A comparison of conventional cloning options for annatto (Bixa orellana L.)

Summary

Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a tree indigenous to tropical America that has been naturalised throughout the Indian sub-continent. The plant is chiefly valued for its carotenoid pigments, annatto. Methods for the clonal propagation of hardwood and softwood cuttings, air-layering, budding, and grafting of annatto were investigated. Hardwood cuttings collected during the wet Summer months (June-July) were treated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at varying concentrations. The highest percentage rooting (63.4%), along with highest number of roots (8.33 per cutting) were achieved by hardwood cuttings after 12 h of 2.5 mM IAA treatment. Among the various auxin treatments of softwood cuttings, 5.0 mM IBA in combination with 5.0 mM NAA for 5 min resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) rooting percentage (56.7%). The responses of softwood cuttings to an auxin analogue (boric acid) and/or to thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B) were inferior to synthetic auxins. When subjected to air-layering, hardwood branches gave 100% rooting without any application of hormone. Among the different types of budding methods attempted (patch, T, or I), patch budding produced the highest efficiency (78%) of propagation. Splice-grafting could also be used for conventional propagation of annatto, with a 50% survival rate. Annatto can therefore be cloned by adopting these methods. Propagation based on softwood cuttings facilitated moderate-scale cloning of this valuable, elite germplasm.     

Nitric oxide in combination with indole-3-butyric acid improves root growth in ‘Ferdor Julior’ hardwood cuttings (Prunus insistitia (L.) × Prunus domestica (L.))

The production of plants for high density fruit orchards requires a highly efficient clonal propagation method. ‘Ferdor Julior’ rootstock is well adapted to different soil conditions, but its natural rooting potential is very limited. Propagation treatments, such as bottom heat and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) applications have previously been used to improve rooting. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of either IBA, or sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a nitric oxide (NO) donor), or a combination of both on the rooting of hardwood cuttings of ‘Ferdor Julior’. As metabolism markers, ascorbic acid (AA) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in adventitious roots. ‘Ferdor Julior’ hardwood cuttings were treated as follows: untreated, 0.3 mM IBA, 1 mM SNP, 1 mM SNP previously exposed to light (as a negative control), and 1 mM SNP + 0.3 mM IBA. After 4 months, the combined use of SNP and IBA had increased root growth and lateral rooting, but resulted in less shoot growth, whilst AA and GSH concentrations were also reduced. IBA and SNP individual treatments showed intermediate results, compared to untreated cuttings. According to the results obtained, there may be an additive effect of auxin and NO signaling pathways. In conclusion, this new and promising technique for ‘Ferdor Julior’ propagation could improve lateral root development and promote early lateral root growth.     

Differentiation of the dynamic variables affecting rooting ability in juvenile and mature cuttings of cherry (Prunus avium)

Summary

The rooting potential of four types or origins of Prunus avium cuttings from the same mature trees (over 20 years-old) was compared using a mist propagation bed during early Summer (June). The cuttings originated from juvenile sucker shoots of the current and previous year, and mature crown shoots (current year’s lateral ‘long-shoots’ and multi-year terminal ‘short shoots’). The morphological differences in inter-node length, stem diameter and leaf area between the four cutting types were highly significant (P = 0.05), leading to large differences in cutting volume and, so it is argued, to assimilate reserves. Juvenile cuttings rooted well (65% and 77% rooting for hardwood and softwood shoots, respectively), while mature cuttings rooted poorly (4% and 7% for mature hardwood and softwood cuttings, respectively). Leaf abscission was significantly more frequent in mature hardwood cuttings (16 – 78%) than in the other cutting types (1.6 – 9%) at the end of the propagation period. Leaf loss resulted from two processes: abscission and leaf rotting. Physiologically (i.e., in carbon assimilation, leaf transpiration and stomatal conductance), the four cutting types were not significantly different early in the post-severance period (day-4); but, by day-22, stomatal conductance was lowest in mature hardwood cuttings that still had leaves. At this time, the most physiologically-active unrooted cuttings were from juvenile hardwood and mature softwood shoots. The extent of physiological and morphological variability between cutting types and their probable impact on processes affecting rooting ability is complex and highly interactive. Consequently, it is not possible to explain the causes of the variation in rooting ability between juvenile and mature cuttings, although this study suggests that the constraints to rooting are likely to reflect physiological differences between the different cutting types. It is concluded that, to resolve the debate about factors that affect the rooting ability of juvenile and mature cuttings (i.e., ontogenetic vs. physiological ageing), there is a need to achieve morphological and physiological comparability in the tissues.     

