西藏巨柏种子萌发过程中生理指标的响应

以西藏自治区特有物种巨柏的种子为研究对象，对不同萌发时期种子的含水量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、CAT活性和POD活性共5个指标进行测定和分析，探索巨柏种子萌发的生理变化。结果表明，巨柏种子萌发过程可划分为7个阶段。巨柏种子萌发过程中含水量呈增长趋势，可溶性蛋白含量呈先降低后升高的变化趋势，可溶性糖含量呈先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势，CAT活性和POD活性均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。     

广金钱草种子适宜采收期研究

通过分析不同发育时期广金钱草种子产量、质量及生理生化物质的变化,确定广金钱草种子最佳采收期。结果表明,在盛花期10~25d长度和宽度增长迅速;绿色种皮比率逐渐降低,黄色种皮比率逐渐升高,依据果荚颜色、种皮颜色、种子硬度可将广金钱草种子成熟过程划分为:(1)绿荚期;(2)黄荚前期;(3)黄荚后期;(4)完熟期;(5)过熟期。种子发芽率在盛花期35d达到最大值79.67%,15~35d千粒重呈上升趋势,而单株产量在盛花期30d高达13.07g/株,是35d的2.07倍。可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈现上升趋势,SOD和POD活性表现为先上升后降低的趋势,SOD活性在盛花期30d达到最大值,POD活性在盛花期25d达到最高。因此,盛花期30d左右(黄荚后期)为广金钱草种子最佳采收期。     

桔梗种子发育过程中外观形态及生理生化的变化

以发育过程中的紫花桔梗和白花桔梗种子为试验材料,对其外观形态及生理生化指标的变化规律进行了研究,以期探明桔梗种子的适宜采收期。结果表明:在种子发育过程中,其外观形态变化与生理生化变化有密切联系。随着种子不断发育成熟,种子颜色由浅至深,发芽率不断升高;含水量和相对电导率呈下降的趋势;POD、CAT、MDA均呈单峰曲线变化;SOD活性呈"上升—下降—上升"的趋势。在种子发育后期,大部分生理生化反应趋于稳定。61DAF紫花桔梗种子与58DAF白花桔梗种子的颜色为黑色、黑褐色等,表面具有与种子长轴平行的细长条纹理,且此时种子的发芽率最高,分别为72.33%和91.00%。试验结果表明,紫花桔梗与白花桔梗种子的适宜采收期分别为61DAF、58DAF左右。     

毛竹种子萌发过程中生理生化特性变化的研究

以毛竹种子为材料,研究测定了种子萌发过程中部分生理指标的动态变化.结果表明:种子萌发期间,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性整体都表现出逐渐升高的趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈逐渐下降趋势;可溶性糖含量先升高再降低;可溶性蛋白含量呈总体上升趋势.     

东京桐种子萌发的生理生态学研究

以东京桐(Deutzianthus tonkienensis)种子为材料,研究测定了种子萌发过程中部分生理指标的动态变化。结果表明:种子萌发期间,脂肪含量先下降后逐渐升高再下降的趋势;脂肪酶活力呈先上升后逐渐下降再上升的趋势;淀粉含量先平稳后下降再上升的趋势;α-淀粉酶活力、可溶性糖含量都表现出先升高再降低;东京桐种子最适宜的萌发温度为30℃,且种子最早萌发。     

采收成熟度对酥梨常温贮藏品质及保鲜效果的影响

研究晋南和晋中地区4个梨园不同采收成熟度酥梨果实的常温(20℃)贮藏品质、采后生理以及保鲜效果,以探讨山西地区不同产地酥梨果实的最佳采收成熟度和适宜采收期。结果表明:随着采收成熟度的增加(即采收期的推迟),酥梨果实可溶性固形物含量(SSC)先升高后降低,硬度下降明显,酸度较低,果皮颜色L*和a*较高,h°较低,种子颜色指数和单果重较高,贮藏期间腐烂率和果心褐变指数较高,而且发生时间较早,果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放高峰提前。硬度、SSC、种子颜色指数及果实发育时间可作为判断酥梨采收成熟度的标准。酥梨适宜采收成熟度为盛花期达150~162 d,硬度5.5~6.0 kg/cm2,种子颜色指数为60~75,建议晋中地区酥梨适宜采收期为9月15—27日,SSC12.5%,晋南地区为9月7—19日,SSC11.5%。     

