通过HRM技术筛查与梨矮生性状决定位点PcDw紧密连锁的SNP标记

在果树的基因组中存在大量的SNP（single nucleotide polymorphism）位点,筛查与目标性状紧密连锁的SNP标记,对目标基因的精细定位具有重要意义。以‘矮生梨’（Pyrus communis L.‘Aishengli’）与‘茌梨’（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.‘Chili’）的F1杂交分离群体共215个单株为试材,参考苹果基因组的序列设计26对适合HRM分析的引物,依据分离群体分组分析（bulked segregant analysis,BSA）原理,通过高通量熔解曲线（high resolution melting,HRM）分析,筛选到两个与决定梨矮生性状的PcDw基因连锁的标记CNqau012和CNqau039,二者与目标位点的连锁距离分别是13.3 cM和2.3 cM。对CNqau012和CNqau039的扩增子测序分析表明,在矮生型与普通型中都存在一处单核苷酸变化（分别是G/A和C/T）。这些标记的获得对PcDw基因的精细定位及克隆具有重要意义。     

Molecular marker analyses of pistachio rootstocks by Simple Sequence Repeats and Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphisms

Summary

Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) molecular marker systems were used to analyse four commercially important pistachio rootstocks: two species of Pistacia atlantica (cv. ‘Standard Atlantica’), P. integerrima (cv. ‘Pioneer Gold’) and two interspecific hybrids of the same, ‘Pioneer Gold II’ (‘PGII’) and ‘University of California at Berkeley 1’ (‘UCB-1’). A total of 35 putative alleles were detected by 12 SSR primer pairs with an average of 2.9 alleles per locus. The number of putative alleles ranged from 2 to 5 in the pistachio rootstocks tested. The number of bands produced by the SRAP protocol was highly variable, ranging from 11 to 38, with an average of 25.2 per primer combination. Eight primer combinations resulted in 104 (51%) polymorphic markers in these samples. SSR and SRAP markers successfully identified all pistachio rootstocks tested from their unique fingerprints. Both SSR and SRAP molecular markers confirmed that the observed variation in ‘UCB-1’ rootstock is genetic.Thus, there will always be variation among ‘UCB-1’ hybrid seedling progeny due to the segregation of alleles when propagated by seed.We also found evidence of contaminating pollen other than from P. integerrima in some hybrid ‘UCB-1’ rootstock progeny produced by closed pollination. Only alleles from the cultivar ‘Standard Atlantica’ were observed in abnormal ‘UCB-1’ rootstock in the nursery. We found that the poor performance of the scion cv. ‘Kerman’ on ‘UCB-1’ rootstock was not due to ‘UCB-1' rootstocks displaying abnormal behaviour in the nursery. We have successfully developed two efficient marker systems for genome analyses in pistachio, which can be used for identification and management in pistachio rootstock production.     

Genetics and molecular mapping of gynoecious (F) locus in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Gynoecious is an important economic trait of cucumber for determinant of earliness and yield, yet genetic mechanism is not well understood for this trait. The experiment was conducted using F₂ mapping population by crossing of PPC-2, a gynoecious and parthenocarpic line with Pusa Uday (monoecious and non-parthenocarpic cultivar). Out of 179 SSR markers screened, 39 markers differentiated the gynoecious and monoecious parents. However, only 17 markers were segregating with F₂ mapping population, those were used for genotyping and linkage map analysis and these markers were placed along with F locus on chromosome 6 covering a total distance of 100.4cM. The SSR markers, SSR13251 and UW020605 were found to be closely linked to gynoecious (F) locus at 1.0 and 4.5 cM, respectively. The segregation of F₂ population of PPC-2 × Pusa Uday and GPC-1 × Punjab Naveen and test crosses for sex type herein suggested that single dominant gene controlled the gynoecious sex expression in cucumber particularly in gynoecious genotypes PPC-2 and GPC-1. Therefore, the monogenic dominant nature of gynoecious sex identified in the present experiment and SSR markers closely linked to the F locus will be useful in marker-assisted backcross breeding for transfering gynoecious trait into horticulturally desirable varieties.     

