Immunization with skin isografts taken from tolerant mice

Skin isografts from mice that were immunologically tolerant to allogeneic tissue had the ability to immunize isogeneic recipients against subsequent skin allografts. The immunizing isografts showed no gross signs of rejection themselves and appeared to be only the vehicles for transplantation antigen. It seems likely that allogeneic leukocytes derived from the spleen and bone marrow cells used to confer tolerance were contained in the skin of the tolerant mice and were transferred by the skin isografts in sufficient numbers to stimulate transplantation immunity.     

Induction of self-tolerance in T cells but not B cells of transgenic mice expressing little self antigen

Self-tolerance to a transgene-encoded protein, hen egg lysozyme, was examined in the T and B cell repertoires of a series of lines of transgenic mice that expressed different serum concentrations of soluble lysozyme. T cells were tolerant in all lines in which lysozyme was expressed irrespective of the antigen concentration, whereas B cell tolerance did not occur when the serum lysozyme concentration was less than 1.5 nanograms per milliliter (0.1 nM). Induction of elevated transgene expression could restore B cell tolerance. These findings support the hypothesis that autoimmune disease may in some instances arise through a bypass of T cell tolerance.     

Identification of phosphorus starvation tolerant soybean (Glycine max) germplasms

In the present study, 156 soybean genotypes mainly from the Hebei growing-area were identified for their low phosphorus starvation tolerance. The results showed that the relative values (value of dry wt. in zero soil P/value of dry wt. in adequate soil P) of shoot dry weight and root dry weight of all soybean varieties, at the phosphorus concentration of 0 mmol·L^?1 and 1.0 mmol·L^?1 in supplied solution, offered a quick and reliable method to identify and classify genotypes for phosphorus starvation tolerance. We describe three classes: tolerant, moderate and sensitive P starvation groups which had 29, 59, and 68 cultivars, respectively. Eight varieties, Ji-dou11, Lü75, Hei-da-li, Zhong-huang15, Zhe98-14, Da-mao-jiao, Dahuang-dou and Zha-lai-te-qi were screened out for their high tolerance to phosphorus deficiency under zero soil phosphorus conditions. In addition, the relationships between soybean phosphorus starvation tolerance and seed phosphorus content, root morphology, rhizosphere acidification are also discussed.     

利用转基因技术创造甜菜耐盐新种质

采用农杆菌介导法将来源于E coli的胆碱脱氢酶 (CDH)基因 (betA)和来源于拟南芥的Na+ /H+antiport基因分别转入 5个糖甜菜品种的丛生芽细胞 ,获得了转基因植株。在耐盐性筛选中 ,转基因植株存活率高 ,部分植株生长较好 ,表现出比对照植株明显提高的耐盐性。在 2 %～ 3%NaCl胁迫下 ,少数转基因植株仍生长正常 ,显示出高耐盐性。本研究表明 ,转入在不同盐胁迫反应途径中起关键作用的酶基因均可提高甜菜耐盐性 ,采用转移多个耐盐基因的策略有可能创造出高耐盐特性的新材料     

Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells

Production of antibodies can last for a lifetime, through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we show that human memory B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in response to polyclonal stimuli, such as bystander T cell help and CpG DNA. Furthermore, plasma cells secreting antibodies to recall antigens are produced in vivo at levels proportional to the frequency of specific memory B cells, even several years after antigenic stimulation. Although antigen boosting leads to a transient increase in specific antibody levels, ongoing polyclonal activation of memory B cells offers a means to maintain serological memory for a human lifetime.     

耐Cd水稻种质资源的筛选

在0.2 mg.L-1Cd胁迫下,通过对水培条件下72份水稻种质资源的苗期生长耐性指数进行聚类分析,得到4种类型,分别为Cd敏感品种、较敏感品种、耐Cd品种和较耐品种.在此基础上,选择耐性明显不同的Cd敏感品种F6-138-1和耐Cd品种Lemont为供试材料,通过全生育期盆栽试验,研究了Cd在水稻各器官的积累和分配规律,结果表明,水稻吸收的Cd大部分累积在根部,较少向地上部转移,越往上吸收越少,即根茎>鞘>叶>籽粒.从可食器官籽粒Cd含量来看,Lemont是较理想的耐Cd品种之一.     

