水稻干扰素相关发育调节因子的生物信息学分析

干扰素相关发育调节因子(interferon-related developmental regulator factor, IFRD)在动物中有较深入研究,参与动物细胞发育和分化及多种疾病的发生,但是在植物中研究较少。为了挖掘植物IFRD基因的功能,本研究对禾本科模式作物水稻IFRD基因家族成员进行了系统的生物信息学分析。本研究鉴定得到5个水稻IFRD基因家族成员,分布在4条染色体上,根据进化树把它们分为2个亚家族,不同亚家族成员具有不同的基因组结构、蛋白质保守基序和表达模式。高温、盐胁迫处理后的转录组测序分析结果显示,该基因家族成员(OsIFRD3, OsIFRD4)对逆境的响应变化差异显著;蛋白质相互作用分析结果显示水稻IFRDs可能与mRNA可变剪接因子、甲硫氨酰t RNA合成酶、rRNA加工蛋白相互作用;启动子分析显示水稻IFRD启动子具有非生物胁迫和植物激素响应元件。综上表明水稻IFRD基因家族可能通过调控m RNA可变剪接和蛋白质的合成参与高温、盐胁迫逆境响应途径。本研究为深入解析水稻IFRD基因功能提供了重要信息。     

水稻ABA生物合成基因OsNCED3响应干旱胁迫

9-顺-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(NCED)是植物内源脱落酸(ABA)生物合成的限速酶,由NCED基因家族编码,水稻中响应干旱胁迫并以此调节ABA水平的OsNCED基因尚见未报道。本研究发现在水稻已报道的5个OsNCED基因中,OsNCED3的表达受干旱胁迫诱导,复水处理后其表达快速下调,其表达模式与此过程中内源ABA含量变化趋势一致。OsNCED3的RNAi转基因植株表现为干旱敏感,且生物量下降;而过量表达OsNCED3基因增加了水稻的抗旱性。干旱胁迫下过量表达OsNCED3的转基因株系有较高的ABA水平,同时其抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,以及逆境响应基因脱水素蛋白(Dehydrin)和胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)转录表达均高于野生型。下调表达OsNCED3的转基因株系则呈现相反的变化趋势。因此,OsNCED3是水稻干旱胁迫响应基因,调节了干旱环境下ABA水平和抗逆性。     

应用RNA重测序分析低硫条件下大豆基因表达谱

大豆是重要的粮油兼用作物,其硫利用的研究不足。本研究评价了云梦六月花叶和沁阳大豆对低硫的耐性,以这2个品种为材料,利用RNA重测序技术分析了对照(+S)和缺硫(–S)水平下根和叶中的表达谱。结果表明,云梦六月花叶对低硫表现为耐性,沁阳大豆对低硫表现为敏感。表达谱分析在云梦六月花叶和沁阳大豆的叶中分别鉴定到9064个和9795个低硫响应的差异表达基因,根中分别鉴定到3185个和5006个差异表达基因。KEGG富集分析发现,2个材料叶中有9个共有途径,仅植物MAPK信号途径富集更多的上调表达基因。2个材料根中有18个共有途径,其中9个途径在2个材料的中对低硫的响应一致, 4个途径包含更多的上调表达基因, 5个途径包含更多的下调表达基因。在其余9个途径中,云梦六月花叶包含更多的上调表达基因。大豆硫酸根转运蛋白基因对硫酸根的吸收和转运非常重要,在表达谱中鉴定到27个硫酸根转运蛋白基因,分属4个亚组,亚组1、2、4的基因多受低硫诱导,亚组3的基因对低硫的响应较为复杂。基于富集分析结果,本研究从植物MAPK信号途径中克隆了一个受低硫诱导的基因Gm EIL1,通过转化大豆毛状根证明该基因参与大豆硫利...     

