Working time design for industrial forest plantations in East Kalimantan

The objectives of this study were to clarify physiological loads under tropical conditions and to establish a proper working time design for tropical forestry operations. The research was conducted in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 1995. In this research, physiological loads and thermal conditions were investigated under various conditions,i.e., in forests and nurseries, on roads and at logged-over areas. Using the standards of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), a structure of work to rest proportions could be designed properly. Results showed that felling and cutting trees and weeding in the forest could be done continuously early in the morning and with 25% rest time for the remainder of the work day. Spreading fertilizer at the nursery could be done almost continuously all day. Road maintenance could be performed continuously during early morning but 50–100% rest time was needed for the remainder of the day. At logged-over areas, path clearing using chainsaws and soil hoeing required 50% rest early in the morning and 75–100% rest after that time, while planting required 25% rest early in the morning and 50–100% rest after that time. In conclusion, work done at logged-over areas required a greater percentage of rest time than work at other locations except early in the morning. A part of this paper was orally presented at the 107th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1996). Corresponding author.     

Experience with patterns of change in soil carbon resulting from forest plantation establishment in eastern Australia

Forest plantations are extensively established in eastern Australia for production of timber products and more recently, potentially for sequestration of carbon. Intensive management of these plantations involves clearing of existing vegetation, often using fire, ripping and/or mounding of the soil and weed control, followed by planting, use of fertilizers, and subsequent tending. The plantations are managed on a 10–30-year rotation and often have high growth rates and accumulation of carbon. However, after establishment, there are reduced inputs of carbon into the soil from prior vegetation or rapidly growing weeds, together with accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter as a result of disturbance, and this leads to a net loss of soil organic carbon. In some systems this loss of soil organic carbon is not balanced by carbon biomass sequestration until 5–10 years after establishment and on some sites, a reduction in soil organic carbon may remain until the end of the rotation. The patterns of accumulation and loss of carbon vary according to location, soil type and plantation management system. The effects of intensive forest establishment on soil organic carbon were evaluated in a number of studies in eastern Australia using time sequence and chronosequence studies and comparisons of plantation soils with those from adjacent undisturbed sites. There was a general pattern of reduced carbon in surface soil immediately after plantation establishment and with time this extended deeper into the soil profile. The actual quantities varied greatly depending on the soil type. The decline was primarily a result of losses of labile carbon and was greater when the previous land use had essentially been native vegetation or highly improved pastures as opposed to regrowth woodland, or native pasture, or degraded land. In the absence of further disturbance, soil organic carbon can accumulate to pre-establishment levels but many short rotation plantations are terminated prior to this being attained. The potential upper level of accumulation of soil carbon can be increased by alteration of the soil nutritional status using fertilizer application.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of subsidy schemes for industrial timber development and carbon sequestration in Japanese forest plantations

This study uses simulations to investigate the effects of implementing two different Japanese forestry subsidy systems on timber production and carbon stock, and examines the consequences for harvesting strategies. An existing Local Yield Table Construction System (LYCS), a wood conversion algorithm, and a harvesting cost model were used in the simulations to test the applicability of different subsidies to the thinning of stands. Using forest inventory data collected by local government staff, simulation output was used to calculate forestry profits, carbon stocks, subsidies, the amount of labor required, and the cost effectiveness of investing in subsidies. By comparing the output of simulations based on two scenarios, we found that both the clear-cutting area and the amount of harvested timber were larger under Scenario 2, in which the rules governing subsidy allocations are more relaxed, than under Scenario 1, in which the rules are more restrictive. Because the harvested timber under Scenario 1 was mainly produced by clear-cutting, the forestry profits and the subsidy predicted in the early period of the simulation, were larger under Scenario 1 than under Scenario 2. In contrast, the carbon stock was larger under Scenario 2 than under Scenario 1. The simulation model is likely to be useful for improving Plan-Do-Check-Act cyclesimplemented in Japanese forest management systems.     

Occupational safety, health and living conditions of forestry workers in indonesia

In Indonesia, working and living conditions of forestry workers are quite unfavorable because of very severe thermal conditions at the workplace and because forestry work is heavy, dirty and dangerous, requiring a poor working posture and exposure to noise and vibration. In addition, forestry workers often live under conditions where housing, infrastructure and hygiene are poor compared with those of other industrial workers. The objective of this study is to improve these unfavorable conditions by clarifying the working and living conditions of forestry workers and identifying factors affecting their job satisfaction. Our results showed that many of the forestry workers had low back pain and that attention should be paid to muscular exertion, especially while lifting heavy objects such as chainsaws or logs. Several accidents and near-miss incidents happened while driving and engaging in forestry work. To prevent such accidents, it is important to supply forestry workers with more personal protective equipment and to establish traffic rules on forest roads. The results also showed that most forestry workers were dissatisfied with their salary. In addition, the analysis of potential factors affecting job satisfaction showed that younger workers, chainsaw operators, manual workers and office workers were dissatisfied. It should be noted that many respondents thought that sustainable forest management was essential. To enhance their satisfaction levels, their working and living conditions, and, in particular, salary should be improved, and forest resources should be monitored to prevent over-cutting or forest fires.     