Growing season and hydrogen peroxide effects on root induction and development in Olea europaea L. (cvs ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Gentile di Larino’) cuttings

Semi-hardwood cuttings of ‘Frantoio’ (high rooting ability) and ‘Gentile di Larino’ (low rooting ability) cultivars were obtained from 1-year-old olive shoots sampled in mid-August during the 2000 and 2001 growing season. Semi-hardwood cuttings were dipped in IBA 4000 ppm and H₂O₂ (0%-control or 3.5% w/v) solutions before rooting in greenhouse equipped with an automatic mist system. At 57 and 88 days after the beginning of rooting treatments cuttings were scored for the presence of callus, roots and roots number. In both cultivars and years, the IBA 4000+H₂O₂ treatment significantly modified rooting of cuttings at 57 days in comparison with IBA 4000 treatment. The positive effects of H₂O₂ on rooting were gradually smoothed after 88 days. At the end of the propagation cycle (88th days), cuttings treated with IBA 4000+H₂O₂ had significantly higher root number in comparison with those treated with IBA 4000 alone.     

IBA和发根农杆菌对糠椴嫩枝扦插的影响

 研究了IBA和发根农杆菌处理对糠椴嫩枝扦插生根的影响, 并对其影响生根的机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明: IBA和发根农杆菌处理显著( P < 0.01) 提高了插条生根率, 增加了成活苗的生根数和根长, 明显缩短了生根时间。IBA和发根农杆菌处理还显著( P < 0.01) 提高了插条生根期内源GA₃和IAA、可溶性总糖和全氮的含量及IAA /ABA比值, 降低了ABA含量, 对糠椴嫩枝扦插生根有明显的促进作用, 其中以500 mg·kg^-1 IBA +发根农杆菌处理的生根效果最好, 插条的生根率、成活苗的生根数、成活苗的根长分别比对照增加了122.08%、65.75%和23.63% , 生根时间比对照缩短了14 d。     

A simple method for large-scale propagation of Dendrocalamus asper

The influence of position of cuttings, auxin treatments and seasonal variation on adventitious rooting of Dendrocalamus asper, a multipurpose edible bamboo of horticultural value, was examined. Single node proximal (culm) and distal (culm-branch) cuttings were collected during the months of April–June and treated for 24 h with water or 2 mM auxin (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)). The treated cuttings were planted horizontally in sand beds and maintained under misting conditions for 2 months. Culm cuttings exhibited better adventitious rooting than culm-branch cuttings and the month of May proved to be the best for rooting of both types of cuttings. Auxin treatments also influenced adventitious rooting and their effectiveness was in the order: NAA>IBA>IAA. The interaction among auxin, position of cuttings and month of collection was also found to be significant on root induction and differentiation. Single node culm cuttings, without auxin treatment, resulted in 98% plantlets in May and 67% plantlets in June, and emerged as a suitable material for large-scale vegetative propagation. Administration of IAA or NAA to abundant culm-branch cuttings of low commercial utility (collected in May) also produces ≥50% plantlets.     

Rooting response of plum hardwood cuttings to IBA in relation to treatment duration and cutting moisture content

The rooting response of plum rootstock hardwood cuttings to 50, 500 and 5000 ppm IBA was influenced by the duration of treatment in the auxin solution, 18 min, 30 sec and 5 sec being needed to achieve similar levels of rooting at the respective concentrations.

A delay between collection and IBA treatment of cuttings, resulting in a partial water deficit, caused an increase in IBA uptake which was associated with increased rooting. For Myrobalan B a delay of 22 hours at 60 °F (15.5 °C) and 50% RH, leading to a 10% moisture loss, was optimal.     

不同生长调节剂对天目琼花硬枝扦插生根的影响

研究了不同植物生长调节剂对天目琼花硬枝扦插生根的影响。结果表明:以200mg/L IBA处理的效果最好,成活率达到86.7%,平均生根数达33条。     

Establishment of Initially Unrooted Stool Shoots of M.27 Apple Rootstock

Wounding and the application of IBA and basal heat to unrooted shoots from stools of M.27 apple rootstock greatly improved their establishment when planted back into the nursery for a second season. The effect of wounding was to cut through the phloem sclerenchymatous sheath, partially simulating the anatomy of ready rooting basal hardwood cuttings in which the sclerenchyma is divided by a number of leaf traces.     