杨树响应细菌性溃疡病菌侵染的miRNA靶基因预测及分析

欧美杨细菌性溃疡病是由Lonsdalea quercina subsp. Populi引起的枝干病害,给杨树的生长和生存带来极大危害。miRNA是植物响应逆境胁迫的重要调控分子,为鉴定杨树中响应欧美杨细菌性溃疡病菌侵染的miRNA靶基因,以期为林木抗病分子育种提供新的候选基因,本研究以miRBase数据库中杨树全部miRNA成熟序列为探针,对‘中林46’杨接种细菌性溃疡病后的差异表达基因进行了miRNA的靶基因预测。共筛选出杨树127个miRNA家族的276个miRNA对应的566个靶基因,涉及植物病原互作、植物激素信号传导和苯丙素生物合成等多个途径,表明miRNA参与了杨树对细菌性溃疡病菌侵染的响应。结合靶基因的GO分析、KEGG通路富集和基因功能注释,发现miR482、miR6459、miR7812、miR7835和miR396等通过靶定RPS2、NBS-LRR、AUX1、CCR、Ca2+跨膜运输蛋白编码基因,参与调控杨树对病菌侵染的响应。miR7835靶定的9个差异表达基因中有6个基因均编码苯丙素生物合成途径通路中的CCR酶,推测其可能影响杨树木质素合成,进而参与杨树对病菌侵染的防御反应。本研究发现的miRNA:mRNA调控基因对,丰富了林木抗病分子育种的基因资源,为林木抗病分子调控机制的研究提供了新的线索。     

OsWD40过表达水稻根系响应盐胁迫的转录组分析

盐胁迫是影响水稻产量的主要因素之一,开展水稻耐盐机制的研究十分必要。为了揭示OsWD40基因参与耐盐的分子机制,以日本晴和OsWD40过表达水稻株系为材料,用浓度为200mmol/L的NaCl分别处理0、12、24和48h,对其根系进行转录组测序分析。结果显示,比较日本晴和OsWD40过表达株系在盐胁迫相同时间（ST0与NT0、ST12与NT12、ST24与NT24、ST48与NT48）的基因表达量,分别检测到1950、1646、3499和1522个差异表达基因。其中,盐胁迫处理24h的差异表达基因多于0、12和48h处理。对4个比较组的差异表达基因分别进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG代谢通路分析,发现差异表达基因主要富集在盐胁迫响应、脱落酸响应和转录调控等GO条目中,富集的重要代谢通路主要是植物激素信号转导,植物MAPK信号传导途径和苯丙烷生物合成、类黄酮生物合成相关的次生代谢途径等。同时,转录因子家族基因,如WRKY、MYB和bHLH等,在各比较组中呈现差异表达。由此推测,苯丙烷生物合成和类黄酮生物合成等植物次生代谢途径在OsWD40过表达水稻根系响应盐胁迫中发挥着重要作用,而且OsWD40可能介导响应脱落酸的基因转录调控,激活下游盐胁迫相关基因的表达。     

玄参不同颜色子芽比较转录组学分析

为了比较玄参不同颜色子芽中花青素苷生物合成相关基因的表达模式,推测控制玄参子芽颜色差异的主要原因,本研究以玄参不同颜色子芽为试验材料,采用Illumina HiSeq^TM4000技术对其进行转录组测序,将获得的数据进行功能注释以及生物信息学分析,并对花青素苷生物合成相关基因在不同颜色子芽中的差异表达进行了比较分析。通过测序,共得到170 552条Unigenes,其中9 900条Unigenes在NT、NR、KOG、GO、Swiss Prot、KO和pfam数据库中均得到了注释;且KEGG分析表明,有364条Unigenes参与苯丙素生物合成,有63条Unigenes参与类黄酮生物合成,有21条Unigenes参与花青素苷生物合成。进一步对不同颜色子芽中花青素苷生物合成基因进行了比较分析,发现紫芽、绿芽中编码CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、3GT和OMT等酶类基因的表达量均高于白芽。本研究初步揭示了花青素苷合成基因在不同颜色玄参子芽中的差异表达,为后期玄参子芽抗逆性研究和质量分级提供了理论依据。     

水稻OsSUTs基因对弱光胁迫的应答分析

光照对植物的生长发育十分重要,弱光胁迫对水稻生长发育会产生不良的影响。为研究弱光对水稻蔗糖转运蛋白基因(OsSUTs)表达的影响,本研究对水稻品种‘日本晴’进行遮光和不遮光(对照)栽培,检测不同光处理的2组材料OsSUTs基因家族的mRNA相对表达情况、农艺性状和生育期长短。结果显示,弱光胁迫可抑制水稻生长发育进程,导致水稻生育期延长,灌浆受阻;OsSUTs基因家族不同的OsSUTs基因的mRNA表达量对弱光胁迫的应答并不相同。OsSUT1、OsSUT2和Os SUT4对弱光胁迫响应明显,在遮光条件下这3个OsSUTs基因在几个生育期都出现表达量明显上升的情况,这个可能是其上游序列中顺式元件G-box和ACE参与了弱光胁迫响应。本试验结果可为耐荫性水稻品种的分子选育及弱光胁迫下水稻的分子调控机理提供参考。     

