森林生态系统林木生长与耗水研究进展

森林生态系统林木的生长和耗水是森林水分利用的研究重点,对当前推进节水林发展、抗旱树种筛选具有重要意义。文章对森林生态系统林木生长的研究方法进行了综述,指出常见的林木生长方法有普通测定法、年轮法、树木径向变化记录仪等,并对3个林木生长模型(全林分模型、径阶分布模型、单木生长模型)的优劣和使用范围进行了比较;从叶片尺度、单株尺度、林分尺度和区域尺度分别比较了林木耗水方法的差异和优劣。通过综述,确定各方法的优劣和使用范围,以更好的指导科学实验,得出精确结果。     

利用地径建立林木材积估测模型的探讨

通过实测铁杉、红桦和湖北花楸的地径、胸径、树高和材积，我们建立了根据林木地径估测树木材积的数学模型，具有较高的相关系数，可以应用于森林资源管理和森林生态系统研究。     

竹子对减缓气候变暖的作用超过林木

2007年5月．来自中、德、美、日、澳大利亚等国家的60多名森林土壤、生态等方面专家汇聚杭州．就欧亚不同的森林生态系统的碳固持功能、不同森林及土壤系统中的碳循环过程及机理和促进森林碳固持的技术等方面开展学术交流。研讨会上．有关专家对此问题进行了探讨．竹林的碳储存能力超过树林．毛竹的年固碳量为5．09t／hm^2．     

放牧有利于林木生长

过去,人们一提到在林地上放牧家畜就感到担心,因为家畜常常践踏和啃食幼树,致使幼树死亡率上升.近年有不少研究者提出了新的看法:只要严格地控制放牧家畜的数量、分布以及放牧时间,那么放牧则可成为造林育林的有力措施.     

林木病害的春季预防

春季是林木抗病能力较弱,因而也最容易感染病害的时期,同时也是林木病害防治的最关键及最佳时期。每年春季,随着气温的回升和空气湿度的加大,一些寄生在树干、树枝、树叶及枯枝落叶上越冬的病原物如病原菌、病毒、类病毒等,便借助这有利时机开始活动与     

陕西省林木气候生产力的估算

陕西省林木气候生产力的估算刘淑明（西北林学院，陕西杨陵７１２１００）孙丙寅（陕西省林业学校，陕西杨陵７１２１００）张锋杰（西北林学院，陕西杨陵７１２１００）林木气候生产力是林木与环境之间本质联系的重要标志，是森林生态系统中作为第一性生产者植物群落结构...     

农林复合生态系统中林木对农作物的影响

通过对农林复合生态系统饶阳试区中农作物(小麦、玉米)的调查，结果表明：由于系统中林木特有的防护作用，就总体而言，农作物的平均叶面积指数、个体高度以及分蘖数等生长指标均大于对照．其平均籽粒产量，秸杆产量，收获产量以及千粒重等产量指标也高于对照。就其林木的胁地(付作用)来看，在一定范围内，距林木越远，胁地越轻．其林木胁地的距离、程度受其方位、季节以及作物本身的影响。     

转变作风 强化服务 推动全省林木种苗建设再上新台阶

党的十八大报告中将生态文明建设,与经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设一起,列入"五位一体"总体布局,充分说明党中央对生态文明建设的高度重视。林业担负着保护和发展森林生态系统、保护和恢复湿地生态系统、保护和改善荒漠生态系统、保护和拯救生物多样性的职责,发展林业是建设生态文明的首要任务。林木种苗是林业发展的重要基础和前提,是林业生产不可替代的基本生产资料,是重要的科技载体,是增加林产品产量、提高林产品品质、丰富     

树木、林内、林冠上与森林区风速廓线研究

One of the most important and frequently studied variable in forests and the most basic element in governing transport processes of airflow is wind speed. The study of wind profile, defined as the change of wind velocity with height, and wind velocity are important because of tree physiological and developmental responses. Generally, wind profiles above the ground or at a canopy surface follow classical logarithm law, but wind profiles in a single tree and in a forest stand are not logarithmic. This paper summarizes the results of wind profile studies within a single tree, in a forest stand, above the forest canopy and in a forest area from recent research in a coastal pine forest. The results demonstrate that: 1) wind profiles with in a single conifer tree crown showed an exponential function with height, 2) wind profiles in forest stands were able to be expressed by attenuation coefficient of wind, 3) wind profiles over a forest canopy could be determined using profile parameters (friction velocity, roughness length and displacement), and 4) for a forest area, the extreme wind speed could be predicted reasonably using the methods developed for the design of buildings. More research will be required to demonstrate: 1) relationships between wind profiles and tree or stand characteristics, 2) the simple methods for predicting wind profile parameters, and 3) the applications of wind profile in studies of tree physiology, forest ecology and management, and the detail ecological effects of wind on tree growth.     

