水稻施用耐氨固氮菌的效应研究

定位试验表明：施用耐氨固氮菌能促进水稻根系对氮素的吸收，显著增加水稻产量，耐氨固氮菌具有固氮能力，但按现行的施用量则固氮水平不足３０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，在施氮水平较高的情况下，施用耐氨固氮菌能增加土壤有机质，全氮和碱解氮含量。     

有机和无机氮在土壤—水稻系统中平衡的研究：Ⅰ.有机和无机氮在土壤—水稻系

采 用１５Ｎ示踪法研究结果，有机和无机氮各半时水稻产量最高。有机氮比例提高，利于肥料氮从秸秆向稻谷中转移；无机氮化例提高，利于肥料氮在秸秆中积累。有机－无机氮配合施用，不仅提高了无机氮的利用率，同时也提高了有机氮的利用率。     

生物炭对引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋失的影响

为解决宁夏引黄灌区稻田因过量施肥导致的土壤质量降低和养分淋失加剧问题,通过田间小区试验研究了施用外源生物炭对水稻产量、氮素淋失和平衡特征的影响。结果表明:同等施氮条件下,施用生物质炭对水稻子粒产量有显著的影响,生物炭用量达13 500kg/hm~2时水稻增产显著。施用生物炭也提高了氮肥利用率,施用生物炭9 000kg/hm~2和13 500kg/hm~2处理,氮肥利用率分别提高了6.7和7.8个百分点。田面水中总氮(TN)浓度和土体中TN淋失量随着生物炭用量的增加而降低,TN淋失量降幅在8.03%~13.36%之间,施用生物炭处理的氮素表观损失量分别降低了11.8%~45.2%。综合考虑引黄灌区水稻产量和环境效益,生物炭施用量控制在9 000~13 500kg/hm~2效果最佳。     

长期施肥对土壤酶活性和氮磷养分的影响

10年定位试验的结果表明，有机肥与化肥配合施用能提高土壤有机质和氮磷养分含量，增强土壤蛋白酶、脾酶、转化酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。其中，土壤蛋白酶、腺酶、转化酶的活性与土壤NH4+-N和有机质，土壤磷酸酶的活性与土壤有效磷和有机质呈显著或极显著正相关。有机肥和化肥长期配合施用，可为作物生长创造一种良好的土壤环境。在水稻生育期，土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和转化酶的活性随水稻生育期递进而降低;土壤磷酸酶的活性在水稻拔节期至抽穗期最高，分蘖期和成熟期较低。土壤的酶活性与氮、磷养分的有效化密切相关。     

稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收利用

利用＾１５Ｎ同位素示踪技术,研究了稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料和土壤氮的吸收。结果表明,稻草单施导致土壤速效氮的生物固定,氮素供应不足是影响水稻分蘖成穗的限制因子,稻草配合尿素施用,明显改善肥料氮和土壤氮的供应,既有利于当季水稻增产,也有利于培养土壤肥力,还有利于后茬物作产量的提高 。     

施用河道污泥对水稻和土壤重金属含量及 水稻氮素利用的影响

2013—2014年以苏州市相城区望亭镇某河道污泥为研究对象,以农田施用污泥20 kg?m~(-2)和不施用污泥为主处理,以施氮肥120 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(LN)和240 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(NN)为副处理,连续两季种植粳稻品种‘武运粳24’,研究河道污泥农田施用对水稻和土壤重金属含量及水稻氮素利用的影响。结果表明:1)河道污泥农田施用,显著提高了稻田土壤有机质含量、速效氮含量和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量,水稻产量平均增加7.05%,水稻籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量分别增加53.66%、18.71%和802.29%,水稻吸氮量显著增加,氮素利用效率显著降低。2)河道污泥施用后,较高施氮量(NN)增加了稻田土壤有机质含量和速效氮含量,对稻田土壤重金属含量和水稻籽粒中重金属含量影响不大,水稻产量、水稻吸氮量显著增加,但氮素利用效率显著降低。3)污泥处理条件下,与第1季相比较,第2季稻田土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量平均下降5.0%左右、籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量下降7.27%~12.65%,但均显著大于不施河道污泥的对照处理。4)污泥×氮肥、污泥×年度、氮肥×年度和污泥×氮肥×年度的互作效应对稻田土壤养分含量、重金属含量,水稻产量、籽粒重金属含量和水稻氮素吸收利用的影响均未达显著水平。     

