陕西省几种代表性土壤NH4+吸附、解吸动力学特征研究

采用连续液流法测定了五种土壤吸附、解吸ＮＨ＾＋４的动力学性质。研究表明：（１）ＮＨ＾＋４吸附、解吸平衡时间及反应速率，平衡时的吸附、解吸量及吸附平衡常数均随土壤粘粒和ＣＥＣ不同而变化；（２）不同动力学模型及同一模型对不同土壤的拟合性不同。     

长期施用牛粪条件下草原土壤磷的等温吸附与解吸动力学

应用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附方程和二次曲线模拟等温解吸方程对连继２７年施用不同量牛粪以及施用无机肥的草原土壤磷等温吸附、解吸动力学进行研究。结果表明长期施用１００ｍ＾３／ｈａｙ以上牛粪，表层及表下层土壤磷的最大吸附缓冲容量及键合强度大在降低，当施用量达到２００ｍ＾３／ｈａｙ时，零吸附平衡浓度（ＥＰＣ）显增加，进入土壤的磷较难以充分固定；对表层土壤的吸附缓冲容量、吸附亲合力强度以及活性铝的含量呈显     

黄土性土壤K+吸附、解吸动力学研究

采用连续液流法研究了５种黄土性土壤吸附、解吸Ｋ＾＋的动力学性质。结果表明：（１）供试土壤Ｋ＾＋吸附、解吸反应分别在１６－２４及２６－６０ｍｉｎ达到平衡。吸附平衡时间及平衡吸附量与ＣＥＣ及粘粒含量有关。（２）平衡前不同时段的吸附解吸速度及吸附解吸率与反应时间ｌｎｔ间存在极显著的线性关系。其中反应速度直线和解吸率直线的斜率、初始反应速度及初始解吸率均与ＣＥＣ及粘粒含量密切相关。（３）一级反应方程和Ｅｌ     

多种有机酸共存对可变电荷土壤吸附磷的影响

研究了２种或３种有机酸在不同浓度组合时对可变电荷土壤吸附磷酸根离子的影响,结果表明:（１）有机酸的种类、各自的浓度及总浓度对土壤吸附磷有显著影响;（２）土壤组成及表面性质不同时,有机酸与磷的竞争效果也不大相同;（３）多种有机酸混存对土壤吸附磷量的影响不等于各单一有机酸贡献的简单加和。因此,根际环境中有机酸、磷在土壤表面的相互作用还有许多待探讨的问题。     

支持电解质浓度对磷酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附和解吸的影响

研究了离子强度对2种可变电荷土壤中磷酸根吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,当pH分别大于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增加;当pH分别小于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度呈相反的变化趋势。电解质主要通过改变离子专性吸附面上的电位来影响磷酸根的吸附。Zeta电位的测定结果表明,当pH大于土壤胶体的等电点(IEP)时,吸附面上电位为负值,且随离子强度增加数值减小,对磷酸根的排斥力减小,土壤表面对磷酸根的吸附量增加;当pH小于IEP时,吸附面上的电位为正值,它随离子强度增加而减小,不利于磷酸根的吸附。解吸实验的结果表明,吸附于可变电荷土壤表面的磷酸根在去离子水中的解吸量高于0.1 mol L-1NaNO3体系中的解吸量。这同样由于电解质浓度对土壤表面吸附面上的电位的影响所致。     

多种有机酸共存对可电荷土壤吸附磷的影响

研究了２种或３种有机酸在不同浓度组合时对可变电荷主壤吸附磷酸根离子的影响,结果表明：（１）有机酸的种类、各自的浓度及总浓度对土壤吸附磷有显著影响;（２）土壤组成及表面性质不同时,有机酸与磷的竞争效果也不大相同;（３）多种有机酸混存对土壤吸附磷量的影响不等于各单一有机酸贡献的简单加和。因此,根据环境中有机酸、磷在土壤表面的相互作用还有许多待探讨的问题。     

土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性

本文研究了土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性。结果表明,磷解吸量与吸附量成正相关,并与直线方程和指数方程拟合。其平均解吸百分数依次为:高岭石(66%)>无定形硅酸铝(60%)>砖红壤粘粒(55%)>>无定形氧化铁(29%)>三水铝石(23%)>>火山灰粘粒(9%)。解吸体系的pH是借对磷酸根质子的解离和表面电荷的影响而制约解吸量。F^-和OH^-离子对磷酸盐化的三水铝石连续解吸的结果表明,磷酸根和氟离子在三水铝石表面的吸附量或剩余量之和均较为接近,这揭示了H₂PO₄^-和F^-离子之间既竞争又相互补充表面空位。它可作为一种区分磷吸附形态和沉淀的定量方法来进一步研究。     

