落叶松种间及其杂种生长与形质性状评价研究

[目的]通过对落叶松种间及其杂种生长与形质性状评价来定向选育优良落叶松建筑材。[方法]以辽宁省大孤家林场32年生的落叶松试验林为实验材料,对落叶松属日本、兴安、长白及华北4个落叶松种,及以日本落叶松为母本的日本×兴安、日本×华北、日本×长白、日本×日本杂种的生长和形质性状进行变异规律分析,并采用模糊数学隶属函数对其差异显著指标进行综合评价。[结果]表明:落叶松种和杂种间生长差异显著(p<0.01),杂种胸径、树高和材积总生长量与母本差异不显著,却显著高于相应父本;杂种之间的生长差异体现在林分的前10年,随着林龄的增大优势逐渐减退;树冠特征因子中的枝下高、冠长、枝条直径、长度、角度和干形特征因子中的高径比、树干圆满度、节子直径、长度、角度在落叶松种和杂种间差异显著。基于上述指标进行了生长和形质性状综合评价,排名前三位的分别为日本×兴安、日本×长白和日本落叶松。32年生时日本×兴安的胸径、树高和材积分别为18.69 cm、21.62 m和0.339 2 m³;日本×长白的为18.44 cm、23.85 m和0.339 6 m³;日本落叶松的为19.36 cm、21.31 m和0.335 7 m³;而且它们在适应性上也具有明显优势。[结论]日本×兴安、日本×长白和日本落叶松适合作为定向培育建筑材的优良品种在东北地区重点推广。     

Behavior of four broad-leaved tree species used to revegetate eroded granite hill slopes

Information on primary growth behavior after planting is required for mixed-plantation revegetation using broad-leaved species. To estimate primary growth, especially from the perspective of crown coverage and changing growth rates, we examined the growth and survival of four broad-leaved species that are frequently used in erosion-control plantations in Japan. The species studied were Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc., Alnus pendula Matsum., Quercus glauca Thunb., and Q. serrata Thunb. The survival, height, and basal diameter of planted trees were measured over a 4-year period, and crown area was calculated over a 3-year period. We found a negative relationship between relative growth rate (RGR) and survival rate, suggesting that fast growth may be fatal when resources are severely limited. The relative height growth rate (RHGR) of A. pendula was especially high during the early period of the study (1997–1999) and then drastically declined, whereas the opposite tendency was observed in Q. glauca. The results of stem allometry analyses conformed to the specific relationships between height growth and diameter growth of the four species; increases in stem thickness based on height increments were smaller in the pioneer species A. pendula. Between-species differences in coverage per planted tree (mean crown area multiplied by survival rate) were small as a result of the negative relationship between coverage area and survival rate.     

Allometric model of the maximum size–density relationship between stem surface area and stand density

An allometric model of the maximum size–density relationship between mean stem surface area and stand density is proposed, and is fitted to data for even-aged pure stands of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.). To derive the model, the biomass density was defined as the ratio of the mean stem surface area to the side area of an imaginary column, of which radius and height were equal to the radius of the mean area occupied by a tree and mean tree height, respectively. According to the model, the slope of the maximum size–density relationship on logarithmic coordinates can be estimated from the allometric power relationships of mean tree height and biomass density to mean stem surface area. The resulting slope was −1.089 for the cedar and −0.974 for the cypress. The estimated maximum size–density relationship corresponded well with the combinations of mean stem surface area and stand density for the overcrowded stands of cedar and cypress. The steeper slope for cedar was attributed to the allocation of more resources to height growth compared to cypress. The maximum total stem surface area was approximated to be 1.483 ha/ha for cedar and 0.949 ha/ha for cypress stands. The difference in the maximum total stem surface area between the two species was produced by the characteristics related to tree height and stem biomass packing into space already occupied.     

Heartwood and sapwood variation in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees at the end of rotation for pulp wood production

The amount of heartwood and sapwood in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wood was determined in commercial pulpwood plantations at harvest age (12 to 15 years) in four ites in central portugal. twelve trees were sampled in each site at nine stem height levels. Heartwood was present in all the trees up to 82%–87% of the total tree height and amounted to 38%–41% of the total tree volume. The heartwood proportion in the stem cross-section decreased from the base upwards, representing 53.3% and 26.1% of the total area respectively at the base and 55% height level. The sapwood width remained relatively constant along the stem at a mean 38 mm up to the 55% height level. The trees within the site, the height level and their interaction were highly significant sources of variation for heartwood proportion and sapwood width. The heartwood diameter and sapwood width were positively correlated with radial tree growth.     

