辣椒抗炭疽病遗传与育种研究进展

 辣椒炭疽病是由刺盘孢属（Colletotrichum）真菌引起的,已成为辣椒生产的主要障碍之一。 常用栽培种一年生辣椒（Capsicum annuum）缺乏对该病的抗性,抗源主要来自于辣椒的另外两个种下垂 辣椒（C. baccatum）和中国辣椒（C. chinense）。本文就辣椒对炭疽病的抗性鉴定方法、抗性机制、抗性 遗传以及抗病育种等方面的国内外研究现状进行了总结,并讨论了今后的研究重点。     

加工辣椒抗炭疽病材料筛选

采用成熟果实鉴定方法对146份加工辣椒专用材料进行了室内炭疽病抗性鉴定,鉴定出抗病材料5份,中抗材料10份.     

辣椒种质尖孢炭疽菌抗性鉴定与评价

一年生辣椒中极度缺乏抗尖孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum acutatum)的育种材料,亟需开展抗炭疽病辣椒资源的发掘.采用室内果实离体接种结合田间病圃,对74份引自美国、西班牙等的辣椒种质进行了对尖孢炭疽菌的抗性鉴定.结果表明:40008和30163经室内针刺接种后的发病率分别为4.37％和1.08％,病圃鉴定...     

辣椒炭疽病抗性资源筛选

以青岛当地主要致病茵辣椒红色炭疽菌为接种茵源,采用绿色成熟果期针刺接种法对73份辣椒资源进行辣椒炭疽病抗病性筛选,结果表明:7份材料表现抗病,10份材料表现耐病,其余感病,未发现对炭疽病高抗和免疫的材料,室内抗性筛选结果和田间抗性表现基本一致.     

辣椒抗炭疽病主效基因的定位及标记开发

以高抗炭疽病的辣椒材料PBC932(Capsicum chinense)为父本,以感病辣椒材料77013(Capsicum annuum)为母本和回交亲本,获得包含220个和129个单株的BC_3S_1和BC_4S_1群体材料,通过对各群体进行尖孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum acutatum)抗性鉴定和SNP(KASPar)分子标记分析,发现UN27353_1781标记与辣椒绿熟期炭疽病抗性基因AnR_(GO)5紧密连锁,遗传距离为2cM。进一步利用标记UN27353_1781对BC_4S_2群体124个单株进行分子标记分型,选择准确率达92.9%,表明该标记可有效用于辣椒抗炭疽病分子标记辅助育种。     

辣椒诱导抗病性研究现状与展望

本文概括介绍了目前国内外辣椒病毒病、疫病、炭疽病等重要病害诱导抗性研究的主要进展 ,指出了研究中存在的问题 ,并对今后诱导抗性研究的发展前景作了预测     

科技文摘

辣椒采后病害发生情况；促生菌NK1诱导白菜幼苗对炭疽病抗性的研究；辣椒根腐型疫病诊断与防治；表油菜素内酯诱导南瓜幼苗抗疫病研究；菱角萤叶甲的识别与防治;免疫捕捉PCR法检测西瓜种子带细菌性果斑病菌;     

辣椒诱导抗病性研究现状与展望

本文概括介绍了目前国内外辣椒病毒病、疫病、炭疽病等重要病害诱导抗性研究的主要进展，指出了研究中存在的问题，并对今后诱导抗性研究的发展前景作了预测。     

我国葡萄属野生种对炭疽病抗性的研究

利用田间自然鉴定.田间接种鉴定和室内果实离体鉴定三种方法.研究了起源于我国的葡萄属12种或变种、49个株系对葡萄炭疽病的抗性.结果表明.一些种和株系的果实不感炭疽病或感病率极低.表现为抗(?)性极强或强.严重感病的仅是个别株系.我国葡萄属植物是极为宝贵的抗炭疽病的种质资源.     

辣椒抗疫病育种研究进展

本文对近年辣椒疫病病原、辣椒对疫病的抗性变化、抗性遗传、抗病性鉴定和抗病育种等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对辣椒抗疫病育种发展进行了展望.     

杧果抗炭疽病种质资源的鉴定与分析

炭疽病是杧果的重要病害,在对此病害的综合防治中,选种抗病品种是行之有效的措施。本研究运用杧果炭疽病高致病性菌株,对保存在中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所杧果种质资源圃的果品种抗病性进行了初步鉴定。结果表明,大部分的果品种为感病品种,其中爱文杧、乳杧、海豹、龙井大杧等为高感品种;紫花杧、金煌、实选-4、spooner为高抗品种;台农一号、粤西一号、台牙、贵妃、Mallika、桂香、凯特等为中抗品种;在所有供试品种的抗病鉴定中,没有发现免疫品种。     

Isolation of resistance gene analogs from grapevine resistant and susceptible to downy mildew and anthracnose

Downy mildew and anthracnose are major diseases of the grapevine (Vitis spp.) cultivars grown in Thailand. Due to the deleterious effects of fungicides frequently used for disease management in grapevine, disease resistance genes have been sought after with the ultimate goal of developing new cultivars with improved disease resistance levels. In this study, nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-leucine rich repeat (LRR) class of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were cloned by PCR amplification using degenerate primers specific to P-loop and GLPL, conserved regions of NBS. Ninety-one clones containing putative RGA sequences were obtained from a downy mildew and anthracnose resistant hybrid ‘NY88.0507.01’ and a susceptible cultivar ‘Black Queen’. These cloned sequences were subdivided into 14 groups based on their nucleotide sequence similarity of 90% or greater. BLASTx of fourteen selected clones showed the highest amino acid sequence similarity with known NBS-LRR proteins or putative resistance (R) protein candidates. Multiple alignments of these representative RGAs with 5 known R proteins revealed conserved P-loop, kinase-2, RNBS and GLPL motifs which are typical components of the NBS-LRR proteins. Four RGAs had at least 40% identity with known R proteins. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the representative RGAs from both resistant and susceptible grapevines dispersed along the phylogram on the two major branches of either TIR (Drosophila Toll and mammalian Interleukin-1 Receptor) or non-TIR type of the NBS-LRR proteins.     