梨果实褐皮性状的SSR标记

以梨品种‘黄金’（Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai‘Whangkeumbae’）与‘砀山酥’（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.‘Dangshansu’）的F1代杂交分离群体为试材,用分离群体分组分析法（Bulked Segregant Analysis,BSA）对果实褐皮性状进行了SSR分子标记研究。通过对源自梨和苹果基因组的281对SSR引物的筛选,获得了与梨果实褐皮性状相连锁的SSR标记CH01c06和Hi20b03,遗传连锁距离分别为4.8 cM和12.0 cM,据此,将控制该性状的基因定位在梨公共遗传图谱的LG8上。     

梨矮化基因pcDw的SSR标记定位

以矮化梨(Pyrus communis L.)与茌梨(P.bretschneideri Rehd.)的F1杂交分离群体共110个单株(3a生,矮化型和正常型各55株)为试材,对来自西洋梨的矮化型突变基因pcDw进行了SSR分子标记研究。用分离群体分组分析法(Bulked Segregant Analysis,BSA),通过对源自梨、苹果和桃基因组的共40对SSR(Simple Sequence Repeat)引物的筛选,获得了一个与pcDw基因连锁距离为9.3cM的SSR标记KA14210,由此将该基因定位到了梨品种Barlett遗传图谱的第16连锁群上。     

桃分子连锁图的构建与分析

 以‘大久保’与‘兴津油桃’杂交的F2代109 株群体为试材, 采用AFLP、RAPD、SSR 分子标记进行遗传分析。筛选扩增稳定、多态性丰富的36 对AFL P 引物、3 对SSR 引物、2 对RAPD 引物进行群体分离分析, 获得分离标记136 个, 卡方检验27 个标记偏离孟德尔分离比例。应用Mapmaker 分析软件将符合孟德尔遗传分离比例的标记构建了包含11 个连锁群的连锁图谱, 每个连锁群包含3～21 个标记, 平均为8.73 个标记。该图谱覆盖基因组1061.8 cM , 11 个连锁群的平均长度为96.5 cM , 标记间平均图距为11.0 cM , 与果实毛/ 油桃( G/ g) 、白/ 黄肉( Y/ y) 连锁的RAPD 标记、非酸/ 酸(D/ d) 性状连锁的AFLP标记分别定位在第3 、7 、9 连锁群上。     

苹果酸度基因（Ma）SSR 标记及遗传分析

 研究果实含酸量的遗传特性及其酸度基因的分子标记可以为果品品质育种提供辅助手段。以果实低酸的‘短枝富士’（Spur Fuji）和高酸的‘粉红女士’（Pink Lady）F₁代群体（216株）为试材，利用SSR（simple sequence repeat）技术，结合集群分类分析法（bulked segregation analysis，BSA）进行了苹果酸度基因（Ma）分子标记研究。经过102对SSR引物的筛选，获得了与果实酸性状紧密连锁的分子标记CH03d12₁₀₄和CH03d12₁₁₈两个位点，连锁距离分别为3.24和2.31 cM。分析表明Ma₁与Ma₂对果实含酸量有控制作用，Ma对ma表现为完全显性。     

苹果果实酸/低酸性状的SSR分析

 以91株‘东光’和‘富士’的正反交F₁ 代群体为试材, 测定了成熟果实可滴定酸含量和果实不同发育阶段苹果酸含量的变化, 从表型上分析了苹果酸的遗传规律。利用140对共显性遗传的SSR引物对高酸和低酸个体群体分离分析, 筛选到一个与果实酸/低酸性状连锁的标记SDY085, 遗传距离为8.89 cM, 表型分析和标记分析都表明苹果果实酸/低酸性状由一对主效基因Ma/ma控制, 并且Ma对ma为完全显性, 而酸个体中苹果酸的连续分布则是加性多基因作用的结果。     

Application of five DNA marker techniques to distinguish between five apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars and their sports