The effects of Taphrina betulina infection on growth of Betula pubescens

The impact of infection by Taphrina betulina on the growth of Betula pubescens was studied in naturally regenerated stands in the North East of Scotland. Infection by T. betulina was associated with a significant reduction in height growth and poorer developmental tendency, vigour, and stem quality of B. pubescens, whereas diameter at breast height was little affected. Tree height was reduced by an average of 25% over all diameter classes, with the greatest effect in smaller trees. For brooms of 100 mm diameter and over, numbers and sizes were strongly correlated with diameter at breast height and tree age. Reductions in height and vigour were not correlated with the number and size of brooms present, but were more pronounced in younger, smaller trees.     

白花泡桐树冠结构、生长性状的选择对于形改良的影响*

为了改良白花泡桐的干形，对树冠结构，生长性状与干形的遗传相关进行了剖析和通径分析，计算出主要树冠性状、生长性状对于干形的６３个选择指数方程。结果表明，胸径、小枝数、分枝总长、冠表面积和树高对形数，圆满度的决定系数在０．４０５～０．９４０和０．４２６～１．０６４之间。由以上５性状和形数或圆满度组成的综合选择指数方程效果最好。对形数选择遗传进度，相对效率分别为０．１５５和１５９．０１５７％。对圆满度选     

尖峰岭绿楠树生长过程的研究

对海南尖峰岭地区３０年生的热带乡土树种———绿楠人工林进行了样地调查,并进行了样木横剖树干解析,研究其生长规律及与环境的关系。研究结果表明：（１）绿楠是比较速生的树种,地径、胸径、树高和材积的年生长都呈多峰态曲线;（２）胸径年生长高峰值出现在第１１年,而树高年生长量高峰期晚于地径和胸径生长高峰值出现的年份;（３）在生长初期（８ａ前）,材积生长极缓慢,年生长量＜００００９ｍ３,其后开始较快增长,到第１７年出现最大值０００８６８ｍ３;（４）从平均生长量看,地径变化比较平缓;胸径在１４ａ前呈稳态上升趋势,１４ａ后呈平稳发展状态并略有下降;树高在１９ａ前基本呈稳态上升趋势,１９ａ后保持在０５０ｍ／ａ左右,并呈缓慢地下降趋势;材积一直是随着年龄的增加而增加;（５）不同坡位的水肥等条件不同,因而影响了绿楠树的生长,离水沟最近的下坡地的树高和胸径比上坡分别大３７５％和２９１％;（６）绿楠树地径、胸径和树高的连年生长变化趋势基本上与降雨蒸发比（Ｒ／Ｅ）变化趋势相一致,说明水分状况是影响绿楠生长的一个重要环境因子。     

北美鹅掌楸人工林生长规律及早期选择可行性探究

[目的]北美鹅掌楸为优良的珍贵用材树种,研究其生长发育规律及生长性状早晚期相关对于北美鹅掌楸人工林高效培育有重要的指导意义。[方法]本文利用树干解析的方法对江苏句容24年生的北美鹅掌楸人工林生长规律研究,并在此基础上进行胸径、树高和材积性状的年年相关分析以及早期选择效率评价。[结果]研究结果表明:北美鹅掌楸胸径、树高从6 a进入快速生长期,持续到17 a,而材积则在1 10 a增长缓慢,12 a后进入速生期,生长速率在20 a达到最大,22 a后逐渐降低,林分接近数量成熟。生长性状的年年相关及早期选择效率分析结果表明:胸径、树高在6 a与18 a显著相关,材积在6 a与16 a达到显著相关,且此时选择效率最高;若以24 a为伐期年龄早晚相关分析,胸径、材积在16 a与24 a生长量达到显著相关水平,而树高则为14 a。[结论]北美鹅掌楸胸径、树高早期增速较快,进入中壮龄阶段竞争加剧,个体间分化增大。随着林分年龄的增长,研究获得的早期选择年龄也相应地延迟。从加速育种角度,在6 a进行早期选择较为合理,而在培育大径材北美鹅掌楸方面可以16 a之后再进行疏伐选择。     

Precommercial thinning of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): Early effects of stump height on growth and natural pruning of potential crop trees

