扁桃花粉的发生及发育

以扁桃品种双果为试材,对扁桃小孢子和雄配子体形成的全过程进行了解剖学观察,结果表明:扁桃雄性孢原细胞在9月底分化完成,越冬前形成小孢子母细胞,11月下旬开始进行减数分裂,在越冬期减数分裂过程仍在继续,孢质分裂类型为同时型,成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型;绒毡层为腺质绒毡层类型;部分花药中产生巨型花粉粒,生长势弱的树体形成较多巨型花粉粒。又以新疆喀什地区4个扁桃主栽品种为试材,进行了花粉的数量、败育率和萌发率的测定,结果表明:双果的花粉量最大,纸皮的花粉败育率最低、萌发率最高,麻壳花粉量最少而败育率最高。     

Preliminary studies on microsporogenesis in Prunus salicina Lindl.

Summary

In most areas of cultivation, the productivity of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) and related hybrids is inconsistent and dependent on artificial pollination to overcome the low fecundity rate. Anomalous development during microsporogenesis in P. salicina can generate malformed and non-viable male gametes, hence causing fecundity problems. The objective of this work was to study the process of microsporogenesis in eight different P. salicina genotypes by applying optical and fluorescence microscopy and histological assays. Results obtained showed a normal pattern of microspore development, with mature pollen grains in some accessions. Nevertheless, other genotypes exhibited different anomalies, such as a lack of cytokinesis in the tetrad phase, the development of dyads, and the presence of very vacuolised tapetal cells followed by their degeneration within the tapetal cell wall. All the aberrant features could be associated with male sterility in the genotypes studied. A high correlation existed between the irregular development of microspores and the low viability of pollen grains.     

火龙果的小孢子发生和雄配子形成

采用石蜡制片和临时压片的方法观察了光明1号火龙果(Hylocereus undatus Britt.et Rose)的小孢子发生与雄配子形成。结果表明,花药4室,中层分化于次生造孢时期,消失于四分体时期。绒毡层为腺质型,在小孢子母细胞减数分裂时期发育达到顶峰,后逐渐退化,至2-细胞花粉时期完全消失。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体多数为四面体型,少数为左右对称型。花粉粒正圆形,具3条萌发沟,成熟的花粉粒为3-细胞型。     

新高及爱宕梨雄性不育特性及其败育的细胞学研究

为研究梨雄性不育表现和细胞学特征,观察分析了新高、爱宕和丰水(对照)梨花器官特征、花粉数量和育性,比较了花药和小孢子发育过程的细胞学特征。结果表明,新高、爱宕花药较小,花药内花粉粒数量很少、且活力低,表现出雄性不育的空囊花药。新高小孢子败育主要发生在单核晚期,但在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期就表现出部分异常;爱宕小孢子败育也主要发生在单核晚期,而此前发育正常。认为新高、爱宕小孢子败育可能与绒毡层提前解体有关。     

番茄花药发育中多糖和脂滴的分布特征

花药发育中的营养物质转运和转化规律很复杂。采用组织化学方法对番茄花药发育中的多糖和脂滴分布特征进行了分析。结果显示:造孢细胞时期仅花药药隔细胞中有较多淀粉分布。小孢子母细胞的胼胝质壁呈现明显多糖特征,药隔细胞中的淀粉减少。减数分裂后四分体时期的花药中营养物质没有明显变化。在游离小孢子发育早期,药隔细胞中淀粉数量又增多;游离小孢子的花粉壁局部呈现多糖特征。到小孢子发育晚期,液泡化小孢子中既没有淀粉也没有脂滴,仅在花粉壁部位仍显示了多糖特征;药隔细胞中的淀粉数量明显减少,此时绒毡层细胞变形、退化。小孢子分裂后,二胞花粉中先出现一些脂滴。伴随着花粉的发育成熟,又出现了大量的淀粉。开花时花药表皮细胞中也聚集了较多的脂滴。番茄花粉中先积累脂滴、后积累淀粉、以及成熟花粉中积累大量淀粉和脂滴的现象是其花粉发育中营养物质代谢的特征,呈现出不同植物的特异性。     

