八仙花黄化对光合特性的影响研究

运用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定仪,以大棚里不同黄化程度的八仙花叶片为试验材料,对其净光合速率、光合响应曲线指标及气孔导度等生理指标进行了测定和分析,以期探究八仙花叶片黄化对光合特性的影响.结果表明:随着黄化程度的加深,其净光合速率、气孔导度均呈下降趋势,正常叶片的光补点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)均最低.     

Effects of shading on gas exchange,specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content in four kiwifruit cultivars under field conditions

Diurnal changes of incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), transpiration rate (E), photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cs) and water use efficiency (WUE), together with a number of environmental factors, were measured on individual leaves at well exposed and shaded positions within the canopy for four cultivars of kiwifruit (Actinidia sinensis, P.). Pn and E rates were'much lower in the shaded leaves for all cultivars due to extremely low PPFD values reaching these leaves. Cs followed a trend similar to that for Pn. Exposed leaves showed a significantly higher WUE in the morning, while no difference was observed between exposed and shaded leaves around midday. Specific leaf weight (SLW) was lower in shaded leaves, which had a greater chlorophyll content than exposed leaves.     

苹果开心形树冠不同部位光合与蒸腾能力的研究

 以18年生开心形富士苹果(Malus pumila Mill. ‘Red Fuji’) 为试材, 定点测定了冠层不同部位晴天时的光照分布、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率。结果表明, 树冠外围的光照强度、单叶光合能力比较高, 内膛、中部和外围叶片最大光合速率分别为13.46、14.69和15.98μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化呈双峰曲线, 而蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线, 在中午外围叶片的蒸腾速率略有降低。内膛、中部和外围叶片在晴天的平均光合速率分别为4.53、6.63和6.54μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 平均蒸腾速率分别为3.36、4.06和4.40μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。这说明苹果在冠层不同部位的光合与蒸腾能力存在一定的差别, 冠层中部的光合速率和水分利用效率最大, 外围的蒸腾能力最强, 内膛最差。     

弥雾栽培对姜田小气候及生姜生长的影响

为创新生姜栽培技术模式,以传统遮光栽培和裸地栽培为对照,研究弥雾栽培对姜田小气候及生姜生长、产量和叶片水气交换参数的影响。结果表明,弥雾栽培可通过增加空气湿度,降低植株冠层气温及叶温,增大叶片气孔导度,显著增强叶片的光合速率及蒸腾速率,提高水分利用效率。弥雾栽培生姜植株地上部生长量虽不及传统遮光栽培,但根茎生长量较大,产量可达2688.68kg·(667m2)-1,较裸地栽培增产31.30%。     

Terroir aspects of grape quality in a cool climate wine region: Relationship between water deficit,vegetative growth and berry sugar concentration

Gas-exchange, water relations, vegetative growth and berry sugar concentration of the Kékfrankos grapevine were studied at two growing sites in Eger Wine district, Hungary (Eger-K?lyuktet? – non-stressed, flat vineyard and Eger-Nagyeged hill – water stressed, steep slope vineyard). At the hilly site predawn water potentials and stomatal conductance indicated mild to moderate water stress. As a result, stomatal regulation caused restricted carbon assimilation per unit leaf area. Interestingly, comparing the two sites, lower assimilation rate was accompanied by higher fruit sugar concentration. Water deficit also reduced the yield and the relative proportion of larger berries within bunches. However, in each berry weight category (I: <1 g, II: 1.01–1.25 g, III: 1.26–1.5 g, IV: 1.51–1.75 g, V: 1.76–2 g, VI: >2.01 g) there was a higher sugar concentration at the water stressed vineyard irrespective of berry size. Therefore, berry size was not the only factor that could influence berry sugar concentration. Water deficit also resulted in decreased leaf area per shoot and thus, modification in canopy architecture. Although, there was a higher leaf area for 1 kg fruit at the flat vineyard compared to the hilly site, differences in “sink-source” relations and light interception of the canopy between the sites resulted in different yield sugar concentration.     