基于设施林业的林产业发展模式

提出了设施林业的概念,并介绍了设施林业的特点、优势、发展现状和发展中尚待解决的主要问题.指出我国设施林业与发达国家设施林业技术相比还存在较大差距,但发展潜力巨大.当前还需要进一步加强对我国设施林业产业化开发与推广应用的研究.     

梅州市大埔县林业产业结构灰色关联分析

大埔县是我国南方典型林业县之一,具有林业产业丰富,但林业经营较为粗放,第二产业、第三产业范围狭窄等特点。本研究以2014年~2018年梅州市大埔县林业产业为例,应用灰色关联分析方法分析林业产业三次产业及其内部产业结构关联,探索我国南方典型县域林业产业发展方向。结果表明：大埔县林业产业还是以传统的第一产业为主导;第二产业正在蓬勃发展中,但由于其体量小其内部产业涉及的范围较窄,发展空间相对有限;第三产业在全部林业产业所占比重越来越大,但其发展单一,仅有林业旅游和休闲服务一类,有待扩大发展。     

我国林业有害生物预防体系构建模式探讨

介绍了我国林业有害生物预防体系的基本概念、组成和功能,指出了预防技术和支撑预防技术的基础设施是决定预防体系构建质量的关键因素,提出了我国林业有害生物预防体系的构建模式。该模式包括全局性执行信息分析的有害生物风险评估系统、边界口岸防控外来入侵的检疫除害系统、重点区域防控境内传播的监测预警系统、一般区域防控突发灾情的监测防灾系统和跨省（市）区域防控局部灾情的联防联治系统等5个系统。根据每一种系统的功能,进一步明确了组成该系统的具体项目种类。     

Local knowledge and management of simpukng (forest gardens) among the Dayak people in East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Among the Dayak people in East Kalimantan, simpukng (“forest gardens”) are an important component of their traditional farming systems. Simpukng is managed secondary forests in which selected species of fruits, rattan, bamboo, timber and other plants are planted. While most are owned by families and passed down from one generation to the next, some are managed on a communal basis. Complex customary Dayak rules exist that control the use and inheritance of these forests that help to avoid over-exploitation of resources. There is clear gender division of labour among Dayak in the management of simpukng that provide a range of products – for household consumption and sale and for customary rituals – fruits, vegetables, medicines, fire wood, honey, rattan, bamboos, and timber. Local knowledge about the more highly valued species are discussed. These indigenous forest garden systems are currently under threat from large-scale mining and logging activities; conflicts between local and external agencies are unfortunately frequent. This paper examines the development and management of simpukng in four Dayak villages in East Kalimantan and their implications on sustainable management of natural resources, with particular emphasis on the role of local knowledge of some of the more highly valued species and the current challenges faced by these communities in maintaining their traditional agroforest management practices.     

矿区森林生态恢复生物技术工程系统分析

简要阐述我国矿区森林生态环境的破坏现状,介绍废弃矿区森林生态环境修复中生物技术的类型、特点及应用情况;并以植物修复、微生物修复为例,结合林业系统工程和恢复生态学,对生物技术在森林生态恢复全过程中的应用做系统分析。     

Business model for developing strategies of forest cooperatives. Evidence from an emerging business environment in Greece

ABSTRACT

Forest cooperatives are essentially a form of entrepreneurship. However, they are confronted by various problems and they cannot pay enough attention to value creation. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) the identification of the structural factors supporting the function of Greek forest cooperatives and the exploration of the possibilities of applying business model innovation to them; (b) the investigation of how the development of an integrated business model can help cooperatives stay ahead in the innovation game, while securing sustainability. By applying business modeling procedures to the forest cooperatives of the Region of Thessaly (Greece) this paper presents, the implementation of innovative development strategy, within the current legislative framework. Results show that the business model approach gives them the ability to develop a shared vision for value creation and delivering through the establishment of a framework related to sustainable forest management based on creation of bonds for achieving a win-win strategy, satisfying the increasing needs for innovative forest-based products, which constitutes a challenge for the sustainable management of forests. We argue that this is the first time this approach has been made regarding forest cooperatives in Greece in relation to the emerging parameters of the general business environment.     