Abstract

This paper reports the early effects of stump height on the growth and natural pruning of potential crop trees after precommercial thinning of a young stand of naturally regenerated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Denmark. The experiment comprises five treatments based on combinations of three grades of precommercial thinning and three stump heights. Treatments include the unthinned control, thinning only of whips and wolf trees (using low stumps), and thinning for potential crop trees using low, medium or high stumps. All treatments were replicated three times. Stump heights averaged 10, 90 or 230 cm, respectively. Pretreatment stem number (live trees) varied from 17,500 to 41,000 ha^?1. In the potential crop tree treatment, post-treatment stem number ranged from 4750 to 9500 ha^?1. Following two growth seasons, the quantity of stump regrowth increased with increasing stump height, the rate of stump regrowth increased with increasing stump height, the diameter growth of potential crop trees increased with decreasing stump height, the increase in stand height did not depend on stump height or post-treatment stem number, and the natural pruning of potential crop trees increased with increasing stump height. It remains to be seen whether these trends hold in the long run, and whether additional economic return from the increase in wood quality with increasing stump height compensates for the reduction in diameter growth.     

Influence of canopy structure on the survival and growth of underplanted seedlings

This study explores the indirect relationship between forest structural measures and initial seedling survival and growth along a structural gradient between 64% to 92% canopy closure. The gradient was created by applying various levels of midstory removal to fifty 0.05 ha areas located within a mixed-hardwood riparian forest corridor. Twelve yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) containerized seedling pairs were underplanted within each area. Canopy closure was estimated using hemispherical photography; height-to-canopy and basal area were recorded at each seedling pair. Survival, basal diameter, and height were monitored through two growing seasons. Species-specific mortality and height growth models were developed for one and two growing seasons following underplanting. The interaction of height-to-canopy and basal area along with canopy closure were found to be the most strongly related to mortality. Height to the forest canopy and initial seedling size explained the most variance in height increment. Although the height increment models possess limited predictive power (R² range from 0.22 to 0.36), both mortality and growth analyses emphasize the importance of quantifying vertical canopy structure, along with the more commonly considered horizontal measures of forest structure (basal area and stem density), when evaluating seedling development beneath a forest canopy.     

Integrated individual tree biomass simultaneous equations for two larch species in northeastern and northern China

Forest biomass estimation at large scale has become an important topic in the background of facing global climate change, and it is fundamental to develop individual tree biomass equations suitable for large-scale estimation. Based on the measured data of biomass components and stem volume from 100 sample trees of two larch species (Larix gmelinii and L. principis-rupprechtii) in northeastern and northern China, an integrated equation system including individual tree biomass equations, stem volume equation and height–diameter regression model were constructed using the dummy variable model and error-in-variable simultaneous equations. In the system, all the parameters of equations were estimated simultaneously, so that the aboveground biomass equation was compatible to stem volume equation and biomass conversion factor (B_CF) function; the belowground biomass equation was compatible to root-to-shoot ratio (R_SR) function; and stem wood, stem bark, branch and foliage biomass equations were additive to aboveground biomass equation. In addition, the system also ensured the compatibility between one- and two-variable models. The results showed that: (1) whether aboveground biomass equations or belowground biomass equations and stem volume equations, the estimates for larch in northeastern China were greater than those in northern China; (2) B_CF of a larch tree decreased with the growing diameter while R_SR increased with the growing diameter; (3) the proportion of stem wood biomass to aboveground biomass increased with the growing diameter while those of stem bark, branch, and foliage biomass decreased.     

Influence of early thinning in broadleaved stands on development of remaining stems

Abstract

Precommercial thinning studies were performed in eight hardwood stands in southern Sweden. Birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.) was the dominating tree species, but aspen (Populus tremula L.), black alder [Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.] and lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) were also present. Main stems were selected before thinning. Three treatments were applied in each stand: (1) no thinning (control), (2) standard thinning, and (3) strong thinning, i.e. leaving about two-thirds of the stem number of treatment 2. Each treatment was replicated three times on all sites. The development of the main stems were recorded during the five consecutive years. Breast height diameter and green crown size (length and width) developed significantly more slowly in the control treatment than in the thinned ones, whereas tree height development was little affected by treatment. Simulation of 10 years’ future growth from the time of the end of the study indicated that future diameter growth will be lower in initially non-thinned stands than in immediately thinned ones. The study results stress the importance for future growth of proper early silviculture in young broadleaved stands (i.e. early and high intensity thinning), a topic that has not been fully evaluated before.     

