农杆菌介导的几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因转化辣椒研究

以苗龄7～10 d的辣椒组培苗为被侵染的外植体,通过农杆菌介导几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因,研究基因型、外植体类型、抗生素浓度对辣椒遗传转化的影响,以期获得抗真菌病的转基因辣椒植株.结果表明:不同基因型间、外植体类型、抗生素种类和浓度对辣椒的遗传转化影响存在较大差异.以几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶为目的基因,应用根癌农杆菌介导法对辣椒进行了遗传转化,获得了3株抗性植株.     

Identification and cultivation of a wild mushroom from banana pseudo-stem sheath

A wild mushroom found on banana pseudo-stem sheath was isolated, and was identified as Volvariella volvacea based on both morphological and molecular characteristics. The mycelia of wild strain grew on banana leaves better than on other raw materials. Furthermore the wild strain could produce fruit bodies on banana leaves with a biological efficiency of 26.4%, on rice straw with 23.76% and on pseudo-stem sheath with 17.11% by a method that involves using non-pasteurized materials. This result indicates that it is very important for the utilization of banana wastes to produce mushroom by cultivating the wild strain.     

Antagonistic effect of indole-3-acetic acid on kinetin-stimulated amaranthin accumulation in the cotyledons of Amaranthus mangostanus seedlings

Light triggered the initiation of amaranthin biosynthesis in cotyledons of Amaranthus mangostanus L. seedlings. Cytokinin induced amaranthin synthesis in the dark and increased the accumulation of amaranthin under light irradiation. No studies have explored whether indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) can affect kinetin-induced amaranthin accumulation in seedlings of A. mangostanus L. In this study, we found that IAA inhibited both the kinetin- and light-induced synthesis of amaranthin. In the dark, 10.0 mg l^?1 IAA caused a 68% reduction in amaranthin production after induction by 5.0 mg l^?1 kinetin. In the presence of light, 10.0 mg l^?1 IAA resulted in a 50% decrease in amaranthin synthesis following induction by 5.0 mg l^?1 kinetin. In addition, IAA could reverse kinetin-induced amaranthin accumulation under red, blue, or far-red light conditions. Our results suggest that IAA had an antagonistic effect on the light-induced or cytokinin-stimulated accumulation of amaranthin in the cotyledons of A. mangostanus L. seedlings.     

Meristem culture and micropropagation of a variety of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) with a high yield of oleoresin

Summary

Meristems of ginger with or without leaf primordia were induced to form shoots on three-quarter strength Murashige-Skoog’s (MS) medium containing sucrose 6%, coconut milk (CM) 20%, ascorbic acid (AA) 100 mg l^?1, glutamine (GL) 400 mg l^?1, activated charcoal (AC) 250 mg l^?1, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 0.5 mg l^?1, indolebutyric acid (IBA) 0.4 mg l^?1 and agar 0.8%. Meristem-derived shoots exhibited consistent multiplication on three-quarter strength MS medium containing sucrose (3%), AA (100 mg l^?1), AC (100 mg l^?1), BAP (4–5 mg l^?1) and agar (0.8%). Liquid media (agitated or static) were less effective than a solid (agar-gelled) medium for micropropagation. Kinetin and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) incorporated at various levels (0.01–0.8 mg l^?1) with or without added BAP and IBA neither improved plantlet formation nor enhanced shoot multiplication. The in vitro plants were successfully established in vivo and the rhizome yield was comparable with that of plants grown by conventional methods.     

Physiological response of cauliflower in relation to manganese-boron interaction

Summary

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) was grown in refined sand at low (0.0011 mg l^?1), normal (0.55 mg l^?1) and excess (5.5 mg l^?1) Mn, each at three levels of B, deficient (0.0033 mg l^?1), normal (0.33 mg H) and excess (3.3 mg l^?1). In Mn deficient cauliflowers a deficiency of B accentuated visible symptoms of Mn deficiency and aggravated the Mn deficiency effects i.e. a decrease in dry matter, leaf Mn, sugars, starch, chlorophyll, Hill reaction and specific activity of aldolase and an increase in the concentrations of proline and inorganic phosphorus. In cauliflowers exhibiting B toxicity symptoms under conditions of excess B, excess Mn increased leaf Mn, sugars, nucleic acids, protein P, nucleic acid P, acid-labile P and leaf B. Excess Mn decreased the concentrations of DNA, protein nitrogen, chlorophyll and activities of peroxidase, aldolase and leaf B, leaf Mn in boron deficient cauliflowers.     