Economic analysis of industrial agroforestry: poplar (Populus deltoides) in Uttar Pradesh (India)

To meet raw material requirements, Wimco, the biggest manufacturer of matches in India, has been promoting poplar-based agroforestry through an agroforestry project since 1984 approved by the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) in the northern region of India. This study aims at evaluating the performance of poplar-based agroforestry in terms of income, employment and environmental impact from the farmers' perspective. Poplar-based agroforestry is economically viable and more profitable than many of the crop rotations followed in the study area. This land-use system is also capable of providing employment opportunities on farms. Sensitivity analyses indicate that this system is not highly risky. However, costs charged by Wimco for technical advice substantially reduce the income from poplar plantation. With agroforestry experience, farmers can expect high dividends in subsequent rotations. Life-time matrices developed through group interviews are useful for thorough economic analyses of agroforestry projects, particularly in cases where data over a period of time are not available.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A computable general equilibrium analysis of forest concessions in Brazil

The management of natural forests in Brazil is concentrated in the states of the Legal Amazon with almost all legal timber extraction occurring on private land. While the government has historically promoted the development of forest plantations through economic incentives, state involvement with natural forests has focused on regulation. Over 1 million km² in the Legal Amazon have been identified as suitable for the production of forest goods and services and other resource-based activities (Veríssimo et al., 2000, p. 6). Only recently, however, has the state taken action to harness the potential this vast public resource holds for promoting sustainable development. In March 2006, the Public Forest Management Law was passed by the government of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. A key feature of this law is a framework for creating forest concessions on public lands. With the goal of establishing up to 13 million ha of forest concessions by the end of the decade, such an initiative for the development of the forest sector is unprecedented in Brazilian history, marking the state's recognition of the Amazon's vocation as one of forest-based development.A static computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is developed to evaluate the short-run socio-economic and environmental implications of implementing forest concessions in the Brazilian Amazon. Results indicate that household income and private consumption increase with the implementation of forest concessions. With the expansion of natural forest management in the north, forest plantations contract significantly in all regions and to a lesser degree, natural forest management in the north east and center west. As forest plantations demand less agricultural land for production, the price of agricultural land decreases and the excess supply is taken up by the agricultural sector which pays less for the land and consequently produces more of a less expensive product. The implementation of forest concessions results in a 3.8% increase in legal deforestation with the largest increase in the north, followed by the north east and center west.     

A comparison of biodiversity values in boreal forest regeneration areas before and after forest certification

Abstract

In this study, 236 regeneration areas (mostly clear-cuts) in southern Norway were selected by random stratified selection: 118 of the study units were cut before and 118 after the introduction of forest certification in 1998. The degree of compliance with biodiversity measures established in the prevailing certification standard (ISO 14001 and the Norwegian standard “Living Forests”) was compared in a field study, and the differences were analysed. In some aspects, a clear difference could be seen, most clearly in an increasing number of green retention trees and an increasing mean width of buffer-strips left along rivers, bogs and lakes in the postcertification units compared with the precertification units. Even though there was a significant increase in the mean number of retention trees, as much as 21% of the postcertification regeneration areas still did not have sufficient retention trees to comply with the certification standard and 41% had either too few retention trees or too few spruce trees according to the standard. Concerning the management of small swamp forests, and the damage done to terrain and prelogging coarse dead wood by off-road transport, little improvement was seen. The discussion examines whether it is probable that the changes seen are a result of forest certification in Norway.     

Validation of plantation transpiration in south-eastern Australia estimated using the 3PG+ forest growth model

Forest plantations for wood production are an increasingly important land use in southern Australia, and there are potentially important hydrologic consequences of what is mostly a change in land use from agriculture to silviculture. An ability to predict, with some degree of accuracy, the impact of plantation expansion on surface water and groundwater resources is essential. A validated process-based modelling approach, integrating the many interacting environmental and management factors which may influence plantation growth and transpiration, can be used for this purpose. The 3PG forest growth model has been evaluated for a number of species from widely differing climate and site conditions. While growth predictions have been validated, little attention has been given to testing the accuracy of the transpiration predictions or the model's representation of the water balance. We enhanced the 3PG forest growth model (known as 3PG+) and then integrated it into the Catchment Analysis Tool (CAT), so that it now interfaces with a more detailed multi-layered, daily time step representation of the soil water balance. Simulated transpiration using 3PG+ in CAT was compared with field measurements in 30 plots (across 15 sites) representing 5 common plantation species (Eucalyptus globulus, E. nitens, E. grandis, E. regnans and Pinus radiata) across ages 2–31 years. Mean daily plot transpiration during the measurement periods ranged between 0.4 and 4.2 mm day⁻¹ (average 2.0 mm day⁻¹). Simulated mean daily plot transpiration using 3PG+ in CAT for Eucalyptus was good (coefficient of efficiency = 0.80; R² = 0.81). While the model tended to slightly under-predict transpiration at higher measured rates (>3.5 mm day⁻¹), predictions at monthly timescales had acceptable accuracy. The integration of 3PG+ into CAT resulted in an improvement in accuracy and applicability of CAT, and provides for the spatial application of 3PG+ across diverse and mixed land use catchments for investigation into carbon and water movement in forest systems.     