广西大青山柚木人工林生长过程研究

[目的]研究柚木人工林生长过程及其与气象因子的相关性,为柚木抚育经营提供理论依据。[方法]以优良、中等和差3种生长类型的30余年生柚木人工林为对象,基于样地调查,选取优势木、平均木、被压木进行树干解析,对比分析其生长过程,应用灰色关联分析法揭示气象因子对柚木生长的影响。[结果]表明:3种生长类型林分柚木胸径、树高和材积生长过程基本一致,各分级木的生长过程亦相似,其胸径平均和连年生长量随年龄的增大呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,树高生长整体上呈下降趋势,材积生长则呈递增趋势。各优良林分的林木及各类型林分的优势木,其胸径、材积平均和连年生长量较大,速生期持续时间长,生长衰减慢,而其树高生长量的优势相对不明显;30余年生时柚木尚未达数量成熟龄。各类型林分间柚木生长与气象因子关系的差异仅体现在胸径,优良林分胸径连年生长量主要受极端低温影响,而中等和差林分则与年均降水量相关性最大;各分级木间柚木生长与气象因子的关系无明显差异;影响树高和材积连年生长量的最主要气象因子分别为年均降水量和年均气温。[结论]柚木各生长类型及分级木的生长过程整体趋势基本一致,其差异主要体现在生长量大小和快速生长期长短。约30年生柚木人工林仍未达到数量成熟,后期抚育经营对于其优质大径材高效培育仍不可忽视。     

Factors influencing the formation of heartwood discolouration in sycamore (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer pseudoplatanus</Emphasis> L.)

Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) is a tree species with highly valuable wood. Similar to European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), the stemwood of sycamore can be devalued due to the discolouration i.e. brown heart (hearwood discolouration, hereafter). This paper aims to establish the influence of tree traits and site characteristics on the formation of heartwood discolouration and the possibility of predicting the occurrence of heartwood discolouration. For this purpose, 351 sycamore trees from 38 sites in Slovenia, most of them on carbonate bedrock and in the mountain vegetation belt, were analysed. Stem analysis was carried out on all the trees and the age, diameter at breast height (dbh), height of crown base, forking and crown size, were established. On the stump and upper fronts of the first and second logs, the maximum heartwood discolouration diameter was measured. Using logistic regression, the positive influence of age, relative crown length and average diameter increment on the formation of heartwood discolouration was ascertained. Conversely, the probability of heartwood discolouration was diminished by diameter increment in the last 20 years. In the less productive sites, the probability of formation of heartwood discolouration was relatively high in small diameter trees, but it increased slowly with diameter. Tree forking also contributed to a large extent of the heartwood discolouration. After the diameter at breast height achieves 45 cm, the formation of heartwood discolouration on the first log is highly probable. As in beech, the heartwood discolouration increases along the stem axis up to a height of 6–8 m, and decreases in the higher parts of the tree.     

Picea abies sapwood width: Variations within and between trees

Abstract

This study focused on the amount of sapwood and its variation by means of computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Twenty-four trees were selected from four Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands in north-eastern France, varying in age, density and fertility. In each stand, sampled trees represented the dominant, co-dominant and suppressed strata. The heartwood/sapwood boundary was detected from the CT images, and the heartwood and sapwood amount and their variations were then evaluated. At the within-tree level sapwood width was relatively constant along the tree stem above the butt swelling and below the living crown. The between-tree sapwood width variations were partially explained by the total cross-sectional area of living branches. This result opens up the possibility of investigating within-tree allometric relationships. Sapwood width was found to be highly correlated with tree slendemess (tree height/breast height diameter) and with the relative height of the crown. This suggests that sapwood width could be readily predicted from conventional forest inventory measurements. The number of sapwood rings within the stem was largely dependent on cambial age, and could be determined dynamically using the concept of mean lifetime of sapwood rings.     

林木竞争对臭冷杉生物量分配的影响

用不同高度树干直径建立并比较臭冷杉各器官生物量方程,分析林木竞争对臭冷杉地上、地下生物量分配的影响。结果表明:臭冷杉不同高度树干直径中,胸径是预测各器官生物量的最可靠变量;利用不同高度树干直径建立各器官生物量方程均会高估小个体样木(直径≤10cm)的生物量,并且随着直径增大,预测误差也随之增大;臭冷杉地上生物量与地下生物量的比值(T/R)与树木年龄、单株生物量、整株生物量年均生长率及树高年均生长率间均没有显著相关性(P>0.05);随着竞争增强,臭冷杉树干生物量占单株生物量的比例逐渐减小,枝叶生物量比例逐渐增大,而粗根生物量比例则基本保持不变;胸径年均生长率、树高年均生长率及单株生物量年均生长率均随着竞争强度增大逐渐减小,而T/R值并不受林木竞争的影响。     

A model for the relationship between form-factors for stem volume and those for stem surface area in coniferous species