施用包膜尿素对水稻生长和氮磷流失的影响

施用新型肥料是减少养分径流损失的重要途径。采用田间试验研究了施用包膜尿素对水稻生长和径流氮磷损失的影响,试验设置CK(习惯施肥)、PU1(减磷41%、减氮20%、施普通尿素)、PU2(PU1基础上减氮13%)、UR1(PU2基础上施包膜尿素)和UR2(UR1基础上减氮13%)5个处理。结果表明:PU1和UR1处理水稻氮磷含量与CK处理相近,PU1成熟期氮、磷总积累量比CK增加11.21,2.69kg/hm~2。PU1和UR1处理成熟期地上部生物量和籽粒产量高于CK处理,籽粒产量分别提高7.68%,5.77%。PU1、PU2、UR1和UR2处理径流总磷含量和累积流失量比CK处理低,减少13.18%~21.51%。施用包膜尿素(PU1、PU2)处理径流总氮、铵氮和硝氮含量低于施用普通尿素(CK、UR1、UR2)处理;稻田径流总氮、铵氮和硝氮累积流失量分别减少12.90%~26.91%,54.52%~49.38%和4.03%~15.95%,其中包膜尿素处理铵氮累积流失量显著(P0.05)小于普通尿素处理。施用包膜尿素和优化施肥能促进水稻对氮磷养分的吸收,提高水稻籽粒产量,显著减少稻田氮磷流失量,值得在水稻生产中推广应用。     

有机无机肥配合对水稻吸收利用红壤性水稻土中不同氮源的影响

用两种红壤水稻土种稻，施用＾１５Ｎ标记豇豆绿肥，红萍和稻草分别与硫铵配合成的肥料。结果表明，配合施肥使低肥土水稻吸收的总氮量下降，肥料氮吸收率平均减低１０％；而熟化土相应指标有增有减，稻谷增产。低肥土对肥料氮利用，以无机肥氮占总吸收量及谷实回收氮的优势；而熟化土两态氮吸收与谷实回收都接近平衡。     

湖北省硅肥在水稻,黄瓜,花生上的应用效果

湖北省自１９８７年以来开展了水稻,黄瓜花生等作物硅肥应用研究,水稻增产４．３％－１６．４％,黄瓜３．６％－９．１％,花生１３．６％－４０．２％,增产均达显著或极显著水平;施用硅肥能提高作物抗倒伏和抗病能力。水稻氨,硅配合施用,提高氮肥利用率２％左右。     

生化抑制剂和腐植酸联合添加对尿素在黑土水稻种植中氮素供应稳定性的影响

  目的  研究同时添加不同种生化抑制剂和腐植酸后尿素在黑土区水田的施用效果,为黑土区稻田新一代高效稳定性尿素肥料的研制提供理论依据。  方法  采用盆栽方法,以不施氮肥（CK）及施用尿素（N）为对照,通过测定水稻土中的氮素转化特征及水稻生理指标、产量及氮肥利用效率等的影响,探究添加腐植酸（HA）、N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺（NBPT）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶（CP）及腐植酸分别与三种生化抑制剂组合制成的7种稳定性尿素肥料改善氮素供应稳定性的差异。  结果  ①相比单施普通尿素,添加腐植酸及NBPT、DMPP、CP均能提高水稻产量、吸氮量及尿素氮肥利用效率。② 相比单独施用NBPT,尿素联合添加NBPT和腐植酸后能有效抑制土壤硝化作用,分别提高水稻株高、分蘖数和叶绿素含量1.84%、13.38%和2.80%,但会降低水稻产量、叶面积指数、水稻吸氮量、氮肥利用率及偏生产力。③ 相比单独施用DMPP,尿素联合添加腐植酸、DMPP能分别提高水稻株高、分蘖数和叶绿素含量3.04%、5.20%和3.71%,显著降低土壤硝化抑制率、水稻产量、水稻吸氮量、氮肥利用率及偏生产力（P < 0.05）。④ 相比单独施用CP,尿素联合添加腐植酸、CP提高了土壤速效氮含量、水稻株高、分蘖数、叶绿素含量、生物产量,显著提高水稻籽粒产量、水稻吸氮量、氮肥利用率及偏生产力（P < 0.05）。  结论  腐植酸与CP联合添加制成新型稳定尿素肥料用于在东北黑土区水稻栽培,有利于作物增产及氮肥利用率的提高。     

15N标记绿肥喂猪后还田的转化和效益的研究

本文用１５Ｎ标记绿肥与无Ｎ淀粉配制成饲料喂猪，猪体平均回收饲料１５Ｎ２３．５１％；猪粪回收１５Ｎ２３．８５％，猪尿回收１５Ｎ２８．７６％；饲料绿肥Ｎ的总回收率为７６．１２％。猪粪，尿还田，水稻全株对Ｎ的回收分别相当于饲料绿肥Ｎ的３．７５％和７．．２５％。其中转化至稻谷的分别为２．５１％和４．８２％。以经济产品计算，猪体和稻谷共回收饲料绿肥１５Ｎ３０．８４％，比１５Ｎ绿肥与尿素配施还田稻回收的绿肥Ｎ     