Reproductive characteristics of Opisthopappus taihangensis (Ling) Shih,an endangered Asteraceae species endemic to China

Opisthopappus taihangensis is an endangered species endemic to China and represents an important genetic resource for chrysanthemum improvement. We describe here its basic reproductive characteristics. The anthers are tetrasporangiate and the anther wall is composed of an epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The middle layer is lost by the microspore tetrad stage, and the tapetum disintegrates at the trinucleate pollen stage. Meiosis in the microspore mother cells is of the simultaneous type, and the tetrad is tetrahedral in shape. Mature pollen grains have three germinal apertures, two sperm nuclei and one vegetative nucleus. The in vitro pollen germination rate is only ∼10%. The ovule is anatropous, dual-integument, tenuinucellatae and the development of the embryo sac follows the Oenothera pattern. The archesporial cell below the nucellus epidermis functions as the megaspore mother cell and forms a linear tetrad. The embryo passes through a globular, heart and torpedo stage before maturing into a cotyledon embryo. The endangerment of O. taihangensis may be associated with low reproductive capacity, as a consequence of poor pollen viability.     

秋水仙素处理后‘无核丰’枣的减数分裂行为及2n花粉的形成

运用压片法对秋水仙素滴注处理后的‘无核丰’枣小孢子母细胞减数分裂行为及其与花蕾外部形态变化的相关性进行了研究,并测定了2n花粉的比例。结果表明:秋水仙素处理后枣小孢子母细胞第一次减数分裂正常;在减数分裂前期Ⅱ观察到胞质分裂异常现象;中期Ⅱ纺锤体主要有4种类型:平行型、垂直型、八字型和融合型,分别占27.31%、19.35%、45.27%和8.06%;四分体时期观察到二分体、三分体、四分体,分别占6.00%、43.04%、50.96%;定位异常纺锤体八字型与融合型分别与三分体、二分体呈正相关;秋水仙素处理后‘无核丰’枣2n花粉的形成受胞质分裂异常、纺锤体定位异常两种机制控制,因纺锤体定位异常而产生的2n花粉占2n花粉总数的96.97%,遗传上等同于FDR(第1次分裂重组)型配子,因胞质分裂异常产生的2n花粉在遗传上等同于SDR(第2次分裂重组)型配子;秋水仙素处理后‘无核丰’枣2n花粉绝大多数为FDR型,因而在枣有性多倍化中具有重要的利用价值。小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程与花蕾外部形态变化具有对应关系,花蕾直径达到1.34 mm时,小孢子母细胞开始进入减数分裂;达到1.68 mm时,小孢子母细胞进入四分体时期;超过1.92 mm时,减数分裂结束,且有大量花粉粒形成。2n花粉诱导最佳的秋水仙素滴注时期为细线期末期,即花蕾直径在1.34~1.42 mm时,诱导后‘无核丰’枣2n花粉发生比例为17.36%。     

杏花粉和花药壁发育的胚胎学特征

为了解杏花药和花粉发育的主要特征及发育进程与花芽冬眠的关系,对不同发育阶段的花药和花粉进行了显微观察。结果表明,花药壁形成于11月上旬,由5层细胞构成,包括表皮、药室内壁、中层（含2层细胞）和绒毡层（分泌型）。小孢子母细胞形成于11月上旬,减数分裂完成于2月上旬,即小孢子发生过程历时约3个月。减数分裂开始时小孢子母细胞积累大量脂滴,减数分裂产生的4个小孢子在四分体内排列成四面体形。小孢子阶段约1个月,2–细胞花粉阶段约0.5个月,即雄配子体发育历时约1.5个月。3月初花蕾与芽鳞等长时小孢子发生有丝分裂产生2–细胞花粉。成熟花粉为2–细胞型,含脂滴而不含淀粉,属脂质花粉。小孢子母细胞形成时花芽开始冬眠,减数分裂完成时花芽结束冬眠,即小孢子发生与花芽冬眠同步。杏花粉发育历时4.5个月,其特征包括小孢子母细胞减数分裂时积累脂滴,小孢子发生与花芽冬眠同步,花蕾与芽鳞等长是雄配子体发生第一次有丝分裂的形态学标志。     