柿果实内切–1,4–β–葡聚糖酶基因克隆与定量表达分析

 以成熟期‘富平尖柿’（Diospyros kaki L.‘Fuping Jianshi’）为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE相结合的方法,克隆柿果实中内切–1,4–β–葡聚糖酶基因（EG）cDNA,并在此基础上采用实时荧光PCR定量技术检测采后常温下柿果及GA₃、ABA和1-MCP处理柿果软化过程中该EG基因转录水平的表达特点。试验结果：获得了一个内切–1,4–β–葡聚糖酶基因cDNA,命名为DKEG1（GenBank accession number：HQ222561）,长2 011 bp,编码545个氨基酸,末端含有CBD区域。实时荧光PCR定量技术检测发现常温下对照组柿果采后3 d时出现DKEG1基因表达高峰,下降后又逐渐上升,并在12 d时出现第2个高峰;赤霉素明显抑制了柿果实在整个后熟过程中DKEG1基因的表达,尽管在6 d时也有升高,但与对照相比全程表达量均极低;ABA处理大大提高了DKEG1基因的表达量,没有出现采后3 d的表达高峰,但在6 ~ 18 d期间其表达量均高于对照的最高峰值,其表达高峰出现采后9 d;1-MCP处理的柿果表达高峰比对照推迟9 d,且前期表达量显著降低,但后期又上升。据此推断柿果实DKEG1的表达受乙烯生成和乙烯信号转导的调控,进而参与果实的后熟软化过程。     

Breeding cold tolerance strain by chemical mutagenesis in Volvariella volvacea

Volvariella volvacea is a mushroom well-adapted to high temperature. It optimally grows at 30–35 °C. To breed cold-tolerant strains to expand cultivation region and season, the basidiospores and gills of V. volvacea were treated with chemical mutagens, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and diethyl sulfate (DES), respectively. Two cold-tolerant strains, strains Em-16 and Em-18, were successfully obtained from EMS mutagenesis of gills through 0 °C screening, colony morphology screening and fruiting screening. The biological efficiencies of Em-16 and Em-18 strains were 24.55% and 23.61% in the first flush at 27 °C and their biological efficiencies were 46.1% and 40.5% higher than the control strain V41, respectively. Their fruiting bodies had a longer storage life at 16 °C, compared with the control strain V41. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis shows that the strains Em-16 and Em-18 are new strains.     

Development of a medium for in vitro culture of Galanthus species based on the mineral composition of bulbs

Summary

To optimise conditions for micropropagating Galanthus species, a basal medium (G) was developed based on mineral analyses of G. nivalis, G. nivalis ‘Flore Pleno’ and G. elwesii bulbs. Compared with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, the main features of G medium were increased concentrations of Cu ( 30.4), P ( 3.6), Ca ( 1.9), Mg ( 1.3) and S ( 1.2) and reduced levels of Mn ( 0.07), Zn ( 0.59) and K ( 0.65). The efficacy of G medium in supporting bulblet initiation on bulb chip explants, bulblet multiplication (on media supplemented with 30 g l^–1 sucrose, 1.0 mg l^–1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg l^–1 naphthalene acetic acid), and bulblet growth (on plant growth regulator-free media with 60 g l^–1 sucrose and 5 g l^–1 activated charcoal) was compared with MS medium over a range of dilutions (full-, ¹?2-, ¹?4-, and ¹?8-strength). Bulblet initiation was superior on G medium for G. nivalis and G. nivalis ‘Flore Pleno’, but inferior for G. elwesii. The choice of basal medium did not influence bulblet multiplication, although multiplication was reduced on both media diluted to ¹?8-strength. G medium supported bulblet growth and rooting better than MS medium, while dilution of either medium reduced bulblet growth and rooting. Using G medium in place of MS medium during bulblet multiplication greatly reduced hyperhydration with G. elwesii, as did dilution of either of the basal media.     

Chemical composition of French and Polish cloudy apple juices

Summary

Cloudy juices from six apple cultivars from Poland (‘Ariwa’, ‘Gold Milenium’, ‘Florina’, ‘Melfree’, ‘Novamac’, and ‘Rajka’) and four French cultivars (‘Ariane’, ‘Chanteline’, ‘Judeline’, and ‘Judor’) were produced and chemically characterised. The analyses encompassed 23 chemical parameters and phenolics profiles. The most important parameter, differentiating cloudy juice from clear juice, was turbidity. Cloudy juices were characterised by having an average total turbidity of 1,210 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) and a stability of turbidity of 42%. Some of the results deviated from the accepted ranges given in reference values for apple juices in the Code of Practice of the European Fruit Juice Association. This occurred in the cases of simple sugars and saccharose contents of the Polish apple juices (e.g., up to 56.9 mg l^–1 of saccharose vs. a maximum value of 30 mg l^?1), and for some mineral compounds in the French apple juices (e.g., sodium values up to 10 mg l^?1). Large variations were found in case of important healthconferring components. Water-soluble pectin contents varied from 205 mg l^?1 for ‘Chanteline’, to 1,289 mg l^?1 for ‘Gold Milenium’; while, in the case of phenolic compounds, the range was from 85.7 mg l^?1 for ‘Novamac’, to 524.8 mg l^?1 for ‘Melfree’.     