城市森林建设中自然和人文景观要素的综合应用——以常熟虞山为例

城市森林是在城市生态系统背景下存在的森林类型,城市森林建设必须关注人类主体在其中的作用。因此,城市森林建设必须在考虑自然规律的基础上,特别强调人文过程。本文在对常熟虞山的自然和人文景观特征进行分析的基础上,结合对植被的调研和城市森林建设实践,就虞山的城市森林建设规划进行探讨,期望为城市森林建设提供借鉴。       

Multiple-use forest management in consideration of climate change and the interests of stakeholder groups

In this study, the overall utility of forest management alternatives at the forest management unit level is evaluated with regard to multi-purpose and multi-user settings by a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method. The MCA is based on an additive utility model. The relative importance of partial objectives of forest management (carbon sequestration, ground water recharge, biodiversity, and timber production) is defined in cooperation with stakeholders. The forest growth model 4C (Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Environment) is used to simulate the impact of six forest management strategies and climate on forest functions. Two climate change scenarios represent uncertainties with regard to future climatic conditions. The study is based on actual forest conditions in the Kleinsee management unit in east Germany, which is dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea Liebl.) stands. First, there is an analysis of the impact of climate and forest management on forest functions. Climate change increases carbon sequestration and income from timber production due to increased stand productivity. Secondly, the overall utility of the management strategies is compared under the priority settings of different stakeholder groups. From an ecological perspective, a conservation strategy would be preferable under all climate scenarios, but the business as usual management would also fit the expectations under the current climate due to high biodiversity and carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem. In contrast, a forest manager in public-owned forests or a private forest owner would prefer a management strategy with an intermediate thinning intensity and a high share of pine stands to enhance income from timber production while maintaining the other forest functions.     

桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物再生状况比较(英文)

本文调查了桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物多样性、密度和物种组成。桉树人工林和邻近天然林内分别圈画出20个20m×20m样地,记录下每块样地内的物种名称、物种丰富度、植株直径和高度以及采集亚样方(4m2)内幼苗数目。本试验中,记录人工林内木本植物46种,邻近天然林内52种,分别来自36个科。人工林内,物种多样性(H’)为2.19,林下木本植物密度为3842株/hm2,幼苗密度为4151株/hm2;而天然林内的物种多样性、林下树木密度和幼苗密度分别为2.74,4122株/hm2和8101株/hm2。两种林分的木本植物物种组成相似性较高。研究还表明,桉树人工林适合于Millitia ferruginia和小果咖啡生长和再生,而对下层木本则不适合。     

A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest

Diversity, density and species composition of naturally regenerated woody plants under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and the adjacent natural forest were investigated and compared. Twenty plots, with an area of 20 m × 20 m for each, were established in both of E. grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest, independently. In each plot, species name, abundance, diameter and height were recorded. Numbers of seedling were collected in five sub-plots (4 m²) within each major plot. A total of 46 species in the plantation, and 52 species in the natural forest, which belongs to 36 families were recorded. The diversity of species (H′) is 2.19 in the plantation and 2.74 in the natural forest. The density of understory woody plant was 3842 stems/ha in the plantation and 4122 stems/ha in the natural forest. The densities of seedlings in the natural forest and the plantation were 8101 stems/ha and 4151 stems/ha, respectively. High similarity of woody species composition was found between the natural forest and the plantation. The E. grandis plantation was found favoring the regeneration and growth of Millitia ferruginia and Coffea arabica in a much better way than other underneath woody species.     

Evaluation of wood cutting forces in dry and wet conditions by small-scale chipping tests applying different analysis methods

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of high moisture content in comparison to dry timber on the resulting cutting forces based on experimental small-scale chipping tests. Therefore, a wood chipper for single cuts is designed and different species of Austrian locally growing trees are utilized. The test specimens are investigated in almost dry and soaked wet conditions. The resistance of wood is measured utilizing a force sensor and the signal during the cutting process is subsequently analysed by two different methods. The results reveal that the mean value of the acting force during cutting is 38–81% minor compared to the maximum force. Even though the peak of the dynamically acting load is measured for just a comparably small time range, it reveals an impact on the fatigue behaviour of the tool as well as the tool supporting material. Hence, an approach of evaluated load spectra is applied to include the load distribution of the chipping process. The effect of dry and wet wood on the cutting resistance is examined, whereby wood exhibiting a high moisture content of 30–40% changes the acting load up to 98%, depending on the method of analysis.