南瓜花粉发育解剖观察

为了解南瓜花粉发育的特点,对南瓜不同发育阶段的花药进行显微观察.结果表明,（1）南瓜成熟花粉含一个生殖细胞和一个营养细胞,为二细胞型花粉.（2）成熟花粉的营养细胞积累大量淀粉粒,故南瓜花粉为淀粉型花粉.（3）生殖细胞在与花粉壁相连时期呈凸透镜形,有细胞壁,进入营养细胞内部后变为球形,花粉成熟时延伸为纺锤形,细胞壁消失.（4）花粉壁有大量基粒棒和刺,不具覆盖层.     

黄花菜大孢子和小孢子的发生及雌、雄配子体的发育

 用常规石蜡切片技术, 对黄花菜大孢子和小孢子的发生及雌、雄配子体发育进行了研究, 结果表明: 花药壁发育为单子叶型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为连续型。小孢子四分体排列为左右对称型和四面体型。成熟花粉为二细胞型。花粉为椭球形, 具有一个萌发沟。生殖细胞呈现前期至早中期核形态。双珠被、薄珠心、倒生胚珠。珠心表皮下的雌性孢原直接发育为大孢子母细胞。减数分裂产生线形四分体。合点端大孢子为功能大孢子。雌配子体发育为蓼型。记录了雌、雄配子体发育的对应关系。成熟胚囊里, 反足细胞早期退化, 助细胞无钩状结构并具发达的丝状器以及中央细胞内没有明显大液泡是黄花菜胚囊发育的重要特征。     

大葱雄性不育系及保持系花药和花粉发育的细胞学比较研究

为了从细胞学角度研究大葱雄性不育的机理,利用石蜡切片法对大葱雄性不育系及保持系花药与花粉发育过程进行比较研究。观察结果表明:大葱雄性不育系和保持系的小孢子母细胞都能正常进行减数分裂,四分体可以释放出小孢子。雄性不育系的花粉败育发生于单核小孢子时期,具有单核败育的特征。观察发现大葱雄性不育系的小孢子有2种败育类型:(1)绒毡层细胞正常发育,但中层细胞发生了延迟解体的现象,小孢子时期仍然存在,与逐渐缩小的药室一起挤压小孢子细胞成一染色极深的团块状物质;(2)绒毡层提前解体,不能提供小孢子发育所需的营养,小孢子的细胞质和细胞核逐渐解体,仅剩下内空的花粉粒。花粉败育不仅与绒毡层有关,还与中层细胞密切相关。     

桃雄性不育的表现形式及其败育途径

研究了桃［Ｐｒｕｎｕｓ ｐｅｒｃｉｃａ Ｂａｔｓｃｈ（Ｌ．）］２３个品种花粉发生发育和花粉败育过程中细胞形态学上的变化特征。结果表明：桃雄性不育的主要表现形式为空粒花粉和花药空囊及花粉形似发育正常，但生活力极低。导致空粒花粉产生的主要途径：①花粉母细胞减数分裂不正常；②花粉处于单核晚期至二核早、中期绒毡层细胞发生液化、增生现象。空囊产生的主要途径：①四分体至单核早期绒毡层细胞体积发生明显的增大、液化；②绒毡层细胞在四分体至单核早期发生增生；③造胞细胞或花粉母细胞生长发育不良。     

Microsporogenesis and anther culture in carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.)

