低温胁迫下4种苹果砧木叶片多胺的变化

以山定子(Malus baccata Borkh)、新疆野苹果[M.sieversii(Ledeb)Roem]、烟台沙果[M.prunifoli(Willd)Borkh]和莱芜难咽(M.micromalus Makino)等4种苹果砧木为试材,测定了低温胁迫下不同砧木叶片的多胺含量。结果表明,胁迫6 h时叶片的MDA含量可反映4个砧木的耐寒性,从高到低依次为山定子>新疆野苹果>莱芜难咽>烟台沙果;低温胁迫能明显诱导多胺总量(PAs)、腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)的合成,耐寒性强的山定子和新疆野苹果PAs、Put和Spd增加显著,而耐寒性较弱的莱芜难咽和烟台沙果多胺和3种胺的变化不大。低温胁迫6 h时,MDA变化量与叶片PAs、Put、Spd变化量以及Put/PAs比值呈极显著或显著负相关,而与(Spd+Spm)/Put、Spd/PAs、Spm/PAs呈显著正相关,与Spm变化量无相关关系,表明当低温胁迫下叶片PAs、Put、Spd增加量较大时,苹果砧木耐低温胁迫的能力比较强,PAs、Put及Spd在胁迫条件下的增加量可作为苹果砧木耐低温胁迫能力高低的鉴定指标。     

Relationship between changes in endogenous polyamines and seed quality during development of sh2 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) seed

Polyamines putatively affect tolerance to abiotic stresses and are believed to be important in organogenesis. Present experiments investigate the relationship between polyamines (PAs) and seed quality. Therefore, during seed development, the changes in free putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) and physiological and biochemical parameters in F₁ seeds of sh₂ sweet corn were compared. Concentrations of Put, Spd and Spm increased from 14 to 30 days after pollination (DAP). After 30 DAP Put concentration declined with an opposite trend to that of Spd and Spm. The regression analysis between PAs and seed quality described by physiological and biochemical parameters including germination percentage, germination energy, germination index, seed size, seed fresh and dry weight, total soluble sugar, total soluble protein, Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity were conducted. Spd was observed to have a closer relation with the comprehensive physiological changes of seeds during their development than that of Put and Spm. Moreover, the Spm concentration might be more suitable to forecast seed germinability during seed maturation period than Spd and Put. It indicated that endogenous Spd and Spm in dissociated form had more effect than Put during seed development progress of sweet corn.     

Polyamines enhance chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating antioxidative system

Cucumber chilling-resistant cultivar Changchun mici and -sensitive cultivar Beijing jietou were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous PAs on protection against chilling injury as well as on changes of physiological features, and the fluctuation of free PAs content in the leaves under chilling stress. Upon chilling treatment, free spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and putrescine (Put) were remarkably induced in the leaves of cv. Changchun mici 1 day after treatment. The induction of Put declined thereafter, whereas Spd and Spm levels increased steadily. In the leaves of cv. Beijing jietou, Put content was increased only at 1 day after chilling while Spd content decreased significantly upon chilling treatment. Chilling reduced soluble protein content, and decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) only in Beijing jietou. However, these changes could be renovated by exogenous application of Put and Spd. It was also found that pretreatment with Put and Spd diminished the increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content caused by chilling in the leaves of both cultivars. Pretreatment of methyglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), the PAs biosynthetic inhibitor cancelled the effects of PAs in most of the treatments. Moreover, histochemical staining and quantitative measurements showed that exogenous application of Put and Spd eliminated but MGBG exaggerated the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation caused by chilling stress, especially in leaves of Beijing jietou. Interestingly, Changchun mici was found to contain higher endogenous free PAs contents compared to Beijing jietou. While no significant difference of SOD, POD and CAT activities was found between non-chilling Changchun mici and Beijing jietou seedlings, the former exhibited higher APX activity than the latter. These results suggest that PAs play important roles in the tolerance of cucumber against chilling stress, which is most likely achieved by acting as oxidative machinery against chilling injury.     

‘新高’梨花粉败育与内源多胺含量变化的关系

 以花粉败育的‘新高’梨和花粉可育的‘丰水’梨为试材, 对不同发育阶段的花蕾或花药内不同形态的腐胺( Put) 、亚精胺( Spd) 和精胺( Spm) 含量进行了分析, 以探讨多胺种类和形态与新高花粉败育的关系。结果表明: 新高花蕾发育过程中游离态的Put和Spd含量变化幅度不大, 丰水则在单核花粉到二核花粉时期出现高峰, 在单核花粉期到单核花粉晚期含量是新高的3～5倍。新高中游离态的Spm也显著低于丰水; 丰水中高氯酸可溶共价结合态Put、Spd和Spm含量逐渐增加, 新高在花粉败育前期或败育期出现不同于丰水的高峰; 除丰水成熟的花药外, 两个品种中高氯酸不溶结合态多胺含量的变化基本一致; 两个品种的不同形态Put、Spd和Spm总量在败育前期差异不显著, 此后新高显著低于丰水; 丰水中的多胺均以游离态为主, 新高以高氯酸可溶结合态为主。     

Exogenous polyamines alleviate the lipid peroxidation induced by cadmium chloride stress in Malus hupehensis Rehd.