紫色土K+吸附解吸动力学研究

从国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地定位试验上 ,在第 10年水稻收获后从 0～ 30cm土层采取土壤样品 ,研究土壤K 吸附、解吸动力学过程。结果表明 ,不同施肥处理土壤K 吸附、解吸反应分别在2 4～ 32min和 4 6～ 6 4min达到平衡 ,吸附、解吸平衡量分别为 14 1～ 19 2cmolkg-1和 11 6～ 17 5cmolkg-1。相关分析说明 ,土壤阳离子交换量 (CEC)及粘粒含量是影响吸附平衡时间、吸附平衡量的重要因素 ;CEC、交换钾量是影响解吸平衡时间、解吸平衡量的重要因素。由此可见 ,长期不同施肥对土壤CEC、粘粒及交换钾量产生影响 ,从而影响了紫色土K 吸附、解吸平衡时间及吸附、解吸平衡量。平衡前钾离子的吸附、解吸速度及吸附、解吸率与反应时间lnt间存在良好的线性关系。其中反应速度直线和解吸率直线的斜率、初始反应速度及初始吸附率均与CEC、粘粒含量密切相关。Elovich方程和一级扩散方程分别为描述紫色土K 吸附、解吸反应的最优与最差模型 ,指数方程和抛物线扩散方程拟合性介于Elovich方程和一级扩散方程之间。由此可见 ,紫色土K 吸附、解吸过程不是一个单纯的过程 ,而是一个包括土体膨胀、吸附位活化、表面扩散等诸多因素的复杂过程。     

受钙、锌影响硼在酸性紫色土中的吸附特征

酸性紫色土对硼的等温吸附-解吸和吸附动力学试验表明，硼的等温吸附符合Frendlich方程，根据方程的K值（0．441），供试土壤对硼的吸附较弱。锌与硼复合，对土壤硼的吸附量和解吸量影响均不大，但吸附强度下降。钙则大大地提高了土壤对硼的吸附量和吸附常数，使土壤硼平均吸附量提高191．9％，并使平均解吸率下降6．4％。土壤吸附硼的动力学以Elovich方程（Ct=a＋blnt）描述最佳，反映土壤对硼吸附速率大小的方程参数b值以B＋Ca〉B＋Ca＋Zn〉B＋Zn〉B，钙对硼的吸附速率影响比锌的作用更强。     

土壤磷长期解吸研究的新方法

介绍一种研究磷素解吸动力学的新方法。这种新方法利用装填水合三氧化二铁（作为无限吸附Ｐ源）的透析膜管。由于加入了微生物抑制剂（例如四氯化碳）以阻止膜的水解，该系统在很长的反应期内也相当稳定。在解吸期间，土壤溶液的ｐＨ值基本保持恒定。土壤悬液和磷源作用一段时间后，磷源可很容易地从土壤悬液中分离出来而土壤材料不损失。因而，该方法与氧化铁浸润滤纸磷提取法相比有很大的优点。该方法能保持溶液中恒定的低磷活性，     

宁夏灌淤土对磷吸附的初步研究

本文报道了宁夏灌淤土12个代表性土样对磷的等温吸附与解吸特性。实测吸附曲线与Preundlich、Langmuir和Temkin三种等温吸附方程都很吻合。全部供试样品的相关系数变化在0.931-0.999之间,均达极显著水平(p<0.01)。其中Langmuir等温式与本实验资料最为吻合。供试土壤对磷的最大吸附量(X_m)变化在172-460μgP/g之间,平均为347±28μgP/g。影响其大小的因子主要是物理性粘粒和CaCO₃,含量,均达极显著正相关。灌淤土不同土层的吸磷量大小依次为:剖面24>23>21>22,而解吸磷能力大小依次为:剖面23>22>21>24。磷的解吸量与吸附量之间呈极显著正相关。根据本试验数据,土壤对磷的等温吸附曲线可以用来预测土壤需磷量。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on the Form of Inorganic Phosphorus and the Characteristic of Adsorption and Desorption in Black Soil

Changes of inorganic phosphorus forms and the characteristics of phosphorus adsorption and desorption were studied under a long-term fertilization experiment in black soil. Results showed that the forms of inorganic phosphorus ranged as O–P < Ca₂–P < Ca₈–P < Al–P < Ca₁₀–P < Fe–P. Therefore, Fe–P was the main inorganic phosphorus form in this study. The capacity of phosphorus adsorption with phosphate treatments was higher than with no-phosphorus treatments. The optimal fitted equation was the Langmuir equation. Phosphorus desorption was related to the binding energy. Positive correlation between phosphorus adsorption and desorption without phosphorus addition was found; however, negative correlations among the phosphate treatments had been observed.     