谷秆两用水稻202对氮肥的吸收利用

应用~(15)N-尿素研究了谷秆两用水稻202对肥料氮素的吸收利用。结果表明,在施等量尿素的条件下,对照稻308与两用稻202的稻谷性状相似,但202稻草含N量比308(CK)提高37.57％。不同时期施肥,肥料氮在谷、草中的分配率不同,308遵循常规稻的分配规律,而202水稻则有自己的特性,即早期追肥大部分分布于稻穗中,较迟施肥大部分分布于茎、叶中。应用~(15)N标记稻草研究其利用价值,202草粉饲料被草鱼和白鼠的消化率比308草粉(CK)提高13.6％和16.5％,机体的~(15)N回收率比CK提高9.6％和6.0％;202稻草栽培平菇,~(15)N回收率比CK提高19.1％,202稻草有较好的综合利用价值。     

稻秆对硫铵氮去向和水稻生长的影响

盆栽试验以混合肥料的碳氮比值为指标基施等量硫铵(15N)和不等量稻秆,在同一盆内连续植稻三季,研究稻秆对15N硫铵氮素的去向和水稻生产的影响,以及被固定氮的残效。结果表明,稻秆显著地抑制硫铵的肥效及延缓水稻生长和发育的作用仅发生于植稻的第一季,并和混合肥料的碳氮比有关。对二、三季水稻氮的贡献很小,但高碳氮比处理能回收较多的硫铵氮素并取得较大的水稻反应。植稻三季后,硫铵混合和不混合稻秆处理的水稻生物产量间及稻穗中硫铵氮素的总和间(不含最高稻秆用量处理),均没有显著差异。 硫铵氮素的固定作用在第一季作物表现十分明显。残留土壤中的硫铵氮素颇为稳定,在连续植稻过程中不易释放出来被水稻吸收,尤其是在第三季。硫铵氮素的损失主要发生于植稻的第一和笫二季,稻秆对其固定具有防止硫铵氮素损失的作用。     

Changes in natural 15N abundance in paddy soils under different,long-term soil management regimes in the Tohoku region of Japan

Abstract

Long-term temporal changes in natural ¹⁵N abundance (δ¹⁵N value) in paddy soils from long-term field experiments with livestock manure and rice straw composts, and in the composts used for the experiments, were investigated. These field experiments using livestock manure and rice straw composts had been conducted since 1973 and 1968, respectively. In both experiments, control plots to which no compost had been applied were also maintained. The δ¹⁵N values of livestock manure compost reflected the composting method. Composting period had no significant effect on the δ¹⁵N value of rice straw compost. The δ¹⁵N values increased in soils to which livestock manure compost was successively applied, and tended to decrease in soils without compost. In soils to which rice straw compost was successively applied, the δ¹⁵N values of the soils remained constant. Conversely, δ¹⁵N values in soils without rice straw compost decreased. The downward trend in δ¹⁵N values observed in soils to which compost and chemical N fertilizer were not applied could be attributed to the natural input of N, which had a lower δ¹⁵N value than the soils. Thus, the transition of the δ¹⁵N values in soils observed in long-term paddy field experiments indicated that the δ¹⁵N values of paddy soils could be affected by natural N input in addition to extraneous N that was applied in the form of chemical N fertilizers and organic materials.     

Effects of migratory geese on nitrogen availability and primary productivity in subarctic barley fields

 Migratory geese affect agricultural production by removing biomass and by depositing fecal nutrients. This study used ¹⁵N as a tracer to examine the quantitative effects of goose fecal N contributions on agricultural production. Barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Datal) was grown for the production of ¹⁵N-labeled grain and straw. Two Canada geese (Branta canadensis Taverners) were fed the grain after harvest to obtain ¹⁵N-labeled and unlabeled feces. Net N mineralization and micro-plot studies both indicated that in comparison to barley grain and straw, goose feces provided the greatest amount of available N to the soil and to the subsequent crop, and consequently higher barley yields (59% and 62% increase, respectively). However, C mineralization was greater from grain, with 56% evolved compared to 49% and 26% for feces and straw, respectively. Goose feces also provided the greatest addition of N for the barley plants, with fertilizer N recovery efficiency (FNRE) of 16%, compared to FNRE of 10% from the grain amendment, and 1.2% from the straw amendment. The amount of N available in fecal material from leftover grain consumed by grazing geese is small in comparison to total crop needs, but is a potential source of mineral N during the critical early growth of crops grown in cold, high-latitude soils. Received: 16 May 1999     

Nitrogen-15 balance in transplanted and direct-seeded flooded rice as affected by different methods of urea application