Rooting response of shoot cuttings from three peach growth habits

Current year shoot cuttings were collected in October and August from three growth habits of peach (Compact, Pillar, and Standard) and treated with one of four concentrations of indole butyric acid (0, 250, 1250, and 2500 mg L⁻¹ IBA). Rooting response was measured after 5 weeks in the greenhouse. Little or no rooting occurred with cuttings from any growth habit that was collected in October or in August when treated with 0 and 2500 mg L⁻¹ IBA. In August, the number of shoots that rooted was greater in cuttings from Pillar (79 and 45%) than Compact (13 and 3%) treated with 250 and 1250 mg L⁻¹ IBA, respectively. Cuttings from Standard trees had intermediate rooting of 56 and 6% at 250 and 1250 mg L⁻¹ IBA, respectively. Pillar trees consistently grew more roots with greater root length per cutting than the other growth habits. It is proposed that differences in rooting response among the growth habits may be associated with differences in endogenous auxin concentration that had been found in previous studies. Within peach and possibly other fruit trees, the capacity of shoot cuttings to develop adventitious roots can vary by cultivar and successful root induction with exogenous plant growth regulators may depend, in part, on endogenous hormone levels.     

Propagation of Black Currants from Single-Bud Cuttings

Black currants are readily propagated from single-bud hardwood cuttings approximately i inch long, with the bud at the top and planted vertically. The best part of the shoot from which to take such cuttings is the lower- mid portion (buds 15-22).

Optimum rooting is obtained from cuttings planted in January, February and March after dormancy has broken in the field, but by using 24-hour day-length successful rooting can be extended from October to March. The emergence of flowers in March-planted cuttings slightly reduces rooting.

Thirteen commercial varieties have been propagated successfully by this method.

Suitable softwood and semi- hardwood cuttings are available when the current season's shoots are 12 nodes or more in length, i.e. normally in late April. When these are planted in a propagation frame with soil heating, good rooting is obtained from April to June provided the subtending leaf is retained during the rooting period.

Twenty-four-hour day-length increases the rooting of cuttings planted in July; lack of rooting after July is attributed to early leaf abscission, the initiation of flowers and the onset of dormancy.     

不同基质对聊红槐扦插生根的影响

以细河沙、草炭、珍珠岩:草炭=1∶1为扦插基质,用400 mg/L的IBA和NAA处理聊红槐插穗,进行春季硬枝扦插,测定其生根指标,筛选出适合生根的扦插基质.结果表明:以河沙为基质,经过IBA处理过的插穗的生根率较NAA处理的好;以草炭为基质,经过NAA处理过的插穗较IBA处理的好;以珍珠岩:草炭=1∶1为基质,经过IBA处理过的插穗较NAA处理的好;同一激素处理的根系效果,浸泡时间3h的优于1h处理的.     

5个矮生牡丹品种黄化嫩枝扦插技术研究

 研究了牡丹矮生品种‘银粉金鳞’、‘蓝田玉’、‘金玉交章’、‘小胡红’和‘石原白’黄化嫩枝扦插繁殖的关键环节和影响因素。结果表明, 该5 个品种黄化嫩枝生根率依次为91.0%、80.9%、78.6%、40.6%、20.0%; 于10月中旬截取长4～6 cm、基部直径0.5 cm以上的黄化嫩枝, 将形态学下端浸泡在20～25℃的IBA 100 mg/L或‘ABT 2号’150 mg/L中16 h, 扦插于粒径3～4 mm的蛭石基质里,‘银粉金鳞’插穗的生根率最高, 达93% , 且不定根健壮、上盆栽培生长良好。     

Seasonal rooting behaviour of cuttings of plum cultivars as influenced by IBA treatments

The response to IBA treatments in different planting seasons of four plum cultivars, as measured by rooting and field establishment, was investigated during 1986 and 1987. Among the four cultivars, ‘Santa Rosa’ gave the largest rooting percentage, number of primary and secondary roots per cutting, length and diameter of roots and field survival. The European cultivars ‘Greengage’ and ‘Early Transparent Gage’ showed poor rooting and field establishment. The cuttings planted during summer under mist gave better rooting and field establishment than dormant season- or autumn-planted cuttings. Similarly, IBA treatment of cuttings with 2000 mg l⁻¹ during summer and 3000 mg l⁻¹ during dormant and autumn seasons gave the largest rooting and survival percentages, high numbers of primary and secondary roots per cutting, and greater length and diameter of primary roots.     

Rooting stem cuttings of Chinese chestnut

Rooting of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume.) stem cuttings following treatment with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was investigated. Tip and basal cutting from vigorous epicormic shoots and terminal shoots with 2–3 cm of the previous year's wood were taken from mature regions of trees approximately 40 years of age. Cuttings were dipped for 5 s in an aqueous solution of either 3 or 6 g l^?1 IBA. Rooting occurred only in the basal softwood cuttings. Average rooting of 33.5, 5.0 and 1.6% for ‘AU-Leader’, ‘AU-Homestead’ and ‘AU-Cropper’, respectively, was obtained using the 3 g l^?1 IBA solution, and 35.0, 6.7 and 3.3%, respectively, using the 6 g l^?1 IBA solution.     