A national forest resources assessment for Costa Rica based on low intensity sampling

A goal of a National Forest Inventory (NFI) is the provision of information which is relevant and required for national level decision making and monitoring in forestry, but also for related sectors.

This paper presents and discusses a pilot study from Costa Rica where in 2000/2001 a low intensity sampling approach was used to generate national level forestry information. On a 15 km × 15 km grid air photo plots were interpreted for forest and land cover type. Readily available 1997 aerial photographs were used that were, however, only available for about 70% of the country: of the 228 grid points for the whole country only 159 could be aerial photo interpreted. Out of the 15 km × 15 km base grid of sample points, a 2 × 3 subset was selected for field assessment, resulting in a sample of 40 cluster plots, each comprising of four elongated rectangular sub-plots of 150 m × 20 m located on the perimeter of a square of 500 m side length.

Two novel components were integrated into the inventory: (1) the field plots were established on all lands, so that the tree resource was not only tallied inside forests but also on all other tree-bearing lands outside forests. (2) In addition to the biophysical information gathered on the traditional field plots, interviews were carried out with forest owners on the site of the field plots, in order to obtain data on the use of the forest resource.

Field work was carried out by 6 field crews and took altogether about 3 months. Results were generated from the field samples for the entire country. Aerial photo based area estimates were compared to the corresponding estimations from field sampling for the same area. According to the field sampling the forest cover for Costa Rica in 2001 is estimated to be 48.4% (simple standard error percent 9.3%). An estimated 8.2% of the total volume (dbh > 30 cm, all species) is outside forest.

This inventory took place with support from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the framework of FAO–Forest Resources Assessment's (FRA) Program Support to National Forest Assessments; it was carried out jointly by Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), the Costa Rican authority responsible for forestry issues, and Centro Agronómico de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), an international agricultural research center. Experiences of the study were subsequently used to implement similar inventories in three more countries (Guatemala, Cameroon, The Philippines).     

Mangrove community recovery potential after catastrophic disturbances in Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to compare the variation in the soil seed banks and the aboveground vegetation in relation to three habitats, i.e., swamp forests, grassland and sand dunes within the Sundarbans mangrove forests of Bangladesh. We collected vegetation data (species and their percentage cover) by using quadrat sampling: 10 m × 10 m for swamp forests and 5 m × 5 m for grassland and sand dunes. We estimated the density of viable seeds of species in the seed bank by counting germinants from soil cores in a germination chamber. Species richness and composition of both aboveground vegetation and the soil seed banks differed significantly among habitats. We identified a total of 23 species from the soil seed bank. Of these, two were true mangrove species and the remaining were non-mangrove species, including halophytic grasses, herbs and mangrove associate species. Our results confirm that mangrove species do not possess a persistent soil seed bank. The presence of high-density non-mangrove and associated mangrove species in the soil seed bank implies that after frequent catastrophic disturbances which limit incoming propagules from adjacent forest stand, large canopy gaps can easily become invaded by non-mangrove and mangrove associate species. This would result in the formation of a cover of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation in mangrove habitats. We suggest that forest managers should actively consider gap plantations with mangrove species in the large canopy gaps created after catastrophic disturbances to counteract the invasion of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation.     

Influence of typhoon disturbances on the understory light regime and stand dynamics of a subtropical rain forest in northeastern Taiwan

In 1996 and 1997 we examined the effects of typhoon disturbance on the understory light environment and sapling dynamics of the Fu-shan Experimental Forest, a subtropical rain forest in northeastern Taiwan. Mean understory light levels were approximately 30% of those in the open immediately following the two 1996 typhoons which affected the forest, yet in 1997, following two more typhoons, mean understory light levels were 10%–20% of those in the open. The decline of understory light levels to those present prior to the typhoons was more rapid in 1996 than in 1997, even though the two typhoons in 1996 were more intense than those in 1997. This difference might be the result of the timing of the typhoons. In 1996 the typhoons occurred earlier in the growing season, before August 1 rather than the middle and end of August in 1997. The regular defoliation caused by the frequent typhoons that impact Fu-shan (average of 1.4 per year) and the low stature of the forest (mean canopy height of 10.6m), results in much higher light levels beneath the canopy (9%–30% of levels in the open) than those found in most tropical and temperate forests. As a result, understory light levels are not limiting the distribution of canopy tree saplings within the forest and there is no evidence that canopy gaps play an important role in canopy tree regeneration within the Fu-shan Experiment Forest. This is in contrast with the pattern reported for some tropical forests. With frequent typhoons impacting northeastern Taiwan, the forests of this region are perpetually recovering from wind disturbances.     