Phosphorus adsorption and desorption in undisturbed samples from subtropical soils under conventional tillage or no‐tillage

The dynamics of P in soil is greatly influenced by the adsorption of phosphate onto Fe‐oxides. Access of phosphate to the surface of these minerals depends on the degree of soil aggregation, which in turn is influenced by soil management system. The primary purpose of this work was to investigate P adsorption and desorption in undisturbed and disturbed soil samples from an Ultisol (Rhodic Paleudult) and an Oxisol (Humic Hapludox) under conventional tillage (CT) or no‐tillage (NT). Phosphorus adsorption and desorption in undisturbed soil was studied by using a continuous flux system containing a P solution for adsorption measurements or deionized water and Mehlich‐I solution for desorption measurements. The Oxisol, which had higher clay, hematite, and goethite contents than the Ultisol, exhibited the highest maximum P adsorption capacity (P_max) values in disturbed samples. Also, the disturbed Ultisol samples had lower P_max values under NT than under CT. The undisturbed soil samples exhibited no significant differences in P adsorption between soil management systems, but P desorption was more marked under NT than under CT. The samples of Oxisol under NT exhibited lower P adsorption rates and higher P desorption rates than the CT samples of the same soil. The decreased P adsorption in undisturbed samples relative to disturbed samples suggests that P adsorption is influenced by physical properties of soil.     

柠檬酸存在下施硅对土壤磷吸附和解吸特性影响

以棕壤为研究对象,采用室内培养的方法,通过加硅酸钙处理、硅酸钙+1 mmol/L柠檬酸处理和硅酸钙+2 mmol/L柠檬酸处理,研究了柠檬酸存在下施硅对棕壤中磷素吸附和解吸特性的影响,并用Langmuir方程、Freundlieh方程与Temkin方程对其进行拟合分析,其中磷吸附解吸试验采用恒温批处理平衡法.结果表明,Langmuir与Temkin模型对处理后棕壤磷的吸附拟合效果最好.硅酸钙+1 mmol/L柠檬酸处理的棕壤对磷的吸附量最大,为500mg/kg;硅酸钙+2 mmol/L柠檬酸处理的棕壤对磷的解吸量及解吸率最大,最大解吸率可达45.2％.因此,硅酸钙+1 mmol/L柠檬酸处理的棕壤对磷肥的储存能力最强,硅酸钙+2 mmol/L柠檬酸处理的棕壤对磷活化能力最强,即供磷能力最强.     

边坡生态防护工程生境基材的磷素吸附-解吸特征

[目的]明确边坡生态防护工程生境基材的磷素保持能力,为优化基材配方提供依据。[方法]以向家坝水电站边坡生态防护工程生境基材为对象,采用恒温振荡培养法进行吸附和解吸试验,比较不同基材的磷素吸附和解吸能力,并用因子分析法比较基材磷素的流失风险。[结果]最大吸附量(Q_m)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)和磷吸持指数(PSI)3个指标均显示,5种基材的固磷能力为:天然次生林客土喷播厚层基材框格梁覆土植被混凝土,Q_m与基材的黏粒含量显著正相关,与有机质含量和pH值显著负相关;磷的解吸能力为:植被混凝土框格梁覆土客土喷播厚层基材天然次生林,平均解吸率与pH值极显著正相关,与有机质含量显著正相关,与黏粒含量显著负相关;因子分析表明Q_m,MBC,PSI、平均解吸率和易解吸磷5个指标可以表示边坡磷素的流失风险。边坡磷素流失风险的大小为:植被混凝土框格梁覆土客土喷播厚层基材天然次生林。[结论]5种生态防护方式中,天然次生林对磷的保持能力最好,植被混凝土基材对磷的保持能力最差;在施工中应当增大基材中黏粒的比重,并适当减少水泥用量或加入缓冲物质,以使基材能够具有较强的磷吸附能力、较大的磷库容和较小的磷流失风险,从而提高磷素的利用率并使其具有持久的供磷能力。     

Influence of potassium chloride on desorption of cadmium sorbed on hydroxyaluminosilicate-montmorillonite complex

Cadmium adsorption and desorption on a synthetic hydroxyaluminosilicate-montmorillonite (HAS-Mt) complex were investigated in comparison with a montmorillonite (Mt) and hydroxyaluminum-montmorillonite (HyA-Mt) complex.