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine thinning of a common slender spindle ‘Jonagold’/M.9 apple orchard. II: Partial tree spraying

Summary

Mature slender spindle ‘Jonagold’/M.9 apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees were thinned using 10 mg l^–1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 100 mg l^?1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and an axial fan sprayer at a spray volume of 1,500 l ha^?1 applied to the whole canopy, or with smaller volumes, where only the upper half of each canopy was sprayed. Partial spray applications of NAA or BA (at 1,000 l ha^?1, 750 l ha^?1, or 500 l ha^?1) to the upper half of the trees did not cause any reduction in final fruit numbers on the upper half, or on the lower half of each tree. When the whole tree was sprayed to run-off with the same thinning agent, or at 1,500 l ha^?1, successful thinning on both the upper and lower parts of the canopy occurred. Good spray coverage (from 51% to 77%) was also observed on leaves at all canopy positions measured, when whole trees were sprayed at 1,500 l ha^?1.The development of an innovative crop load regulation strategy was an objective of the ISAFRUIT Smartfruit Project.     

Nitrogen fertilization under saline conditions in tomato and cucumber plants

Summary

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) seedlings were grown in a growth chamber in 4 litre containers filled with nutrient solutions. Four experiments were conducted with four NaCl levels factorially combined with four N levels. The concentrations of NaCl were 4, 25, 50, and 100 mmol l^?1 and 4, 16, 32, and 64 mmol l^?1 in the tomato and cucumber experiments respectively. The N levels in allexperiments were 2, 6, 10 and 15 mmol l^?1 added as NO₃^? or as NH₄⁺ + NO₃^? (2:1). Salinity had a statistically significant negative effect on all responses considered, although the effect was N source-dependent. Addition of N enhanced development of shoot and root dry weights of both species. The optimum N concentration in the nutrient solution varied between 6 and 10 mmol l^?1, although the most appropriate N fertilizer varied with species. Leaf Cl^? concentration decreased in both species when NO₃^? was used as the N source, whereas it increased in the comparative tissues of plants fed with NH₄⁺ + NO₃^?. The effect of treatments on the other nutrients show effects of excess of NaCl, as the form of N source interferes with the uptake of essential nutrients which may cause nutritional disorders.     

Yield,dry matter and polysaccharides content of the mushroom Agaricus blazei produced on asparagus straw substrate

The aim of this work is to evaluate the potential of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) straw as a raw material for cultivating Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM). On non-supplemented asparagus straw substrate, the yield and biological efficiency (BE) of ABM were respectively 6.7 kg/m² and 30.2%. Addition of appropriate amounts of cottonseed hull or cow manure to the substrate increased the mushroom yield significantly. The mushroom yield on asparagus straw + cottonseed hull substrate was higher than that on asparagus straw + cow manure substrate. Maximum mushroom yield (9.8 kg/m²) and BE (44.1%) were obtained on the substrate consisting of asparagus straw (600 kg) and cottonseed hull (300 kg). No significant differences were found in either the dry matter contents or the polysaccharides contents of fruit bodies among the treatments.     

Responses of day-neutral,June-bearing and everbearing strawberry cultiv ars to gibberellic acid and phthalimide treatments

Field grown day-neutral, June-bearing and everbearing strawberry cultivars responded similarly to GA₃ in most cases. GA₃ stimulated daughter-plant production in ‘Hecker’ (DN) and suppressed it in ‘Guardian’ (June). Fifty mg l^?1 GA₃ increased initial runner production of all cultivars, while both 50 and 100 mg l^?1 GA₃ increased fruit yield the year following treatment. In greenhouse studies, GA₃ initially increased leaf number, petiole length and runner production, but the effects diminished with time. Phthalimide at 1000 mg l^?1 was most effective in increasing leaf number.     