狼尾蕨体细胞耐盐突变体NY-7的耐盐性研究

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同盐浓度胁迫下狼尾蕨及其体细胞耐盐突变体NY-7的5个生理指标,并应用模糊隶属函数法对其耐盐性进行了综合评价。结果显示：随着NaCI浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,NY-7的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量下降,脯氨酸含量、SOD活性均没有显著变化,MDA含量有所增加;而狼尾蕨的叶绿素含量显著降低,SOD活性、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和MDA含量均显著增加;NY-7的耐盐性高于狼尾蕨。     

耐低磷新疆春玉米基因型筛选及其磷效率

【目的】筛选耐低磷及磷高效玉米品种是充分利用土壤磷素和减施磷肥的有效途径,挖掘玉米利用土壤磷素的生物学潜力,为培育磷高效利用玉米品种提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,在低磷(P₂O₅:20 mg/kg)和正常磷(P₂O₅:100 mg/kg)条件下,以8个新疆自育的春玉米品种和1个对照品种(郑单958)为供试材料。【结果】筛选耐低磷基因型,划分不同磷效率类型,鉴定出对磷高效的玉米品种。施用磷肥对玉米生长有明显的影响,玉米地上部干物质重、单株产量及植株氮磷累积量在各品种之间差异显著。鉴定出4个耐低磷品种,分别为新玉29号、新玉47号、新玉54号 和新玉69号。依据磷效率综合值对玉米基因型磷效率类型进行了划分。【结论】新玉47号、新玉54号和新玉69号为耐低磷且低磷高效品种,郑单958为不耐低磷且正常磷高效品种,新玉110号为不耐低磷且磷低效品种,新玉24号、新玉29号、新玉80和新玉102号为磷低效品种。     

中国荷斯坦牛HSF1基因microRNA SNPs 与耐热性能的相关性研究

 【目的】分析638头中国荷斯坦牛HSF1基因多态性与耐热性的关系,以期为中国耐热奶牛分子育种提供参考依据。【方法】设计引物扩增HSF1基因,通过DNA测序、PCR-SSCP和PCR-RFLP技术筛查SNPs并分型,利用miRBASE数据库定位microRNA SNPs,利用SHEsis软件进行配对连锁不平衡分析和单倍型构建,利用SAS软件对不同基因型和单倍型组合个体耐热指标包括红细胞钾浓度、产奶量下降率、直肠温度和耐热系数进行相关分析。应用荧光定量RT-PCR技术研究热应激状态下HSF1 mRNA的转录水平。【结果】发现2个microRNA种子序列新 SNPs,T909C和G4693T。其中909位碱基距离microRNA种子序列5'端3 bp,4 693位突变直接使microRNA种子序列破坏。909位点CC、CT基因型奶牛耐热性能显著高于TT基因型（P＜0.05）;4693位点TT基因型奶牛耐热性能显著高于GG基因型（P＜0.05）。共构建出4种单倍型、发现10种单倍型组合。其中H2H4单倍型组合红细胞钾浓度和直肠温度显著低于H1H3单倍型组合（P＜0.05）,耐热系数显著高于H1H3组合（P＜0.05）,H2H4组合个体产奶量下降率显著低于H1H1组合个体（P＜0.05）,H2H4为耐热单倍型组合。热应激状态下HSF1 mRNA的转录水平在不同组织中存在差异,在心脏中最高,是肌肉中的11.24倍（P＜0.05）。【结论】HSF1基因microRNA SNPs可作为奶牛抗热应激的候选分子标记应用于育种实践。     

A nondeletional mechanism of thymic self tolerance

T cells become tolerant of self antigens during their development in the thymus. Clonal deletion of thymocytes bearing self-reactive T cell receptors is a major mechanism for generating tolerance and occurs readily for antigens expressed by bone marrow-derived cells. Tolerance to antigens expressed on the radioresistant thymic stromal elements is demonstrated here to occur via a nondeletional mechanism. For minor lymphocyte stimulatory (Mls-1a) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, this alternate form of tolerance induction results in clonal anergy.     

干旱胁迫对玉米地方品种苗期植株形态的影响

为了阐明干旱胁迫下玉米地方品种的苗期植株形态效应,采用盆栽试验,以4个玉米地方品种为材料,设置重度干旱胁迫、中度干旱胁迫和正常供水3个处理,研究了玉米地方品种在干旱胁迫下的幼苗植株形态特性。结果表明,干旱胁迫对玉米地方品种幼苗植株形态有不同程度的不利影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐旱性存在明显差异。玉米地方品种总体上表现出较高的耐干旱胁迫能力,不同地方品种的同一形态性状和同一地方品种的不同形态性状的干旱胁迫指数存在差异。综合分析干旱胁迫下4个地方品种的植株形态效应,品种C是耐旱性强的玉米地方品种,可作为耐旱种质加以利用,地方品种A和D的耐干旱胁迫能力较强,而地方品种B则对干旱敏感。此外,我国丰富的玉米地方种质为杂交种耐旱特性的遗传改良奠定了物质基础。     

节水抗旱杂交稻旱优3号试种试验

旱优3号是我国南方首批通过省(市)级审定的节水抗旱杂交稻之一。2005年,从上海市农业生物基因中心引进广西试种,探讨其生态适应性、产量潜力及节水高产栽培技术。结果表明:旱优3号耐旱耐寒,中抗稻瘟病,高产优质,适应性广;一般单产6000.0kg/hm2,在高产栽培条件下,具有7500.0kg/hm2潜力;全生育期与特优63相仿,可作早稻、晚稻及中稻种植,在广西水稻旱区应用前景良好。     

Requirement for positive selection of gamma delta receptor-bearing T cells.