间伐对黑松海岸林风害的影响——基于风害危险率评价的理论推导

本文在“海岸林风害危险率评价的理论推导”(Journal of Forestry Research, 2002, 13(4))一文的基础上,对1997年12月经四种间伐处理的黑松海岸林进行了连续四个生长季的风害调查,同时,对黑松海岸林内与林外风速廓线和林分透光分层疏透度的分布也分别进行了观测。应用在这些观测数据,依据“海岸林风害危险率评价的理论推导”文中获得的风害危险率评价方法,对单株树木及林分的风害风险率进行了评估,结果表明,单独依据平均直径与结合风速廓线和林分结构的风害风险率,构成了评价海岸森林风害的重要指标。不同间伐强度和风害发生率之间的关系表明,在间伐初期林分的稳定性有所下降,这可能是由于林冠粗糙度和风负载的增加及周围树木的保护效应的减少而引起的。然而,经过一段时间后,间伐处理能够促进林分生长,从而提高了林分的稳定性和对强风的抵抗力。在本试验观察过程中只发现了强风对林冠的损害,而即使是在间伐海岸林外风速达到30.2 m·s-1的条件下,也没有发现风倒或风折。本次研究中获得的结果表明,尽管在间伐之初风害的概率增加了,但是,间伐作为一种最为有效的林分管理方法,可以成为保持海岸林健康、稳定的一种长期经营管理策略。图3表4参19。     

我国当今生态性采伐的综述

为制订今后我国实现生态性采伐的方针政策和技术路线，综述了当今一些学和企业家对今后发展生态采伐的意见、建议和设想。从生态性的作业系统、生态性采伐的主导思想及其范围、生态性采伐的内容与措施、生态性采伐作业技术、采伐方式与集材方式、营林与采运的管理体制以及生态观的建立等方面综述了各家的观点。     

林隙(GAP)干扰研究进展

本文系统地介绍了森林循环的理论、自然干扰的概念、林隙的一般特征和林隙干扰的时空格局。干扰是森林循环的驱动力,干扰形成的林隙是森林循环的起点。林隙的大小、形成年龄、形成方式以及形成木的特征是研究林隙特征的重要参数,虽然不同森林群落中,林隙干扰的频率和程度及其时空变化规律不同,但大多数森林的年平均干扰率是在１％左右。不同的森林类型中,大、小型干扰的比例不同。小型林隙干扰与大型灾难性干扰在不同时空条件下的组合,就形成了不同森林景观的时空变化格局。     

森林更新研究进展

更新是森林资源再生产的一个重要生态学过程,是森林生态系统动态研究的主要领域之一。本文从树种特性、生境因子、立地条件、干扰及森林空间异质性对更新的影响等方面综述了森林更新研究的进展情况。初步解析了森林更新过程中的障碍因子及其形成机制,指出现有研究存在的问题和下一步研究的思路。     

Liana species richness,abundance and relationship with trees in the Bobiri forest reserve,Ghana: Impact of management systems

Forest management practices which may represent various forms of disturbance regimes could influence liana species richness, abundance and relationship with their hosts. The study sought to determine the impacts of three management systems, namely, the Selection, Tropical Shelterwood and Post Exploitation Systems (SS, TSS and PES respectively) on liana species richness, abundance and relationship with trees in the Bobiri forest reserve, Ghana. Lianas with dbh ≥ 2 cm found on trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were enumerated in 1 ha plot each in the SS, TSS and PES. All trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) within the plots that did not carry lianas were also enumerated. A total of 640 liana individuals belonging to 27 species, 22 genera and 13 families were identified in the management systems. Griffonia simplicifolia (Vahl ex DC.) Baill., Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. and Calycobolus africanus (G.Don) Heine were the abundant species in all the management systems. Unlike in SS, lianas in the TSS and PES were dominated by a few species. Larger diameter lianas were more abundant in the PES (32%) compared with the SS (18.3%) and the PES (13.1%). Liana diversity (H′) (species richness and abundance) was quantitatively higher in the SS (2.8) than the TSS (2.2) and the PES (2.0). The numbers of lianas carried by tree species differed significantly in the management systems (p < 0.001 each). Liana infestation in the forest was high. The level of liana infestation did not reflect the extent of liana load per tree in the management systems. Larger trees carried significantly more liana individuals than smaller trees in the PES (p = 0.019, r² = 0.15). There was a positive significant relationship between host dbh and liana dbh in the PES (p < 0.001, r² = 0.23) and TSS (p = 0.024, r² = 0.11). Tree diversity appeared to have influenced liana species richness and abundance.