In order to investigate the effects of spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) on the stress of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), it was checked that the content of polyamines and malondialdehyde (MDA), the rate of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) generation and the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) in 1-year-old Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang (tea crabapple) seedlings grown in nutrient solution. The result showed that the content of free putrescine (Put) was increased, the contents of free Spd and Spm and the (Spd + Spm)/Put ratio in leaves were decreased significantly under CdCl₂ treatment. Foliar spraying with Spd or Spm under CdCl₂ treatment, the accumulation of free Put reduced, the contents of free Spd and Spm and the ratio of (Spd + Spm)/Put in leaves increased significantly. The activities of SOD and GPX in leaves were enhanced and O₂⁻ generation rate and MDA content were decreased significantly by foliar spraying with Spd or Spm under CdCl₂ treatment. Results suggest that both Spd and Spm can alleviate the lipid peroxidation caused by CdCl₂ in M. hupehensis var. pinyiensis.     

施肥水平对马铃薯块茎发育过程中PAs、GA3和JAs含量的影响

 为探讨肥力水平对马铃薯块茎发育影响的机理,以‘台湾红皮’（Cardinal）马铃薯为试验材料,采用反相高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术,研究了低、中、高肥力水平对块茎发育过程中多胺（PAs）、赤霉素（GA₃）和茉莉酸（JAs）含量的影响。研究结果表明：（1）腐胺（Put）、精胺（Spm）和亚精胺（Spd）含量在块茎发育过程中呈降低-升高-降低的变化趋势,但对不同肥力水平的响应有差异,中肥力水平下块茎发育中期（播种后60 ~ 68 d）PAs含量高于低肥力和高肥力水平含量,高肥力水平使Put含量降低,含量峰值出现时间提前,而使Spd和Spm峰值出现时间延后。Put/Spd呈现随肥力水平的提高,峰值不断降低,峰值出现时间提前的趋势。（2）低肥力水平下GA₃含量在中期高,中肥力水平下在中期含量最低。低肥力水平下JAs含量在块茎发育的各阶段都比较低,中肥力水平下在中期含量高于低肥力和高肥力水平。低、高肥力水平下GA₃/JAs有先升高后降低的变化趋势,与中肥力水平变化相反。（3）JAs与PAs的相关性较大,其中与Put为正相关,与Spm、Spd显著负相关,Spm和Spd极显著正相关。合理的肥力水平提高了块茎发育中期PAs、JAs的含量,降低了GA₃的含量,有利于块茎的发育和膨大。     

外源多胺对富士苹果花和幼果内源多胺与激素的影响

 红富士苹果花和幼果内均含有腐胺(Put) 、亚精胺(Spd) 和精胺(Spm) , 其中以Spd 含量最高。盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol·L^-1的Spd , 可提高花和幼果内GA₃ 、ZR 的含量, 但IAA、ABA 含量下降; 喷施多胺合成抑制剂MGBG降低了喷后10 d 幼果内GA₃ 含量, 却提高了花和幼果内IAA 含量; 对内源多胺的测定结果表明, 盛花期喷施Spd 提高了喷后20 d 幼果内源Put 、Spd 及Spm含量, 降低了花内的含量; 喷施MGBG提高花和幼果内Put 含量, 降低Spd及Spm含量。田间试验结果表明, 盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的Spd , 坐果率为对照的144. 1 % , 而喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的MGBG, 坐果率为对照的86. 2 %。     

不同种类外源多胺缓解番茄盐胁迫伤害的研究

采用水培法,以耐盐能力较弱的番茄品种江蔬14号为试验材料,研究了盐胁迫下不同种类、不同浓度外源多胺对番茄幼苗生长及质膜透性 的影响。结果表明：100 mmol·L^-1的NaCl胁迫12 d,番茄幼苗的株高相对生长率、主根长相对生长率及植株的干质量、鲜质量降低,叶片质膜透性 增加;喷施外源多胺可以缓解盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,其中100 mg·L^-1 Spd、100 mg·L^-1 Spm和150 mg·L^-1 Put作用效果最为明显。     

种子败育型葡萄胚珠中内源多胺含量与胚珠发育及败育的关系

为探明种子败育型葡萄胚珠中内源多胺含量与胚败育的关系,以种子败育型葡萄和有核对照品种自交果实为试材,研究了不同胚胎发育时期胚珠内源多胺含量的变化规律。结果表明,除有核葡萄Spm含量在胚发育过程中始终表现上升趋势外,葡萄胚珠内源PAs、Put和Spd含量均表现为先升后降的变化趋势。种子败育型葡萄的内源PAs、Put和Sp...     