Kinetics studies of Cd adsorption on Mt, HyA-Mt and HAS-Mt complexes were conducted at pH 5.0, using a 10^-7 M Cd(NO₃)₂ solution in a solid to solution ratio of 100 mg to 100 mL. After 240 min reaction, 94, 88, 32% of the added Cd were removed from the solutions of the Mt, HyA-Mt, and HAS-Mt systems, respectively. Considering the magnitude of the cation exchange capacity of the clay and complexes, affinity of Cd ions was highest for the HAS-Mt complex.

Desorption experiment was conducted using 1 M KC1, 1 M KNO₃, and water. The desorption rate of Cd sorbed on the Mt was the highest, 90 and 59%, using KC1 and KNO₃, respectively, while, that on the HyA-Mt and HAS-Mt was around 30% and much lower than in the case of Mt, using both chemical reagents. Water could not desorb the adsorbed Cd at all. The difference in the desorption rate between KC1 and KNO₃ was due to the complex ion formation of Cd with the anionic species.

The adsorption of Cd by Mt varied with the nature of intercalated materials, namely, HyA and HAS. The extent of the desorption of Cd decreased due to intercalation of HAS and HyA. In the soil environment, Mt is commonly intercalated with HyA and/or HAS. Our data indicated that the formation of HyA- and HyA-Mt complexes should lead to Cd accumulation in soil environments. In addition, the application of potash (KC1) fertilizer would enhance the desorption of the Cd accumulated in soils.     

含硅熔渣对磷的吸附与解吸特征研究

采用平衡法研究了含硅熔渣对磷的吸附与解吸特性。结果表明,熔渣对磷的吸附量随着加入液磷浓度的增加而增加,但增加速率逐渐减缓。然而,随着磷吸附量的增加,吸附态磷解吸率逐渐减小,且不同类型熔渣由于化学组成不同吸附与解吸能力也不同。与水溶液相比,尿素、氯化钾和尿素+氯化钾处理能明显降低熔渣对磷的吸附,同时增加吸附态磷解吸率,其中以尿素影响作用更大。熔渣粒径越小,对磷的吸附越强,而对吸附态磷的解吸越弱。Langmuir和Freundlich方程能很好地拟合吸附曲线,其r值都达到了极显著水平;方程参数K、MBC、a、b值都能很好地反映吸附特征。因此,利用含硅熔渣作为硅肥改良土壤或者生产含硅多元复肥,应考虑熔渣对磷的固定作用及其影响因素。     

Long-term effects of bone char and lignocellulosic biochar-based soil amendments on phosphorus adsorption–desorption and crop yield in low-input acidic soils

Although the addition of biochar has been shown to reduce the phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity of soil, quantitative evidence of this has mainly been provided by incubation experiments and it is therefore essential to conduct long-term field trials to draw general conclusions. It is largely unknown whether bone char has a greater effect than lignocellulosic biochar on P adsorption–desorption processes and crop yield. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term (8 years) effect of bone char and biochar on P adsorption–desorption and crop yield in low-input acidic soils. The results showed that bone char decreased the maximum P adsorption capacity (Q_m) by 10% and increased the desorption capacity (D_s) by 150% compared with the control (i.e. without a soil amendment). The desorption ratio was highest for the bone char treatment (10.3%) and three times more than the control. Plant-available P was seven times greater under bone char than the control. There was no variation in adsorption–desorption characteristics, desorption ratio and plant-P available content between bone char and lignocellulosic biochar treatments. The average yield increment following the application of bone char and biochar was 1.7 and 1.4 Mg ha⁻¹ for maize and 1.8 and 1.9 Mg ha⁻¹ for soya bean, respectively. Despite the low application rate (4 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), these findings demonstrated that the long-term application of bone char and biochar-based amendments enhanced P availability in low-input cropping systems, mainly by altering the P adsorption and desorption capacity of soils.     

添加生物质炭对红壤性水稻土Cd2+吸附解吸特性的影响

为探讨生物质炭对红壤性水稻土中镉(Cd)元素吸附解吸特性的影响,采用一次平衡法研究添加生物质炭后Cd2+在红壤性水稻土中的吸附动力学、等温吸附和解吸过程。结果表明:施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/hm^2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭后,红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附过程是以化学吸附为主、非均匀的多表面吸附。施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/h2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭处理的最大吸附量和最大解吸量分别为2933~3346mg/kg和171~192mg/kg。添加生物质炭可以提高红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附固持能力,同时增强土壤对外源Cd2+的缓冲能力。生物质炭添加量对红壤性水稻土的吸附解吸能力的改良效果具体表现为:A30>A40>A20>A10。高剂量的生物质炭处理使土壤吸附点位饱和,生物质炭吸附能力相对降低。因此,添加30t/hm^2生物质炭是一种有效预防和治理红壤性水稻土镉污染的措施。