水稻DUF760基因家族的全基因组鉴定与表达谱分析

为了探索DUF760基因家族在水稻生长发育中的潜在功能,对水稻DUF760基因家族进行了全基因组鉴定、分类、启动子序列分析和表达谱分析。通过生物信息学技术在水稻和拟南芥中分别鉴定了6,8个DUF760家族成员。系统进化树分析将这些家族成员分成2个亚家族,二者在蛋白保守基序和基因结构上也存在一些特征差别。水稻DUF760家族基因启动子区域存在多个响应逆境胁迫和植物激素的顺式作用元件,ABRE(脱落酸响应)元件存在于家族所有成员的启动子序列中,OsDUF760-1启动子区域拥有9个脱落酸(ABA)相关的响应元件。在ABA处理水稻后,OsDUF760-1的转录表达水平显著下调,而OsDUF760-3显著上调,二者在干旱胁迫处理水稻后的表达变化模式与ABA处理水稻后的表达变化模式一致,说明这2个基因可能通过ABA信号途径参与水稻干旱胁迫响应,并且扮演不同的角色。除对ABA和干旱胁迫处理具有较强响应外,水稻DUF760家族成员还对JA(茉莉素)、低温及稻瘟菌处理具有较强的响应表达变化。     

马铃薯GAUT基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

半乳糖醛酸转移酶(GAUT)是一种参与催化糖基化反应的酶类,在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究鉴定了马铃薯GAUT家族成员,并对其理化性质、染色体定位、基因结构、保守蛋白结构域、基因重复事件和表达模式进行了分析。结果表明,鉴定到的41个GAUT家族成员(StGAUT),不均匀的分布在10条染色体上。根据基因的结构和系统发育蛋白特征,将41个StGAUT分为4个亚组。共线性分析表明,StGAUT基因家族存在12对片段重复基因,均在纯化选择下进化。通过对马铃薯双单倍体(DM)的不同组织部位和非生物胁迫下的RNA-seq数据进行分析,筛选出了组织特异性表达及响应非生物胁迫的StGAUT基因。此外,进一步对不同四倍体栽培种彩色马铃薯的薯皮和薯肉进行RNA-seq测序和分析,获得了可能参与花色素苷生物合成的StGAUT基因。本研究结果为进一步阐明StGAUT基因在马铃薯中的功能提供了有价值的信息。     

水稻OsGPRP家族基因克隆及其对非生物胁迫的响应

富含脯氨酸和甘氨酸的蛋白基因GPRPs广泛分布于高等植物中,在植物的生长发育和逆境适应中具有重要的作用。为了克隆水稻中的OsGPRP基因,利用生物信息学分析,结合RT-PCR和测序等方法,共获得了3个水稻OsGPRP的cDNA序列,分别编码197,180,170个氨基酸,其蛋白序列均含有3个典型的植物GPRP蛋白保守结构域:N端的XYPP重复、中部富含A的疏水区和C端的HGK重复。为了初步探讨这些OsGPRP基因的功能,利用在线工具Plant CARE database分析,结果发现有3个水稻OsGPRP基因的启动子中包含有许多与植物生长发育、激素和逆境胁迫响应相关的顺式作用元件。为了进一步探究OsGPRP基因在水稻适应非生物逆境胁迫过程中的生物学功能,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析了3个OsGPRP基因在水稻幼苗适应干旱和低温胁迫过程中的响应情况。结果显示,这些OsGPRP基因对干旱和低温胁迫均有不同程度的响应;在干旱胁迫下,这些OsGPRP基因在水稻幼苗不同组织中的表达量均表现出上升的趋势,表达模式较为相似;而在低温胁迫下,其表达模式却存在一些明显的不同,其中,OsGPRP1和OsGPRP3的表达量上升,而OsGPRP2的表达量却下降。结果表明,3个OsGPRP基因在水稻适应非生物逆境中具有重要的作用。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.