Summary Alternative N-fertilizer management practices are needed to increase productivity and the N-use efficiency of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the 1987 dry season, a field study using ¹⁵N-labeled urea evaluated the effect of the time and method of fertilizer-N application on grain yield and N-use efficiency in transplanted and direct-seeded flooded rice. Conventional fertilizer application (broadcasting and incorporation) was compared with band placement of liquid urea and point placement of urea supergranules. With band or point placement, the grain yields were significantly greater, and the partial pressure of NH₃ (pNH₃) in the floodwater was significantly reduced. In the transplanted rice, conventional fertilizer-N application gave a 64% total ¹⁵N recovery and 38% crop (grain and straw) recovery. Band placement of liquid urea N resulted in 92% total and 73% crop recovery. In the direct-seeded flooded rice, a conventional N application gave 72% total and 42% crop recovery; band placement, 98% total and 73% crop recovery; and urea supergranule point placement, 97% total and 75% crop recovery.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. K. Mengel, Giessen, FRG, in honor of his 60th birthday.     

Uptake of carbon and nitrogen through roots of rice and corn plants,grown in soils treated with 13C and 15N dual-labeled cattle manure compost

Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in paddy and upland soils for rice cultivation and in upland soil for corn cultivation was investigated by using ¹³C and ¹⁵N dual-labeled cattle manure compost (CMC). In a soil with low fertility, paddy and upland rice took up carbon and nitrogen from the CMC at rates ranging from 0.685 to 1.051% of C and 17.6–34.6% of N applied. The ¹³C concentration was much higher in the roots than in the plant top, whereas the ¹⁵N concentration differed slightly between them, indicating that organic carbon taken up preferentially accumulated in roots. The ¹³C recovery in the plant top tended to be higher in upland soil than in paddy soil, whereas ¹⁵N applied was recovered at the same level in both paddy and upland soils. In the experiment with organic farming soil, paddy rice took up C and N from the CMC along with plant growth and the final recovery rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N were 2.16 and 17.2% of C and N applied. In the corn experiment, a very large amount of carbon from the CMC was absorbed, accounting for at least 7 times value for rice. The final uptake rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N reached about 13 and 10% of C and N applied, respectively. Carbon emission from the CMC sharply increased by 2 weeks after transplanting and the nitrogen emission was very low. It is concluded that rice and corn can take up an appreciable level of carbon and nitrogen from the CMC through roots.     

ZINC-COATED UREA IMPROVES PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF BASMATI RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) UNDER ZINC STRESS CONDITION

A field study conducted for two years (2006 and 2007) at the Research Farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that zinc (Zn) fertilization increased yield attributes, grain and straw yield, enhanced Zn concentrations and its uptake and improved kernel quality before and after cooking in basmati rice ‘Pusa Sugandh 5’. A 2% Zn-coating with zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) was found to be the best but a 2% Zn-coating with zinc oxide (ZnO) was very close to it in terms of grain and straw yield and Zn concentrations in basmati rice grain and straw under Zn stress conditions. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of applied Zn varied from 984–3,387 kg grain kg Zn^?1, agronomic efficiency (AE) varied from 212–311 kg grain kg^?1 Zn (applied) and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn varied from 6,384–17,077 kg grain kg^?1 Zn (absorbed). Thus, adequate Zn fertilization of basmati rice can lead to higher grain yield and Zn-denser grains with improved cooking quality in basmati rices under Zn stress soil conditions.     

Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer rate under integrated rice management in a hilly area of Southwest China

China has the world''s highest nitrogen (N) application rate, and the lowest N use efficiency (NUE). With the crop yield increasing, serious N pollution is also caused. An in-situ field experiment (2011-2015) was conducted to examine the effects of three N levels, 0 (i.e., no fertilizer N addition to soil), 120, and 180 kg N ha^-1, using integrated rice management (IRM). We investigated rice yield, aboveground N uptake, and soil surface N budget in a hilly region of Southwest China. Compared to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM integrated raised beds, plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting, which significantly improved rice grain yield, straw biomass, aboveground N uptake, and NUE. Integrated rice management significantly improved ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (by 10%) and significantly reduced the ratio of potential ¹⁵N loss (by 8%-12%). Among all treatments, the 120 kg N ha^-1 level under IRM achieved the highest ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (32%) and ¹⁵N residual efficiency (29%), with the lowest ¹⁵N loss ratio (39%). After rice harvest, the residual N fertilizer did not achieve a full replenishment of soil N consumption, as the replenishing effect was insufficient (ranging from -31 to -49 kg N ha^-1). Furthermore, soil surface N budget showed a surplus (69-146 kg N ha^-1) under all treatments, and the N surplus was lower under IRM than TRM. These results indicate IRM as a reliable and stable method for high rice yield and high NUE, while exerting a minor risk of N loss. In the hilly area of Southwest China, the optimized N fertilizer application rate under IRM was found to be 100-150 kg N ha^-1.