Summary

Genetic variation between five apple cultivars (‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Gala’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘?ampion’, and ‘Idared’) and ten of their sports (‘Golden Delicious Reinders’, ‘Goldrosio’, ‘Gala Must’, ‘Gala Schniga Schnitzer’, ‘Jonagored’, ‘Jonagold Excel’, ‘Szampion Arno’, ‘Szampion Reno Malinowy’, ‘Idaredest’, and ‘Red Idared’) was investigated using five types of DNA markers: Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Sequence-Specific Amplified Polymorphism (S-SAP), and Inter-Primer Binding Site (iPBS) amplification. In total, 941 polymorphic amplified fragments were obtained using 12 ISSR, 12 SSR, ten AFLP, 19 iPBS, and 15 S-SAP primers or primer pairs. Four of the above-described techniques (except for SSRs with the primer pairs used in this study) were able to distinguish between the sports and their parental cultivar. The most effective technique to distinguish between the genotypes analysed was S-SAP, which detects variations in DNA regions flanking retrotransposon insertion sites.The combined use of ISSR,AFLP, iPBS, and S-SAP markers identified and distinguished all of the sports tested.     

A new set of microsatellite markers for Fragaria species and their application in linkage analysis

Summary

This study reports the development of 68 new microsatellite markers. Of these, 45 were obtained, together with 20 others already published, from an AC-enriched genomic library of the wild strawberry Fragaria vesca. The 68 markers were tested for transportability to the cultivated strawberry F. ananassa ‘Miss’ and 83% gave positive amplifications. Twenty pairs of primers were selected and tested for their transportability to 16 Fragaria taxa and eight species of Rosaceae (peach, almond, apricot, European and Sino-Japanese plums, sweet and sour cherry, apple). The average proportion of primers amplifying loci in Fragaria was 69%, while the transportability to Rosaceae was very low and resulted in null amplification for 80% of the primer pairs. In addition, 23 microsatellite markers were developed from F. ananassa ‘expressed sequence tags’ databases. A total of 141 primer pairs from these and published primers, were tested for polymorphism in the two parents (91.333.2 and ‘Snovit’; both belonging to F. vesca) of a full sib population of 46 individuals. Fifty-eight percent of the primers were discarded because they were monomorphic, or were difficult to interpret, or their allelic conformation was not useful for mapping. The segregation of 73 primers was tested in the progeny and a partial map of the female parent was constructed, based on the segregation of 66 useful markers that were ordered into eight linkage groups of which four had from seven to 14 markers.     

苹果柱型基因的ISSR分子标记研究

 以普通型苹果品种‘富士’和柱型苹果‘舞姿’以及其杂交后代的柱型与非柱型实生苗为试材, 建立了苹果的ISSR ( Inter-Simple Squence Repeat polymorphic DNA) 分子标记体系, 并将ISSR 标记用于苹果柱型基因Co 的遗传分析。结果表明, 在20μL 反应体系中各组分的用量为Taq DNA 聚合酶1U、Mg²⁺ 的浓度为2.5 mmol·L^-1 、模板DNA 用量20 ng、引物浓度0.2μmol·L - 1及退火温度52 ℃, 80 %引物具有良好的扩增能力。调整模板DNA 的用量、引物浓度及退火温度能够优化苹果ISSR-PCR 扩增体系。从所筛选的65 个引物中获得了35 个ISSR 标记, 其中33 个标记呈现1∶1 分离, 可用于苹果柱型基因的遗传分析。     

An R package for SNP marker-based parent-offspring tests

Background

With the advancement of genotyping technologies, whole genome and high-density SNP markers have been widely used for genotyping of mapping populations and for characterization of germplasm lines in many crops. Before conducting SNP data analysis, it is necessary to check the individuals to ensure the integrity of lines for further data analysis.

Results

We have developed an R package to conduct a parent-offspring test of individuals which are genotyped with a fixed set of SNP markers for further genetic studies. The program uses monomorphic SNP loci between parents and their progeny genotypes to calculate the similarity between each offspring and their parents. Based on the similarity of parents and individual offspring, the users can determine the threshold level for the individuals to be included for further data analysis. We used an F₅-derived soybean population of ‘5601T’ x PI 157440 that was genotyped with 1,536 SNPs to illustrate the procedure and its application.