Topography-mediated controls on local vegetation phenology estimated from MODIS vegetation index

Forest canopy phenology is an important constraint on annual water and carbon budgets, and responds to regional interannual climate variation. In steep terrain, there are complex spatial variations in phenology due to topographic influences on microclimate, community composition, and available soil moisture. In this study, we investigate spatial patterns of phenology in humid temperate forest as a function of topography. Moderate-resolution imaging spectro-radiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices are used to derive local patterns of topography-mediated vegetation phenology using a simple post-processing analysis and a non-linear model fitting. Elevation has the most explanatory power for all phenological variables with a strong linear relationship with mid-day of greenup period, following temperatures lapse rates. However, all other phenological variables show quadratic associations with elevation, reflecting an interaction between topoclimatic patterns of temperature and water availability. Radiation proxies also have significant explanatory power for all phenological variables. Though hillslope position cannot be adequately resolved at the MODIS spatial resolution (250 m) to discern impacts of local drainage conditions, extended periods of greenup/senescence are found to occur in wet years. These findings are strongly supported by previous field measurements at different topographic positions within the study area. The capability of detecting topography-mediated local phenology offers the potential to detect vegetation responses to climate change in mountainous terrain. In addition, the large, local variability of meteorological and edaphic conditions in steep terrain provides a unique opportunity to develop an understanding of canopy response to the interaction of climate and landscape conditions.     

Daily and seasonal variation of water relationship in sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) under different irrigation regimes at semi-arid Brazil

In the northeast of Brazil the drought period determines the yield period of the sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.). As a result, the use of irrigation is essential to stagger production over the course of the year. The results shown here represent an analysis of water status levels in sugar apples in daylight and seasonal periods in semi-arid regions. Two plant groups were studied: one without irrigation and the other with irrigation during drought months. This study showed that younger leaves displayed greater stomatal conductance and transpiration. In drought months, even in irrigated plants, the high air moisture deficit had a strong influence on the stomatal closure, which did not translate into a reduction in transpiration. Over the same period, the leaf water potential was −1.8 and −2.9 MPa at mid-day in irrigated and non-irrigated plants, respectively, and only the irrigated plants could recover their leaf hydration level at night. With a water deficit, plants showed greater control of transpiration through stomatal closure, with a linear relationship between stomatal conductance and transpiration.     

A rapid field method for measuring net assimilation rate-stomatal conductance relationship: a feasibility test using grapevine leaves

Based on the assumption that the response time of the photosynthetic apparatus to changes in light intensity is faster than the response time of stomata, a rapid field method for measuring the assimilation rate (A) stomatal conductance (g_s) relationship in wine-grapes is proposed. Leaves from the outer canopy of Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Cabernet sauvignon’ were placed between two pieces of foam for 90 min to reduce light intensity and induce stomatal closure, while allowing water vapor diffusion to occur. Heat load was reduced by shading the foam with a piece of light colored, heavy paper attached to the foam with a 10 mm air space between them. When the cover was removed, A and g_s were measured several times until no significant changes in g_s were observed. The A/g_s relationships of the leaves were similar in spite of differences in the response time between leaves. Very few exceptions to the A/g_s curves existed, and these leaves were easily identified. This procedure permits an analysis of the A/g_s relationship without the complications of different plant water potentials that are normally used to achieve different levels of g_s.     

不同修剪水平对葡萄叶幕光照微区气候和水分关系的影响

本实验在法国波尔多的生态条件下，从叶幕光照微区气候和植物水分关系的角度，设计比较了四种植株芽眼负载量（修剪水平）和不同的修剪方式后指出，轻修剪水平（重负荷）的葡萄植株，由于生长的“自动调节”，整个叶幕水平上光照微区气候没有出现恶化现象。但是果际的郁蔽也许是造成物质代谢不良的重要原因之一。在水分关系方面，轻修剪水平植株整个叶幕前半天的蒸腾作用较强，但是以较剧烈的“午间低谷”和整个下午的低水平作为代价；伴随着这个现象的是午后叶幕气孔导性和叶面水势的较低水平。轻修剪水平对植株叶幕光照微区气候和水分关系影响的机理以及对葡萄果实品质形成的作用在本文中作了讨论。     

切花月季‘萨蔓莎’和‘加布里拉’失水胁迫耐性的差异

  不同失水胁迫条件下的研究结果表明: 切花月季耐失水胁迫品种‘萨蔓莎’和不耐失水胁迫品种‘加布里拉’的瓶插寿命缩短百分比、鲜样质量损失率、相对电导率、花朵乙烯生成量都随胁迫程度的增加而增加, 叶片、花朵水势随胁迫程度的增加而下降, 萨蔓莎的变化幅度比加布里拉小。中度失水胁迫的叶片和花瓣SOD、POD 活性高于轻度和重度胁迫。两个品种的叶片气孔阻力没有明显区别。瓶插期间,相同失水胁迫时间, 萨蔓莎复水恢复能力比加布里拉强。讨论了月季切花上述参数与失水胁迫耐性之间的关系。     

Abscisic acid alleviates the deleterious effects of cold stress on ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) plants by improving the anti-oxidant activity and photosynthetic capacity of leaves