The alpha beta and gamma delta T cell receptors for antigen (TCR) delineate distinct T cell populations. TCR alpha beta-bearing thymocytes must be positively selected by binding of the TCR to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on thymic epithelium. To examine the requirement for positive selection of TCR gamma delta T cells, mice bearing a class I MHC-specific gamma delta transgene (Tg) were crossed to mice with disrupted beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2M) genes. The Tg+beta 2M- (class I MHC-) offspring had Tg+ thymocytes that did not proliferate to antigen or Tg-specific monoclonal antibody and few peripheral Tg+ cells. This is evidence for positive selection within the gamma delta T cell subset.     

Shoot and root traits in drought tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

This study aimed to investigate the differences in shoot and root traits, and water use and water use efficiency (WUE) in drought tolerant (DT) maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under full and deficit irrigated conditions. A two-year greenhouse study was conducted with four hybrids (one conventional hybrid, 33D53AM, two commercial DT hybrids, P1151AM, N75H, and an experimental hybrid, ExpHB) grown under two water regimes (I₁₀₀ and I₅₀, referring to 100 and 50% of evapotranspiration requirements). Under water stress, the hybids P1151AM, N75, and ExpHB showed more drought tolerance and had either greater shoot dry weight or less dry weight reduction than the conventional hybrid (33D53AM). However, these three hybrids responded to water stress using different mechanisms. Compared with the conventional hybrid, the two commercial DT hybrids (P1151AM and N75H) had a smaller leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root system per plant. As a result, these hybrids used less water but had a higher WUE compared with the conventional hybrid. In contrast, the experimental hybrid (ExpHB) produced more shoot biomass by silking stage at both irrigation levels than all other hybrids, but it had relatively lower WUE. The hybrids demonstrated different drought response mechanisms that may require different irrigation management strategies. More investigation and validation are needed under field conditions and in different soil types.     

"Intrinsic" immunological tolerance in allophenic mice

Mice experimentally derived from pairs of conjoined, undifferentiated, cleavage-stage embryos of different histocompatibility genotypes can retain cells of each strain, which still produce their characteristic antigenic products. The animals are permanently tolerant of cells of both original types, remain free of runt disease, and display a normal and specific immune response to introduction of a foreign antigen. Absence of autoimmunity in development of ordinary animals is explainable by the "intrinsic" kind of tolerance found here.     

Clonal deletion versus clonal anergy: the role of the thymus in inducing self tolerance

During development in the thymus, T cells are rendered tolerant to self antigens. It is now apparent that thymocytes bearing self-reactive T cell receptors can be tolerized by processes that result in physical elimination (clonal deletion) or functional inactivation (clonal anergy). As these mechanisms have important clinical implications for transplantation and autoimmunity, current investigations are focused on understanding the cellular and molecular interactions that generate these forms of tolerance.     

T cell-independent rescue of B lymphocytes from peripheral immune tolerance

Autoimmunity arises when immune tolerance to specific self-antigens is broken. The mechanisms leading to such a failure remain poorly understood. One hypothesis proposes that infectious agents or antigens can break B or T lymphocyte self-tolerance by expressing epitopes that mimic self. Using a transgenic immunoglobulin model, we show that challenge with self-mimicking foreign antigen rescues B cells from peripheral tolerance independent of T cell help, resulting in the accumulation of self-reactive cells in the lymph nodes and secretion of immunoglobulins that bind to a liver-expressed self-antigen. Therefore, our studies reveal a potentially important mechanism by which B lymphocytes can escape self-tolerance.     

玉米耐低钾的根系吸收机制初探

探讨玉米耐低钾的根系生理机制。以筛选出的典型耐低钾的玉米自交系T1、T2和不耐低钾玉米自交系S1、S2为试材,利用4个水平钾浓度(0、0.625、1.250和2.500 mmol/L)的水培方法,研究低钾胁迫对不同耐性玉米自交系根系形态和吸收能力的影响差异。低钾胁迫下,耐低钾玉米自交系的根数、总根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重均大于钾敏感玉米自交系,而根平均直径明显小于钾敏感玉米自交系。从钾吸收效率来看,不同耐性自交系间存在显著差异,而钾利用效率方面差异不显著,相对于不耐低钾自交系S1和S2,耐低钾自交系T1和T2对缺钾的抗性主要表现在低钾条件下,根系具有较强的钾吸收能力。低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系具有较强的吸钾能力。