A model that describes the relationship between the form-factors for stem volume and those for stem surface area in coniferous species is proposed. The model is derived assuming that the stem form of a tree can be expressed by Kunze's equation. The model indicated that the form-factor for stem surface area was directly proportional to the square root of the form-factor for stem surface volume, independent of the stem position. The proposed model expressed the relationship of the form-factors for Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) trees well. Therefore, the form-factors for stem surface area could be estimated from those for stem volume. No significant difference in the coefficient was found between Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress trees, indicating that the proportional coefficient would be common between the two species. Many studies have shown that the form-factors for stem volume at 0.7 and 0.5 in relative height were, respectively, almost steady at 0.7 and 1.0, independent of species, district, density control, and growth stage. Substituting these universal values into the proposed model, the form-factors for stem surface area at 0.7 and 0.5 in relative height were estimated to be 0.730 and 0.873, respectively. The estimated values of the form-factors for stem surface area would be universal for coniferous species. The proposed model also showed that the breast height form-factor for stem surface area decreased sharply with the increase in total tree height, when the height was less than 10 m. However, after the tree attained the total height of 10 m, the breast height form-factor gradually decreased with the total tree height approaching its asymptotic value of 0.605. In conclusion, the model proposed here can be used to describe the relationship between form-factors for stem volume and those for stem surface area successfully.     

水曲柳造林密度与林分生长的关系

为确定水曲柳人工林合理的造林密度,以帽儿山实验林场10年生的水曲柳密度试验林为研究对象,分析了造林密度对林分生长的影响,结果表明：1m×1m（A）、1．5m×1．5m（B）、2m×2m（C）、3m×1．5m（D）4种不同造林密度对林木生长、林木的干形、林分的产量均有显著地影响,其中林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅、单株叶面积、冠高比随密度的减小而显著增大;造林密度对树高生长、叶面积指数无显著影响。综合比较4种密度水平林分,C水平的造林密度是最为合理的。     

Correlations and clines in tree growth and wood density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Balanites aegyptiaca</Emphasis> (L.) Delile provenances in Niger

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile provides wood and other essential products for farming and pastoralist communities in the West African Sahel. In this region, mean annual rainfall decreases in general from south to north and from west to east, so one might expect clinal variation in fitness-related traits in relation to the rainfall gradients. This paper presents results from a provenance/progeny test of 11 provenances sampled in Niger and established at one relatively dry site in Niger. The objectives were to evaluate phenotypic correlations (Pearson r) between tree growth (height, stem diameter) and basic density of the wood, and clines in growth and density at 13 years. Tree growth and wood density were positively correlated, and the correlations differed among provenances. Mean tree height and stem diameter of provenances increased, in general, from the more humid to the drier parts of the sample region. Results suggest that selection of faster-growing trees could lead to an increase in wood volume and density in the subsequent generation, especially in certain provenances; that provenances from drier areas are better adapted to drought; and that tree improvement and conservation programs should collect seeds from populations in the drier areas for planting and conservation.     

Critical tidal level for forestation with hypocotyl of Rhizophora stylosa Griff along the Guangxi coast of China

From August 2004 to August 2005, three replicate experimental platforms were constructed in a section of the tidal flats in Yingluo Bay, Guangxi Province to study the growth and physiological responses of Rhizophora stylosa Griff seedlings to tidal waterlogging stress in a diurnal tidal zone. A total of eight tidal flat elevation (TFE) treatments, i.e., 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380 and 390 cm above Yellow Sea Datum (YSD), were created on each platform. The results showed that lower TFEs (320–330 cm YSD) slightly increased the seedling stem height of 1-year old seedlings, while higher TFEs (>340 cm YSD) increased the seedling growth significantly. Moderate TFEs (350–370 cm YSD) favored the development of knots. Number of leaves, leaf conservation rate and leaf area per seedling all decreased dramatically with decreasing TFE. Lower TFEs caused large damage to Chl a, but Chl b was less affected. The Chl a/b ratio decreased with decreasing TFE. Prolonged waterlogging induced higher SOD activity in roots, while moderate TFE inhibited the SOD activity in leaves. The POD activity in roots and leaves increased with decreasing TFE. Waterlogging stress decreased the biomass of individual organs and entire seedlings. With increasing waterlogging, the biomass partitioning in 1-year old seedlings increased from leaf to stem. The survival rate decreased sharply from 88.9% to 40.0% as TFE decreased, while more than 80% of the seedlings were able to survive at the TFE level of 370 cm YSD and above. We propose that the local mean sea level should be adopted as the critical tidal level for forestation with hypocotyls of R. stylosa along the Guangxi coast.