An in vivo study was made on male flowers of carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), in order to establish a correlation between the flower and anther development, and microsporogenesis. In addition studies were conducted to find which phase is more appropriate for anther culture and haploid production. During the development of male flowers, six stages were identified. The male gametophytic cycle begins when flowers are in developmental phase 0, with the formation of the epidermis, endothecium, primary sporogeneous tissue, primary parietal cells and pollen mother cells. During developmental phase I we observed the formation of pollen mother cells, the microspore tetrads, and uni- and binucleate pollen grains. At developmental phase II, uni- and binucleate microspores, and completely formed pollen grains were observed. In developmental phase III we could observe mature pollen grains ready to be released from the anthers as single binucleate pollen grains. Anthers from flowers at developmental phases I and II, with microspores at late uninucleate to early binucleate stage, were cultured in semi-solid Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) combined with one of the citokinins: N⁶-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), zeatin (Zea) and thidiazuron (TDZ). To obtain embryogenic calli anthers should be collected from flowers in developmental phase I. High frequencies of callogenesis were obtained, and the best medium for calli induction was MS supplemented with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ 2,4-D + 4 mg l⁻¹ TDZ. The frequency of haploid cells was found to be 17.2%.     

早生黄金梨雌雄性细胞发育及其对应关系

以早生黄金梨为试材,运用石蜡切片法对雌雄性细胞的发育进行细胞学观察,探讨了它们的发育规律及其与外部形态的相关性。结果表明,1)早生黄金梨的花药为4室;药壁发育属双子叶型;腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型;开花前7～9d花粉成熟,成熟花粉为2-细胞型。2)大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子呈直线排列,其中合点端的大孢子具功能,经过3次分裂后,于开花当天形成成熟八核胚囊;胚囊发育属蓼型。3)在发育过程中,不仅雌雄性细胞的形成之间有比较稳定的对应关系,而且它们与花芽或花的外部形态特征之间也有着相对稳定的关系。根据它们的时序性对应关系,可以通过花芽或花的外部形态特征来对其内部的性细胞发育进程进行即时判别。     

唇形科三个属植物花粉粒形态的比较研究

应用光镜和扫描电镜对唇形科中的紫苏属、黄芩属、鼠尾草属共3个属植物的9份试材的花粉粒进行观察比较。结果表明:紫苏属植物5个变种的花粉粒形态为扁球形或近扁球形;黄芩、丹参、一串红的花粉粒形态为近长球形;蓝花鼠尾草的花粉粒为近球形。紫苏属植物5个变种、丹参、一串红、蓝花鼠尾草的花粉粒均为6沟花粉粒,黄芩为3沟花粉粒。在扫描电镜下观察到的紫苏属、黄芩属和鼠尾草属植物的花粉粒外壁均为网状纹饰,但在网眼的大小、形状、网眼内是否存在穿孔和网脊上是否有突起等方面存在着差异。紫苏属、黄芩属和鼠尾草属植物之间花粉粒形态特征的差异为其分类学提供了孢粉学证据。     

仁用杏起源演化的孢粉学研究

运用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）系统观察了杏亚属中普通杏、西伯利亚杏和仁用杏的花粉形态,并采用平均连锁法对花粉的10个数量性状和2个质量性状进行聚类分析。结果显示：供试杏属花粉均为单粒花粉,等极,辐射对称,极面观为三角形或钝三角形,赤面观均为椭圆形,花粉具3-孔沟环状萌发孔,由内孔和沟组成,内孔明显外凸,椭圆形,覆有不规则拟网状雕纹且独立于外壁,沟较长,通常延伸至两极。表面纹饰为条纹,有或无穿孔,外壁表面有翘皮状、山脊状、颗粒状和疣状附属物,并认为存在于不同种和不同起源的品种间特异的附属物可作为分类和亲缘关系研究的重要依据。聚类分析和主坐标分析结果可将供试试材分为3组,即仁用杏组、普通杏与西伯利亚杏混合组、普通杏与仁用杏混合组,认为多数仁用杏起源于普通杏与西伯利亚杏的天然杂交种,部分还可能直接起源于普通杏甜仁类型。从孢粉学上支持西伯利亚杏比普通杏进化的观点。     

