶牛养殖有所裨益。     

夏季奶牛饲喂棉籽对缓解热应激的试验效果

热应激是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力下降的最主要原因之一。为缓解夏季奶牛热应激．必须对奶牛的日粮营养进行调控，加喂高能量、高蛋白饲料。棉籽含有高脂肪、高蛋白，并且棉籽壳保护脂肪和蛋白质，起到过瘤胃的作用。为准确掌握奶牛夏季饲喂棉籽对缓解热应激的效果．笔者于2004年夏季在我场进行了利用棉籽饲喂泌乳奶牛的对比试验．结果如下。     

夏养奶牛如何应对热应激

热应激对奶牛的影响,主要是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能下降和繁殖力降低.为缓解和减少热应激对奶牛的危害,最主要的应从改善奶牛饲养管理和提高奶牛饲养技术等方面着手.     

热应激对奶牛的影响及缓解热应激的营养措施

热应激导致奶牛夏季产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力降低,造成奶牛业巨大的经济损失。因此,研究奶牛热应激机制及其对策已受到国内外的广泛重视。为缓解奶牛热应激采取的主要措施包括营养调控、环境调控和育种途径。由于经济成本和奶牛品种的生物学特征等原因,目前奶牛业主要采用营养调控为主、环境调控为辅的综合措施。文章综述了奶牛热应激的作用机理与营养措施的研究进展。     

奶牛热应激机理及其营养调控研究进展

热应激是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力降低的主要原因之一,造成奶牛业巨大的经济损失。因此,研究奶牛热应激机制及其对策受到国内外广泛重视。为缓解奶牛热应激采取的主要措施包括营养调控、环境调控和育种途径。由于生产成本和奶牛品种的生物学特性等原因,目前奶牛业生产多采用营养调控为主,辅以环境调控的综合措施。本文综述奶牛热应激与营养调控的研究进展。     

奶牛热应激与营养调控的研究应用

热应激是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力下降的最主要原因之一。热应激作用会造成奶牛业巨大的经济损失。奶牛热应激机制及其对策的研究受到国内外广泛重视。为缓解奶牛热应激采取的主要措施包括营养调控、环境改善和育种途径。本文综述了奶牛热应激与营养调控的研究进展。     

热应激奶牛的生理变化及缓解措施

热应激是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能,繁殖性能和免疫能力下降的最主要原因之一。本文通过对奶牛热应激产生机理的阐述,总结了热应激对奶牛生产的危害及缓解热应激的预防措施。     

缓解夏季奶牛热应激的综合措施

随着全球气候变暖和高产奶牛的选育,热应激成为某些地区夏季影响奶牛健康和奶产量、质量的重要因素.热应激可以导致奶牛产奶量下降、乳蛋白和乳脂率降低、奶牛繁殖性能降低等,直接或间接影响生产效益.据报道,美国每年在对奶牛热应激问题上的花费就高达9亿美元[1].当环境温度从25℃增到28.6℃时,奶牛标准奶量下降25.3％,按高温90 d计算,一个产奶中等的万头奶牛场,一个夏季带来的经济损失就达36.5万元[2].奶牛热应激成为世界范围内的热门研究课题.夏季预防奶牛发生热应激要采取综合防控措施,主要包括3个方面,即物理降温调控、营养调控及抗热应激奶牛品种的选育.     

夏季热应激对奶牛的影响及预防措施

夏季热应激会降低奶牛的生产性能,影响养殖行业的经济效益,严重制约畜牧业的发展。因此牧场热应激的防控工作显得尤为重要。本文就热应激对奶牛的行为、采食量、繁殖性能的影响等进行综述,探讨缓解热应激的措施,以期帮助牧场管理人员制定预防热应激的策略。     

热应激对奶牛影响的研究进展

由于温室效应,全球气候变暖,热应激已成为危害畜牧生产的重要因素之一,近年来国内外学者对奶牛的热应激进行了大量的研究。本文综述了热应激对奶牛产奶量、乳品质、生理指标、采食量、消化率、血液激素水平、繁殖性能的影响及目前抗热应激的主要措施。未来对奶牛热应激的研究将主要集中在瘤胃微生物多样性和活性、热应激奶牛营养的需求和调节机制、能量分配机制、耐热品种和个体的选择等方面。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.