病害对3个砂梨品种早期落叶的影响

由于一些侵染性病害的影响,浙江省主要梨产区出现早期落叶严重的现象,严重影响了砂梨产业的发展。通过对浙江省杭州市商业梨园主栽品种的田间调查发现,不同品种对病菌的抵抗能力不同。圆黄为黑斑病的易感品种,但对炭疽病的抗性较强;黄花和翠冠较抗黑斑病,但黄花炭疽病的发病率较高;3个品种的锈病发病率没有显著差异。病菌侵染和落叶时间的相关性分析表明,病菌侵染后翠冠和圆黄落叶较黄花早;受黑斑病菌侵染的叶片最易脱落,而梨炭疽病菌和梨锈病菌不易引起落叶,仅在后期形成穿孔。总体上圆黄早期落叶现象最为严重。受梨黑斑病菌侵染后,叶片诱导POD活性的增加来抵御病原菌的侵染。     

中国葡萄属野生种抗黑痘病的鉴定研究

本文通过田间自然鉴定、田间接种鉴定和室内离体接种鉴定的方法,研究了起源于我国的葡萄属18个种或变种、88个株系对黑痘病的抗性。结果表明:所有野生种的果实几乎不感黑痘病,叶片表现为高度的或较强的抗性。     

草莓品种对炭疽病抗性的鉴定技术研究

从沈阳农业大学草莓试验园的发病草莓植株上分离获得胶孢炭疽菌[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.],以6个草莓主栽品种为试材,进行品种抗病性鉴定技术研究。结果表明,点滴接种、菌片接种和喷雾接种3种方法均能使供试草莓植株感染炭疽病,其中以喷雾接种法发病率和病情指数最高。据此建立了草莓对炭疽病抗性鉴定技术体系:以菌悬液在植株6叶期喷雾接种,接种适宜孢子量1.0×105个/mL,保湿时间48h,接种后5d调查叶片病情和接种后7d调查叶柄及匍匐茎病情。草莓品种抗性鉴定结果表明,红颜属感病品种,丰香表现中感,哈尼、新明星表现中抗,而玛利亚和吐德拉抗性较强,此结果与其生产上的表现基本一致。     

菜豆抗炭疽病苗期鉴定条件优化及种质资源抗性鉴定

对菜豆抗炭疽病苗期接种鉴定条件（产孢培养基、菌液浓度、菌种培养时间、接种位置等）进行优化,确定了豆荚培养基是最佳的产孢培养基,产孢速度快,致病力强;最佳菌液浓度为2.0×10⁶个·mL^-1,发病快,重复性好;菌种培养20 d 后,致病力最强,接种效果最佳;接种叶片背面感病效果最好,节省时间。同时对收集的23 份菜豆材料进行苗期炭疽病抗性鉴定,其中有4 份为中抗材料,1 份高抗材料,抗性资源多为油豆类型。     

抗热白梗小白菜菜秧新品种暑热的选育

以Polima胞质雄性不育系P44为母本,自交系矮脚白为父本配制抗热白梗小白菜新品种暑热。试验结果表明,该品种丰产(夏季菜秧产量1500 kg/667 m^2)、生长迅速(16~18 d即可采收)、抗热、抗病性强(病毒病和炭疽病)。     

Sap volatile components in relation to susceptibility of anthracnose and Aspergillus rot of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)

Sap burn injury and postharvest diseases are major causes of mango fruit quality deterioration, resulting in considerable postharvest losses in many countries. Susceptibility of selected cultivars of mango in Sri Lanka to sap burn injury and the incidence of anthracnose and Aspergillus rot of mango were examined in this study. Volatile components of non-aqueous (oil) phase were investigated using GC-MS, and artificial inoculation studies were carried out to assess disease resistance with Colletotrichum queesnlandicum (KC 820802) and Aspergillus niger (KC 820801). It was observed that the popular ‘Karuthakolumban’ and ‘Willard’ mangoes with high sap flow at harvest and high sap burn incidence were more susceptible to sap burn injury compared with ‘Chembaddan’ and ‘Ambalavi’ mangoes. Cultivar variations in susceptibility to Aspergillus rot of mangoes are reported for the first time in this study, where ‘Willard’ mangoes were more resistant to Aspergillus rot than other cultivars. The sap exudates of ‘Ambalavi’ and ‘Karuthakolumban’ mangoes were observed to contain the preformed antifungal compounds 5-pentadecyl resorcinol and 5-(Heptadeca-8,11- dienyl) benzene1,3-diol, with variety ‘Ambalavi’ showing a high resorcinol level. These cultivars were found to be resistant to anthracnose disease. These results suggest that presence of sap volatiles is cultivar dependent and could be used to identify cultivars resistant to postharvest diseases and sap burn.     

辣椒新品种‘苏椒 17 号’

 ‘苏椒17 号’是以母本‘06X354’与父本‘06X28’配制的早熟辣椒一代杂种。果实长灯笼 形,青果绿色,成熟果红色,果长10 ~ 11 cm,平均单果质量44.2 g,产量47 263.9 kg · hm-2,质脆微辣, 耐贮运,耐低温,高抗炭疽病,中抗病毒病,适合在江淮、黄淮流域保护地栽培。