Conclusions

The R package ‘ParentOffspring’ coupled with the available SNP genotyping platforms could be used to detect the possible variants in a specific cross, as well as the potential errors in sample handling and genotyping processes. It can be used in any crop which is genotyped with a fixed set of SNP markers.

     

Race-specific genetics of resistance to black rot disease [Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) (Pammel) Dowson] and the development of three random amplified polymorphic DNA markers in cauliflower

Summary

In order to understand the genetics of resistance to black rot disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) (Pammel) Dowson in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that segregate with the resistance genes, susceptible (‘Pusa Himjyoti’, female parent) and resistant (‘BR-161’, pollen parent) plants were crossed. Six generations of plants (30 P₁, 30 P₂,30 F₁, 120 F₂, 90 B₁, and 90 B₂) were evaluated for the presence or absence of black rot disease in a randomised block design with three replications. The pattern of segregation of resistance was tested by the χ² test at the 5% level of significance. All F₁ progeny plants were resistant, and the segregation of resistant and susceptible plants in the F₂ and two backcross generations (B₁ and B₂) showed that a single dominant gene caused resistance to the black rot pathogen in ‘BR-161’. Three polymorphic RAPD markers (OPO-04₈₃₃, OPAW-20₂₅₃₈, and OPG-25₆₂₅) were found by bulk segregant analysis, which produced unique amplicons 833 bp, 2,538 bp, and 625 bp in length, respectively. These markers were associated in coupling phase to the resistance allele. Best fit ratios of 3:1 (resistant:susceptible) in the F₂ plants with the three RAPD markers, suggested that the markers were linked to the single gene controlling black rot resistance. These markers will be useful to identify more closely-linked markers and to develop black rot-resistant hybrid cauliflower varieties.     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci for carotenoid pigmentation in flower tepals of Asiatic hybrid lily

Flower pigmentation is one of the most important traits for ornamental plants. To clarify the genetic basis for carotenoid pigmentation in flower tepals of Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium sp.), we evaluated the segregation of a tepal-carotenoid content among F₁ plants derived from a cross between ‘Montreux’ (having a small amount of carotenoids) and ‘Connecticut King’ (having a large amount of carotenoids), and mapped genetic loci for the carotenoid pigmentation onto the molecular linkage maps of ‘Montreux’ and ‘Connecticut King’ that we constructed previously. The tepal-carotenoid content among the F₁ plants showed continuous segregation, indicating that several genes are associated with this trait. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis identified one QTL, qCARmon6, on the sixth linkage group of the ‘Montreux’ map. qCARmon6 explained 58.2% of the total phenotypic variation, that is, this locus had a large effect on the carotenoid accumulation. The result that qCARmon6 was mapped on the linkage group of ‘Montreux’ which has a small amount of carotenoid pigments in tepals indicates that this locus has a dominant negative effect on carotenoid pigmentation.     

梨果实酸/低酸性状的SSR分析

以八月红(Pyrus communis L.‘Bayuehong')×砀山酥梨(P.× bretshneider‘Dangshansuli')F1代杂交分离群体(共118株)为试材,测定了成熟果实的酸含量,从表型上分析了梨果实含酸量的遗传规律.利用225对源自梨和苹果基因组的SSR引物,结合分离群体分离分析法(Bulk...     

梨遗传连锁图谱的构建及部分果实性状QTL的定位

利用八月红梨和砀山酥梨杂交得到的F1代实生苗为作图群体,应用Joinmap3.0作图软件,构建了一张包含61个苹果EST-SSR标记、68个苹果SSR标记、49个梨SSR标记、1个RAPD标记和3个质量性状标记,共182个标记并分属于19个连锁群的梨遗传连锁图谱,图谱总长度为982cM,标记间平均图距5.4cM。控制果皮红色的基因RFS位于LG3连锁群上,与最近的分子标记MES93-264p的遗传距离分别为9cM。控制果锈存在的基因FR、控制萼片脱落性状的基因AS分别位于LG16连锁群和LG12连锁群上。采用区间作图法,检测到与果实可溶性固形物含量、单果质量、横径和纵径等性状连锁的QTL位点21个(LOD≥2.5),其中主效QTL位点6个(LOD≥3.5),与果实性状相关QTL位点多集中在LG7和LG11连锁群上。     