不同品种玫瑰扦插技术研究

以‘珲春’、‘牟平’、‘唐红’、‘紫枝’4个玫瑰品种的插穗为试材,研究激素、基质、扦插方式等因素对其扦插成活率的影响。结果表明:利用间歇喷雾设备进行玫瑰嫩枝扦插的生根率远远高于普通硬枝扦插,生根率最高的组合是50mg/L ABT1+处理1h+蛭石;混合基质扦插的成活率高于单一基质;4个品种中‘紫枝’生根率最高。     

Induction of roots on jujube softwood cuttings using Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Summary

Cuttings from trees of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), particularly mature ones, root with great difficulty. A greenhouse experiment assessed the effects of two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4 and TR105) on softwood cuttings from two sources: ten year old trees of cv. Li and a tree approximately 40 years old of the cv. Contorta. The cuttings were collected and trimmed to 7.5 cm. Ten weeks after inoculation, both strain and source of cutting influenced visible symptoms of infection. Jujube cuttings were more responsive to TR105 than to A4, and the ‘Li’ cuttings were more responsive than ‘Contorta’ cuttings. Strain TR105 was very effective in increasing rooting percentages and root number. ‘Li’ cuttings had better rooting percentages, greater root number, and greater root length than did the ‘Contorta’ cuttings. Inoculation with A. rhizogenes may also possess great potential for promoting adventitious root formation in other difficult woody ornamental or fruit tree species.     

毛梾硬枝扦插正交实验

在大田条件下通过正交实验L9(34),研究取穗部位、生长调节剂、生长调节剂浓度、处理时间4个因素对毛梾硬枝扦插的影响。结果表明:生长调节剂的影响极其显著,取穗部位和处理时间的影响显著,处理浓度的影响不显著,各因素的主次效应为生长调节剂处理时间取穗部位处理浓度,在大田条件下该次试验毛梾硬枝扦插最佳组合为:选用枝条中部的插穗,用200mg/L NAA+IBA(1∶1)混合生长调节剂浸泡2h进行试验。     

Mist propagation of peach and almond × peach hybrids

Several factors contributing to the successful rooting of stem cuttings of four peach clones and one almond × peach hybrid under intermittent mist were tested. With the almond × peach cross, leaf-bud cuttings were also tested.Severe cutting back of adult peach mother trees in winter favoured rooting of the cuttings, but less severe cutting back induced maximum roots per cutting.For short periods vermiculite was found to be a suitable medium. Sand alone or mixed with vermiculite or gravel gave poor results. Gravel alone or mixed with vermiculite was intermediate. For growing the rooted cuttings for a longer period, a mixture of perlite and peat was very suitable.A period of illumination of 3 h starting at midnight with incandescent light improved rooting of peach cuttings in August and October, but not in June.With cuttings obtained from old fruit-bearing peach trees highest rooting rates were obtained in July, but best root development occurred when rooting was carried out in October. In July rooting rate of basal cuttings was much higher than that of terminal ones. Success with leaf-bud cuttings (including a small branch piece) obtained from young mother trees of the almond × peach hybrid was only achieved at the end of May or in June.Dipping the base of peach cuttings in water before rooting was of advantage with one cultivar rooted in September, but of no advantage with another cultivar rooted in June.When the base of stem cuttings was dipped for a prolonged period in IBA solutions of various concentrations, highest rooting rates were obtained with 25–50 ppm IBA for peaches and with 200 ppm for the almond × peach hybrid. The addition of Phygon XL to this solution was of some advantage for peach cuttings. The concentration inducing maximum root development was higher than that required for maximum rooting and callusing. The optimal IBA concentration for rooting of almond × peach leaf-bud cuttings was 100 ppm.Penetration of the IBA into the leaf-bud cuttings reached a maximum 45 min a after floating them on a 100 ppm solution.Transplanting cuttings which had been rooted under mist was somewhat difficult; however, high rates of survival were obtained with cuttings planted in September which had developed a good root system.     

三种生长调节剂对金边虎尾兰、月季与天竺葵扦插生根的影响

以金边虎尾兰、月季与天竺葵为试材,研究不同生长调节剂及其浓度对3种园林植物扦插生根的影响。结果表明:金边虎尾兰叶基段以100mg/L浓度的IBA或NAA扦插效果较好,叶尖段以IBA 100～200mg/L或NAA 200mg/L扦插效果较好,生根率均达到100%;100～200mg/L浓度的IBA与100mg/L浓度的NAA对月季茎插生根效果较好,生根率达75.6%～77.8%;天竺葵茎插各处理的生根率均达到100%,但从平均生根数上比较,100mg/L NAA或25mg/L IBA对其扦插生根效果最佳,25～300mg/L的IAA对其生根数有抑制作用。