核桃雌雄异熟型品种花芽分化期叶片和芽内源多胺含量的变化

 以核桃雌先型品种‘中林5号’和雄先型品种‘辽宁1号’为试材, 研究了花芽分化期间叶片和混合芽内源多胺的变化。结果表明, 雌先型品种‘中林5号’叶片内Put、Spd含量高峰比雄先型品种‘辽宁1号’提前1周出现; 混合芽内Put、Spd、Spm在所测定时期内动态变化相似, 但含量达最高峰的时间前者比后者提早两周。     

低氧胁迫对无土栽培网纹甜瓜幼苗多胺含量的影响

 研究了低氧胁迫处理对无土栽培网纹甜瓜幼苗叶片生长及游离态、结合态、束缚态多胺(腐胺、亚精胺和精胺) 含量的影响。结果表明, 低氧胁迫显著抑制了植株叶片的生长, 幼苗3种形态的腐胺、亚精胺和精胺含量显著提高; 但耐低氧性强的‘星光’比耐低氧性较弱的‘西域一号’幼苗生长较快, 而且游离态、结合态、束缚态的3种多胺含量较高, 表明较高多胺可能参与了网纹甜瓜耐低氧能力的调节。     

NaCl胁迫对番茄嫁接苗根系多胺含量的影响

以耐盐番茄品种‘影武者’为砧木, ‘宝大903’为接穗, 研究了100 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫10 d条件下, 嫁接苗与自根苗生长和根系不同形态(游离态、结合态和束缚态) 多胺含量的变化。结果表明: 嫁接苗的生物量显著高于自根苗; 在整个胁迫期内嫁接苗根系3种形态的腐胺和精胺含量呈上升趋势,3种形态的亚精胺含量呈下降趋势; 自根苗根系游离态和结合态精胺含量在胁迫第6天达到峰值后下降;束缚态精胺含量变化不明显, 3种形态的腐胺、亚精胺含量在整个胁迫期内呈下降趋势。以上结果表明,腐胺和精胺在番茄嫁接苗根系耐盐性方面发挥着重要作用。     

外源多胺对核桃雌雄花芽分化及叶片内源多胺含量的影响

 以‘辽宁1号’核桃为试材，研究了外源多胺对雌雄花芽分化及叶片内源多胺含量的影响。两年试验结果表明，喷施1×10^-3mol·L^-1和1×10^-4mol·L^-1的腐胺(Put)和亚精胺(Spd)能够显著增加雌花数量，提高雌雄花芽比例。在雌花芽生理分化期，芽内Put、Spd和精胺(Spm)含量升高并达高峰，叶片内Put含量累积并达高峰，而Spd、Spm含量变化不大。1×10^-3mol·L 的Put和Spd处理可提高叶片内源多胺含量，其中内源Put、Spd的含量升高早于内源Spm含量的升高。     

内源多胺含量对不同杏品种花芽分化及开花期的影响

以"银香白""早熟黑叶杏""串枝红"3个杏品种为试材,观察了杏花芽分化和开花规律,研究了在花芽分化过程中内源多胺(PAs)的含量变化,以期为杏丰产栽培管理提供参考依据。结果表明:在花芽分化期和开花期,3个品种的内源腐胺(Put)和亚精胺(Spd)含量呈规律性变化,均呈先下降后升高的趋势;而精胺(Spm)含量变化相对复杂,未呈现一定的规律。从花芽分化期到花芽露瓣期,3个品种的内源PAs含量呈高低起伏的变化,并在初花期均有一个最高峰,"银香白""早熟黑叶杏""串枝红"内源PAs含量分别为5 747.2、3 048.0、2 433.6nmol·g^-1FW。内源PAs含量对杏花芽分化和成花具有一定的影响,且高水平的Put和Spd有利于杏花芽分化的启动和成花。     

特早熟温州蜜柑‘胁山’果实浮皮过程中内源游离多胺含量的变化

以特早熟温州蜜柑‘胁山’为试材,研究了内源游离多胺含量与果实浮皮的关系。结果表明:‘胁山’果实浮皮过程中内源游离多胺总量减少,腐胺(Put)迅速积累,亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量持续降低,Put/(Spd+Spm)值逐渐增大,证明柑橘果实浮皮可能是果实的过早衰老引起的。外源Spd能有效地降低Put/(Spd+Spm)值,增加内源多胺总量,从而延缓果实衰老,推迟浮皮的发生。     