The effects of exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) on anti-oxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic capacity in ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated under cold stress. When vines had an average of 15 leaves, 0 (control), 50, 100, or 200 µM ABA was sprayed to run-off on all leaves of each plant. Twenty-four hours after foliar spraying with ABA, half (n = 5) of the water-only control vines and half (n = 5) of each group of ABA-treated plants were subjected to 4°C for 12 h, followed by a recovery period of 3 d under greenhouse conditions (25°/18°C day/night). The remaining plants in each treatment group were kept at 24°C. Cold stress increased H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in vine leaves, whereas all foliar ABA treatments significantly reduced their levels. Chilled plants showed marked increases in their total soluble protein contents in response to each ABA treatment. ABA significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in cold-stressed grapevine leaves. In contrast, cold stress markedly decreased the rates of leaf photosynthesis (A) and evaporation (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, but increased intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C_i) in leaves. Treatment with all concentrations of ABA resulted in lower leaf A, E, and g_s values, but higher C_i values at 24°C. However, following cold stress, ABA-treated vines showed higher leaf A, E, and g_s values, but lower C_i values compared to control vines without ABA treatment. The application of 50–200 µM ABA allowed chilled vines to recover more quickly when re-exposed to normal temperatures, enabling the vines to resume their photosynthetic capacity more efficiently following cold stress. These results showed that, by stimulating anti-oxidant enzyme systems and alleviating cold-induced stomatal limitations, ABA reduced the inhibitory effect of cold stress on the rate of CO₂ fixation in ‘Sultana’ grapevine plants.     

水分胁迫下梨、枣和葡萄叶片中甜菜碱含量的变化

 本研究表明, 在水分供应充足的条件下, 梨、枣和葡萄3 种果树叶片中均含有甜菜碱, 其中枣最高, 梨次之, 葡萄最低; 轻度水分胁迫诱导了梨成龄叶中甜菜碱水平增高将近1 倍; 枣和葡萄叶片中的甜菜碱水平对水分胁迫基本没有响应; 梨在水分胁迫下诱导的甜菜碱主要是由叶片独立合成的。     

Growth and productivity of potato as influenced by cultivar and reproductive growth: I. Stomatal conductance,rate of transpiration,net photosynthesis,and dry matter production and allocation

The effect of cultivar and reproductive growth on leaf gas exchange, water relations, dry matter production and allocation in potato was the subject of investigation. Debudded, flowering and fruiting plants of cultivars Al-624, Al-436, CIP-388453-3(A) and CIP-388453-3(B) were evaluated under field condition of a sub-humid tropical highland of Ethiopia during 2003. Cultivars exhibited differences with respect to leaf stomatal conductance, rate of transpiration and net photosynthesis rate. Cultivars Al-624 and CIP-388453-3(A) showed higher stomatal conductance and rate of leaf transpiration than CIP-388453-3(B) and Al-436. CIP-388453-3(A) exhibited higher net photosynthesis than Al-624 while Al-436 is intermediate. Fruiting plants had higher leaf stomatal conductance and higher rate of leaf transpiration and net photosynthesis. Fruit development promoted early plant maturity and without affecting total dry matter production it reduced the amount partitioned to the leaves, stems, and tubers. The experiment demonstrated that cultivar and fruit development influence on water relations, rate of net photosynthesis and source–sink interactions in the potato.     

3种南瓜部分光合特性的研究

以3种不同类型南瓜(凤凰、金红栗、金童)为试材,对其部分光合特性进行比较研究。结果表明:3种南瓜的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线,Pn与蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)呈正相关,与细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)呈负相关,Pn日变化值表现为凤凰>金红栗>金童;三者的光饱和点和补偿点分别表现为金红栗高,金童和凤凰相对较低。     

不同水分亏缺程度对番茄叶片显微结构及光合作用的影响

试验通过设置5个不同的水分处理研究不同水分亏缺程度对番茄叶片显微结构及光合作用的影响。结果表明：随着浇水量的减少，单位长度栅栏组织细胞数增多，番茄叶片厚度下降；番茄叶片中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量增加；但净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率下降。水分亏缺程度越大，对番茄显微结构的影响越大。     

重水分胁迫下苹果树茎、叶水势的变化

对田间生长的3年生苹果树(红富士/M26/八棱海棠)在土壤干旱和湿润条件下的茎及叶片水势、气孔导度和净光合的日变化进行了测定。茎水势的测定采用外围新梢的直接取样测定法,以便同剪口处叶片的水势进行比较。测定结果表明,干旱土壤条件下的叶片水势稍低于土壤湿润的树,一般仅相差0.3MPa。而二个处理之间午间茎水势的差别则高达1～1.2MPa,表现出该指标对土壤干旱十分敏感。干旱条件下叶片气孔导度和净光合与土壤湿润的树也有明显差异。研究还发现,在水分严重亏缺条件下存在茎水势低于叶水势及一定压力下枝条木质部漏气现象。对这些现象的发生条件和可能原因进行了讨论。     