苹果属四倍性皱叶矮生株系小孢子败育过程的解剖观察

为了研究平邑甜茶与扎矮山定子杂交后代中四倍性皱叶矮生株系10#和23#植株的雄性不育表现和细胞学特征,在观测花朵形态基础上,采用石蜡切片法显微观察了四倍性皱叶矮生株系及父本扎矮山定子(对照)的小孢子发生和败育过程。结果表明,10#和23#株系能产生雄蕊,但在初花期就出现花药干瘪现象,也没有显现花粉。显微观察发现:10#和23#株系在小孢子母细胞的形态特征和发育过程上与对照没有明显区别,它们的小孢子母细胞也能进行减数分裂并形成形态正常的二分体和四分体,但未能形成单核花粉粒;到开花前它们的花药均表现空囊现象;因此,10#和23#株系的小孢子败育时期是在四分体到单核花粉粒期间。     

西瓜小孢子有丝分裂前后质体和线粒体的变化

为揭示西瓜小孢子有丝分裂前后质体和线粒体的变化以及它们向生殖细胞和营养细胞分配的特点,用透射电子显微技术对西瓜不同发育阶段小孢子及早期二细胞花粉的质体和线粒体进行比较研究。结果表明,小孢子的质体结构简单,不积累淀粉等贮藏物质,为原质体;二细胞花粉的质体不含内部膜系统,但积累大量淀粉,表明小孢子有丝分裂引起原质体向造粉体分化。二细胞花粉的质体都在营养细胞中,生殖细胞不含质体,显然,小孢子分裂过程中质体只分配给营养细胞而不分配给生殖细胞,这一不均等分配方式决定质体呈单亲母系遗传,据此,将西瓜的质体遗传细胞学机制归类为番茄型。小孢子的线粒体内嵴较少,营养细胞和生殖细胞的线粒体内嵴较多,显示小孢子分裂后线粒体结构复杂化。     

Germination and growth of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) pollen tubes and FTIR analysis of the pollen tube wall

Emergence of multiple pollen tubes from single pollen grains occurred both in vitro and in vivo in sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem). The frequency with which pollen grains produced multiple pollen tubes in vivo (7.2%) was lower than that under in vitro conditions (14.9%). In pollen grains germinated in vitro, the total length of the multiple pollen tubes was greater than that of single pollen tubes, but individual tubes among the multiple tubes did not reach the same length as single tubes. Moreover, the growth of the single pollen tubes continued for a longer period in vitro than that of the multiple tubes. Fluorescence microscopy showed that callose was present throughout the pollen tube wall except in the apical part of growing pollen tubes, and nuclei moved into the longest of the multiple tubes. Results of Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy indicated that abnormal cell wall components (peaks at 800–1000 cm⁻¹) were more frequent in multiple pollen tubes lacking nuclei, and the pectin content (1733 cm⁻¹) in multiple pollen tubes was much lower than that in single pollen tubes. These findings suggested that there were significant differences in pollen tube growth and wall composition between single and multiple pollen tubes, and that multiple pollen tubes had much less opportunity than single pollen tubes to reach the embryo sac and achieve double fertilization.     

不同倍性蝴蝶兰未减数雄配子的发生及其细胞学机理初探

采用压片法对不同倍性蝴蝶兰品种小孢子母细胞减数分裂及成熟花粉进行观测,并利用流式细胞仪测定了花粉中的DNA含量,发现除了单倍性配子外,均有少数未减数配子发生。不同倍性蝴蝶兰品种中单倍性、二倍性、三倍性和四倍性花粉平均直径分别为11.4、17.2、19.1和20.3 μm,花粉直径与倍性呈正相关关系（r = 0.935,P < 0.065）;二倍体、三倍体和四倍体蝴蝶兰品种未减数雄配子的平均发生率分别为0.59%、2.39%和0.67%,三倍体品种发生未减数雄配子的频率明显高于二倍体和四倍体品种;二倍体、三倍体和四倍体品种均通过二分体和三分体的方式形成未减数雄配子,其中二分体的形成是由于小孢子母细胞不进行减数分裂Ⅰ,而正常进行减数分裂Ⅱ所致,三分体的形成可能是由于纺锤体异常定位形成三极纺锤体所致。