Spd和MGBG对黄瓜子房内源多胺和蛋白质组成的影响及与单性结实的关系

 以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L. ) 单性结实品系EP26与非单性结实品系ZR22为试材, 研究外源亚精胺( Spd) 和多胺合成抑制剂MGBG处理对子房(幼果) 内源多胺含量和蛋白质组成的影响及其与黄瓜单性结实和幼果发育的关系。结果表明: 花前2 d对ZR22不授粉子房施用外源亚精胺能显著提高子房内源亚精胺、精胺与腐胺水平, 促进其单性结实和果实生长, 而花前2 d对EP26不授粉子房外源施用MGBG则显著降低其子房内源亚精胺和精胺水平, 提高了内源腐胺水平, 导致子房萎蔫。运用SDS-PAGE法研究了外源亚精胺和MGBG处理后子房中可溶性蛋白质组成的变化, 结果表明: ZR-2用外源Spd处理, 开花当天至花后3 d的子房中出现了分子量为55 kD与37 kD的两种特异蛋白质, 花后1 d至花后3 d又出现了88 kD与82 kD两种特异蛋白质; 单性结实品系EP26用MGBG处理子房, 开花当天至花后3 d出现了47 kD与25kD两种特异蛋白质, 引起85 kD、45 kD与10 kD蛋白质的消失。这些结果表明, 外源多胺和多胺合成抑制剂处理可能是通过改变内源多胺水平和蛋白质合成而影响单性结实和子房(幼果) 发育。     

根际低氧胁迫下外源亚精胺对黄瓜幼苗多胺和抗氧化系统的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下不同浓度外源亚精胺（Spd）处理对黄瓜幼苗根系和叶片中多胺含量、抗氧化酶活性、O₂^ˉ 产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,营养液中添加0.05 mm ol·L^-1 Spd,可促进低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生长,缓解低氧胁迫的伤害;低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性和多胺含量之间存在着密切的关系,0.05 mmol·L^-1外源Spd可明显提高植株体内Spd和Spm含量,降低Put含量,提高（Spd + Spm）/ Put比值,增强抗氧化酶活性,降低O₂^ˉ 产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量,从而促进植株的生长,提高植株对低氧胁迫的耐性。     

多胺对黄瓜生长和雌花分化的影响

应用6、12、24 mg/L的亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、腐胺(Put)溶液喷施2～3叶期黄瓜幼苗,发现Spd、Spm处理均能明显地促进黄瓜植株的营养生长、雌花分化,其中12 mg/L Spd、24 mg/L Spm处理的雌花数和结瓜数分别高于其它处理,其雌花始花节位分别低于其它处理.Put处理的雌花数和结瓜数低于CK,但6、12 mg/L的Put处理明显地促进黄瓜植株的营养生长.     

NaCl胁迫对番茄嫁接苗叶片ABA和多胺含量的影响

 以未经NaCl胁迫的番茄自根苗为对照, 研究了100 mmol·L ^{- 1} NaCl胁迫下番茄嫁接苗的生长、叶片ABA和多胺( PAs) 含量的变化。结果表明, 嫁接苗地上部和根的生物量显著高于对照。嫁接苗ABA含量显著高于对照, 胁迫2 d时比对照增加56.60%。胁迫2 d时嫁接苗多胺总量显著高于对照, 比对照增加14.96% , 腐胺( Put) 含量在胁迫2 d后显著低于对照, 亚精胺( Spd) 含量显著高于对照, 胁迫4～8 d之间两者差异不显著, 胁迫10 d时显著低于对照; 精胺( Spm) 含量显著高于对照, 胁迫10 d时比对照增加102.80%。嫁接苗Put/PAs值显著低于对照, 而( Spd + Spm) /Put值显著高于对照。表明NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗生物量显著高于对照, ABA和多胺含量变化显著, 表现出较强的耐盐特征。     

梨2个品种果实发育期间内源激素含量的变化

针对不同梨品种果实生长发育历程不同,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术测定了早蜜梨和黄金梨果实发育期间果肉和种子中内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT),以及内源腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)含量的变化。结果表明,1)2品种果肉中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZT含量变化趋势相似,但早蜜梨IAA、GA3含量低于黄金梨,果实发育后期ABA含量高于黄金梨,且提前20d达到含量高峰;2)2品种种子中GA3含量变化分别呈近似单峰曲线和双峰曲线,但早蜜梨IAA、ZT含量高于黄金梨,提前30d达到ABA含量高峰;3)2品种果肉和种子中Put、Spd、Spm含量变化趋势相似,但早蜜梨种子中Put含量低于黄金梨,Spd略高,Spm含量接近。在果实发育前期果肉中Put、Spd含量高于黄金梨。因此,2品种果实发育的各个时期持续时间及其内源激素含量不同。