苹果基因组分子生物学研究进展

借助分子标记手段苹果基因组研究取得了巨大成就,涉及苹果的抗性、生长发育、果实品质等各方面基因,综合有关文献,将其研究的主要成果,包括已发现的主要苹果遗传标记、已构建的苹果遗传连锁图谱及苹果的转基因研究进行综述,并对目前苹果基因组研究存在的问题和对策进行了分析,以期为苹果遗传育种提供参考。     

Molecular characterisation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties using ISSR and SSR markers

The present study was carried out to standardise a DNA isolation protocol for coconut and to characterize five coconut varieties using 18 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. DNA was extracted from tender young leaf samples collected from the fronds of five different trees of each coconut variety. A protocol using 0.095 g ml^?1 glucose, 0.025 g ml^?1 polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.0045 g ml^?1 sodium bisulphite, 0.0055 g ml^?1 sodium dodecyl sulphate, and 50 µl ml^?1 sarcosine produced good quality DNA. The average polymorphism percentages revealed using ISSR or SSR markers between the five varieties were 31.9% or 92.9%, respectively. Using ISSR markers, the overall similarity between all five varieties ranged from 0.657 to 0.775, whereas it was 0.037–0.304 using SSR markers. The levels of polymorphism detected using ISSR markers among the five samples each of ‘Banawali’, ‘Gangabondum Green Dwarf’, ‘Pratap’, ‘Konkan Bhatye Coconut Hybrid-I’, and ‘East Coast Tall’ were 23.2%, 24.2%, 25.6%, 27.1%, and 21.2%, respectively. The levels of polymorphism detected using SSR markers among the five samples of the same five varieties were 85.7%, 86.9%, 85.7%, 100%, and 92.9%, respectively. This study indicated that genetic variation existed both between and within samples of each of the five varieties of coconut. SSR markers were superior to ISSR markers. The extent of genetic variation obtained within a variety was not expected, so it is essential to maintain seed purity via artificial pollination.     

苹果遗传连锁图谱构建及抗早期落叶病的基因定位

以“秦冠”ד富士”F1群体的158个株系为试材,得到最佳SSR- PCR反应体系:在20 μL总的反应体系中Taq DNA聚合酶0.5U、引物0.1μmol/L、Mg2+ 1.8 mmol/L、模板DNA浓度15 ng/μL、dNTPs 0.30 mmol/L.利用SSR分子标记,采用JoinMap 3.0软件构建“秦冠”ד富士”的遗传连锁图谱.结果表明:从340对SSR引物中筛选出49对具有多态性的引物,在群体中共获得75个SSR标记,其中17个不符合孟德尔遗传规律,其余27个位点可定位到10个连锁群上.对苹果杂交F1代早期落叶病进行抗性遗传分析,最后将抗早期落叶病基因定位到了遗传连锁图谱中的第10个连锁群上.与已经发表的苹果遗传连锁框架图对比结果表明,抗早期落叶病基因被定位在已发表图谱的第8连锁群上.     

Studies on canning-qualities of tomato

Five tomato cultivars, ‘Pusa Ruby’, ‘Chico Grande’, ‘Sugar Gimar’, ‘Italian Red Pear’ and ‘Roma’, their F₁ hybrids, back crosses and F₂ progeny, were evaluated for fruit-quality and canning-behaviour.The fruits of ‘Pusa Ruby’ were many-loculed, thin fleshed, flat-to-round and soft with good flesh colour, while the others were few-loculed, thick fleshed, oval-to-pear shaped and firm, with poor flesh colour. Fruits from the F₁ generations of the crosses between the two types were intermediate in a majority of the above characteristics. Cut-out tests and evaluation of canned tomatoes revealed that ‘Roma’ and the F₁ and back-crosses to both parents of ‘Pusa Ruby’ × ‘Chico Grande’, and the F₁ of ‘Pusa Ruby’ × ‘Italian Red Pear’ were suitable for whole-fruit canning. The F₁s of ‘Pusa Ruby’ × ‘Chico Grande’, which out-yielded all others, hold promise as the best material for canning.