Drying half of the root-zone from mid fruit growth to maturity in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees for one season reduced fruit production in two years

We tested the effect of extended drying of half the root system on fruit yield and fruit Ca concentration, an indirect measure of fruit quality, in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass). In a field experiment on a sandy soil, withholding irrigation and plastic sheeting was used to dry the root-zone beneath the whole canopy (DD) or half the canopy (WD), compared with well-watered trees (WW). The irrigation water contained added nutrients and was slightly saline. Yield, shoot growth, leaf conductance, leaf and fruit water status and mineral concentrations of leaves and fruit were studied. The responses of treated trees were assessed in the following season during which normal irrigation practices were restored. With respect to yield, the WD treatment behaved the same as the DD treatment. It reduced yield by more than half and proportionately more than the reduction in water supply thus reducing irrigation efficiency. Re-watering did not restore yield of WD or DD-trees in the next season. The WD and DD treatments had no effect on the concentration of Ca in the fruit mesocarp and so are unlikely to affect fruit quality. The main impact of reduced water supply on the trees was fruit abscission and this was linked to dry soil around the roots rather than the water status of the leaves or fruits. We conclude that extended drying of half of the root-zone in one season reduced irrigation efficiency for two seasons by promoting the abscission of developing fruit to the same extent as occurred when the whole root system was exposed to extended drying.     

Modelling the effect of air vapour pressure deficit on leaf photosynthesis of greenhouse tomatoes: The importance of leaf conductance to CO2

Summary

The response of photosynthesis of leaves of greenhouse tomato plants to leaf position and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was studied by modelling the effect of these on leaf conductance to CO₂. The study was carried out in Avignon (southern France) on well-irrigated plants during spring and summer seasons, with VPD ranging from 0.7 to 3.4 kPa at midday, while the 24 h mean ranged from 0.6 to 1.8 kPa. Net photosynthesis (Pn) was measured on single leaves placed at three levels defined by the leaf position, and under different CO₂ concentrations in the range of 200 to 1100 µmol mol^–1. A model for leaf photosynthesis was used to evaluate the leaf conductance to CO₂ transfer. The leaf conductance to CO₂ transfer was maximum for top level leaves, and decreased with leaf depth in the canopy. Leaf conductance at the upper level was reduced when air VPD exceeded a threshold value of 1 kPa.     

The effects of some chemical treatments on leaf water conductance of cut,flowering stems of Chrysanthemum morifolium

The leaf water conductance of cut, flowering stems of Chrysanthemum morifolium was measured by diffusion porometry. The stems were placed in solutions of chemicals which have commonly been used in flower preservatives, or which might be expected to affect the physiology of the leaves.In the environmental conditions of our experiments (18° C; 0.8 kPa; 5 W m^?2 visible radiation for 8 h) sucrose (6 %) and abscisic acid (0.001 %) lowered leaf water conductance. Silver nitrate (0.003 %) or 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (0.02 %) either had no effect or increased leaf water conductance. We conclude that the latter two substances increase the vase life of cut flowers by affecting the physiology and pathology of the stem rather than the stomatal physiology of the leaf. The leaves of stems standing in high concentrations of sucrose accumulated sucrose and were frequently damaged as a result.The results are discussed with regard to the water relations of the cut flower and the possible use of anti-transpirants.     

整枝方式对日光温室甜椒（彩色）光合特性及干物质分配的影响

研究了不同整枝方式下（双干整枝、三干整枝、四干整枝）,日光温室彩色甜椒不同叶位叶片光合、蒸腾作用参数的变化及 其植株不同器官干物质的分配规律。结果表明,3种整枝方式下,叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、气孔限制值（Ls）、蒸 腾速率（Tr）和单叶水分利用效率（WUE）随叶位的降低而下降,其中Pn的下降是非气孔限制的结果。与双干整枝相应叶位比较,三 干整枝、四干整枝的上位叶、中位叶具有较高的Tr和较低的WUE;三干整枝、四干整枝的下位叶的Tr小于双干整枝下位叶,但WUE高于 双干整枝。3种整枝方式下全株中果实的干物质分配比例均为最高,达50.88 %~60.26 %,其次为茎和叶,向根的分配比例最低。三干 整枝和四干整枝的单株产量和单果质量显著高于双干整枝。