猪肌肉中头孢喹诺残留检测的高效液相色谱法

头孢喹诺是一个新型动物专用的头孢菌素类抗生素.由于抗菌谱广,对革兰阳性菌和阴性菌均有较强的抗菌活性,1994年已被欧盟批准用于猪和牛呼吸道细菌感染以及奶牛乳房炎的临床治疗.欧盟已经规定了牛奶和动物组织中头孢喹诺的最大残留限量[1].     

恩诺沙星完全抗原合成与鉴定的研究

<正>恩诺沙星(enronoxacin,ENR)是一种畜禽专用氟喹诺酮类药物,由德国拜耳公司首先研制成功[1]。该药物抗菌谱广,对霉形体和革兰阴性菌作用效果显著,是目前畜禽生产中常用的药物。但恩诺沙星在动物体内代谢缓慢,分布广泛,容易蓄积在动物产品中,进而威胁人类健康。因此,关于该类药物的残留问题越来越受到世界各国的关注。欧盟和世界卫生组织都相继出台了恩诺沙星在畜禽产品中的最高残留限量[2]。我国自加入世贸组织后,也加强了对恩诺沙     

革兰阴性菌分泌系统及其分泌产物研究进展

蛋白质分泌在细菌生命活动中发挥着重要作用。通过各种各样的分泌系统,革兰阴性菌可分泌出大量蛋白质,以协调细菌与周围环境及其他细菌间的相互作用。由于细菌毒力的发挥离不开这些蛋白质,故它们在疾病发病机理及抗菌药物开发等研究中扮演着重要角色。论文围绕不同类型的革兰阴性菌分泌系统及其分泌产物的结构、功能等进行综述,旨在为革兰阴性菌致病机理研究和相关病害防控提供参考。     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(泌乳期)局部刺激性试验与溶血性试验

<正>头孢喹肟(Cefquinome)又名头孢喹诺、头孢喹咪、克百特。为动物专用的第4代头孢类抗生素,其抗菌谱广,抗菌活性强,对大多数革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌都有很强的杀灭作用~([1]),在动物体内药动学特点良好,吸收快、达峰时间短、生物利用度较高~([2])。由于其抗菌效果好,毒性低,残留低,安全性高,目前已被欧盟批准主要用于敏感菌引起牛、猪的呼吸道感染与奶牛的乳腺炎治疗~([3])。为了科学评价硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(泌乳期)的安全性,     

家蝇幼虫血淋巴粗提物的抑菌活性分析

试验对家蝇幼虫血淋巴的抑菌活性进行了测定。结果显示,家蝇幼虫血淋巴对革兰阴性菌大肠杆菌、沙门菌和革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑杀作用,对于革兰阴性菌的抑杀作用大于革兰阳性菌,0.8mg/mL的血淋巴粗提物可达到约50%的抑杀率。     

革兰阴性菌对多黏菌素的耐药性及其机制研究进展

多黏菌素是一种多肽类抗生素,对革兰阴性菌具有强大的抗菌作用,在兽医临床上主要用作饲料添加剂以促进畜禽的生长。近些年,超级耐药菌不断出现,治疗有效的药物越来越少,多黏菌素作为治疗多重耐药革兰阴性菌感染的"最后选择"而日益受到重视。随着多黏菌素的使用,目前已经出现了对多黏菌素耐药的革兰阴性菌。为了解革兰阴性菌对多黏菌素的耐药性以及耐药机制,论文对多黏菌素的作用机理、耐药性和耐药机制等的研究进展进行了综述,以为临床合理使用抗菌药物、抑制革兰阴性菌对多黏菌素耐药性的发生发展及研发新型抗菌药物等提供资料。     

食品中氨基脲来源的研究进展

喃西林(nitrofurazone)的特征性代谢产物,其结构见图1.呋喃西林属于硝基呋哺类抗生素,对革兰阳性菌及革兰阴性菌均有一定抗菌作用[1].但由于硝基呋喃类药物具有一定的致癌性,欧盟禁止将硝基呋喃类药物用于任何食源性动物.     

氨苄西林钠引起豚鼠中毒的报告

豚鼠又名荷兰猪、天竺鼠、印度猪等，原产于南美洲，可用于观赏、食肉，又是一种应用广泛的重要的实验动物。它有着独特的遗传、生理、生化特点，在饲养管理中应特别注意。氨苄西林钠为青霉素类广谱抗生素，对革兰阳性菌（如链球菌、葡萄球菌、梭菌、棒状杆菌、放线菌等）和多数革兰阴性菌（如布氏杆菌、巴氏杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、嗜血杆菌等）都有较好的抑杀作用。在生产上广泛应用于敏感菌引起的各种细菌感染疾病。     

动物性食品中多西环素残留的检测方法

多西环素是一种广谱高效的四环素类药物,对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌以及一些支原体、衣原体、立克次氏体、螺旋体都有一定的抑制作用,因此广泛应用于动物疾病的预防和治疗,主要用于防治沙门氏菌感染、猪支原体肺炎、急性呼吸道感染、巴氏杆菌病、大肠杆菌病等,由于在应用过程中会出现滥用的情况,从而导致多西环素在动物体内的残留,因此对动物性食品中的多西环素的残留检测很重要。     

动物性食品中喹诺酮类药物残留检测方法研究

喹诺酮类（quinolones，QNs）是一大类具有1，4-二氢-4-氧代喹啉-3-羧酸结构的人工合成抗菌药物，对革兰阴性菌和阳性菌有抑制作用，因具有高效低毒、抗菌谱广、价格低廉、与其他抗菌药物无交叉耐药性等优点而广泛用于临床诊疗、动物疾病的预防。但近年来，滥用抗生素的问题日益突出，导致动物体内抗生素残留量过高，特别是对食用性动物滥用抗生素后，会引起动物体内菌群失调，耐药菌株大量繁殖，而且耐药菌株会通过食物链在人体内进行转移，从而使易感人群产生过敏反应、激素障碍变态反应。因此，对于生物体液和动物源性食品中QNs残留的检测越来越引起人们的关注。本文结合国内外研究喹诺酮类药物残留检测的相关文献，概括总结了该类药物的微生物法、酶联免疫法、高效液相色谱法、高效液相一串联质谱法、高效毛细管电泳分析法等主要检测方法，旨在为今后喹诺酮类残留物检测方法的研究提供一个重要依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.