香果树种子萌发过程中生理生化变化的研究

研究测定了濒危珍稀植物香果树的种子在萌发过程中的可溶性糖含量及一些酶的活性变化。结果表明:种子在吸水萌发过程中,可溶性糖含量变化的趋势是先升后降,过氧化物酶、淀粉酶的活性呈逐渐增加的趋势;α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶的活性在种子萌发前一直呈上升的趋势,但在发芽发生后,α-淀粉酶的活性迅速大幅度上升,β-淀粉酶的活性反而缓慢下降。这些生理生化代谢的变化最终导致种子的萌发和幼苗生长。     

酵母浸膏对北柴胡种子萌发的影响及评价

以北柴胡种子为试验材料,分别以0.5％、1.0％、1.5％和2.0％的酵母浸膏液对北柴胡种子进行浸种,在种子萌发过程中测定相关的生理生化指标,探讨酵母浸膏液对北柴胡种子萌发的影响.含水量的测定采用烘干减重法,体积的测定采用排水法,可溶性糖含量的测定采用蒽酮比色法,蛋白质含量的测定采用考马斯亮蓝-G 250染色法,氨基酸含量的测定采用茚三酮显色法;利用隶属函数法对各项指标进行综合评价.结果表明:北柴胡种子在萌发过程中,种子内含水量的变化和其体积的变化呈一定的相关性,都是呈先下降后上升再缓慢增加的趋势;可溶性糖含量的变化呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势;蛋白质含量整体呈先急剧下降后上升再缓慢下降的趋势;氨基酸含量整体呈先上升后下降的趋势.综合各项指标进行综合评价,酵母浸膏液浸种对北柴胡种子的萌发具有明显的促进作用,其中以1.0％酵母浸膏液浸种效果最佳.     

生姜离体形态发生过程中生理生化指标的变化

以生姜离体培养形态发生过程中不同发育时期具有形态建成的愈伤组织和不具有形态建成的愈伤组织为材料,对其不同培养时间的可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量及酶POD,SOD、CAT活性进行了研究.试验结果表明,生姜愈伤组织的脱分化、再分化和植株再生等阶段与生理生化有密切的联系;同期具有形态建成的愈伤组织的几种生理生化指标均大于不具有形态建成愈伤组织;具有形态建成的愈伤组织的POD和SOD在愈伤组织的脱分化期起主导作用,CAT在愈伤组织的再分化期起主导作用,可溶性蛋白质在愈伤组织的脱分化期表现突出,在再分化期表现到极致,可溶性糖和淀粉含量在愈伤组织的脱分化期表现突出;不具有形态建成的愈伤组织的各种生理生化指标均表现不强.     

红松种胚发育过程中营养物质的动态变化

[目的]研究红松种子发育过程中的生理特性和变化规律,探明红松种胚发育成熟的机制,为红松种子发育的人工调控与体胚发生中碳源、有机物的添加提供参考。[方法]以处于胚胎发育不同时期的红松种子作为研究材料,监测种胚形态发育过程,分析可溶性糖、淀粉与蛋白质含量变化。[结果]红松种胚发育先后经历原胚期、裂生多胚期、柱状胚期、子叶胚前期、子叶胚期;原胚期至子叶胚前期是红松种子的快速生长阶段,裂生多胚期至子叶胚前期种子重量增加显著。可溶性糖含量呈现先快速增加后迅速降低的变化趋势;淀粉含量呈现持续递增的变化趋势,子叶胚前期和子叶胚期淀粉含量最高;蛋白质含量变化趋势与淀粉变化近似,但全程维持在较低的水平。[结论]红松种胚发育过程形态变化明显,形态建成与器官分化过程可溶性糖大量积累,发育晚期期可溶性淀粉与蛋白质含量较高。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.