In vitro propagation of ‘Troyer’ citrange from epicotyl segments

Isolated epicotyl, root meristem and root segment tissues of ‘Troyer’ citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rat. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were established in continuous culture to compare their regeneration potential. Callus was obtained from these explants on a Murashige—Skoog (MS) medium containing NAA (10 mg l^?1) and BAP (0.1–10 mg l^?1). Formation of shoots from root segments was direct without callus formation on MS medium containing BAP (10 mg l^?1) and NAA (1 mg l^?1). Shoot formation from epicotyl callus occurred on MS medium containing 0.25 mg l^?1 BAP and 0.1 mg l^?1 NAA. Formation of shoots from epicotyl segments occurred on MS medium containing BAP (0.5 mg l^?1) and NAA (0.1–1.0 mg l^?1), while rooting of regenerated shoots occurred in treatments containing 2.0 mg l^?1 NAA alone. This system provides a rapid method for propagation of ‘Troyer’ citrange.     

The effect of sucrose,silver thiosulphate and 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate on the quality of Lilium inflorescences cut at the bud stage and stored at low temperature

A continuous supply of sucrose together with 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate to cut Lilium Asiatic hybrid ‘Prima’ inflorescences resulted in buds opening satisfactorily and increased their longevity. The best results were obtained using 30 g l^?1 sucrose. Cut Lilium inflorescences could be stored at 1°C for 4 weeks without a great loss in potential vase-life and decorative value when the inflorescences were pre-treated with silver thiosulphate + 100 g l^?1 sucrose for 24 h before cold storage, kept in a cold room in a solution containing 50 mg l^?1 silver nitrate, and after cold storage kept in a solution containing 30 g l^?1 sucrose and 200 mg l^?1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate. Such treatment greatly improved bud opening, increased the diameters of individual flowers and prolonged their life.     

Effect of green tea extract powder on the vase-life of fresh-cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) ‘Carola’ stems

To develop an innocuous, easy-to-use, and inexpensive preservative for the cut flower industry, green tea extract (GTE) powder was applied in the fresh-cut rose stem preservation process to exploit its high anti-oxidative and anti-microbial properties. The effects of 2.0 g l^?1 GTE powder in the vase solution on the vase-life and flowering profile of cut rose (Rosa hybrida ‘Carola’) stems were investigated. The effectiveness of GTE powder was also compared with other preservatives such as 2% (w/v) sucrose, 200 mg l^?1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate plus 2% (w/v) sucrose, or 0.2 mM silver thiosulphate in the vase solution, with distilled water as a control. The results showed that, compared to the control, the 2.0 g l^?1 GTE powder treatment extended the vase-life and reduced the loss in fresh weight in cut rose stems in the vase solution. GTE at 2.0 g l^?1 provided the highest anti-bacterial activity (4.2 log₁₀ CFU ml^?1 on day-6) and prevented the decline in anthocyanin concentrations compared to that seen in the control stems, suggesting that GTE powder could be used as a preservative to extend the vase-life of fresh-cut rose flowers.     

The influence of wax emulsion,morphactin and gibberellic acid on the storage behaviour of indian gooseberry fruits

Qualities of Indian gooseberry fruits (Phyllanthus emblica L.) were determined after dip-treatment with wax emulsion (WE) with or without morphactin (Mor) and gibberellic acid (GA₃). Dip-treatments with 100–500 mg l^?1 Mor reduced marketability by inducing browning and high weight loss, but loss in ascorbic acid was checked and phenols increased. 10 mg l^?1 Mor maintained marketability at par with control, effectively controlled loss in ascorbic acid, and increased acidity and reducing sugars. GA₃, although failing to control the loss of ascorbic acid, was effective in checking browning and thereby increased the market value of fruits as compared with controls and Mor-treated fruits.WE with or without Mor (10 mg l^?1) controlled browning, accumulation of phenols and losses in weight and moisture as compared with 10 mg l^?1 Mor, 100 mg l^?1 GA₃, or control, but could not retain ascorbic acid in comparison to 10 mg l^?1 Mor-treated fruits. Marketability of fruits having had treatment with either WE or GA₃ was the same. Fruits having had combined treatment with WE and 10 mg l^?1 Mor had maximum marketability. Minimum marketability was observed in fruits subjected to a combined treatment of WE + 100 mg l^?1 GA₃ due to maximum infection with Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.     

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine thinning of a common slender spindle ‘Jonagold’/M.9 apple orchard. I: Dose effects and spray distribution in the crowns

Summary

To find the most appropriate rates of application of plant growth regulator (PGR) thinning-agents for a common slender spindle apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard, different volumes of dilute 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) were sprayed ha^?1. Mature ‘Jonagold’/M.9 trees, 3.0 – 3.5 m high and 1.2 – 1.5 m wide, planted in a single row system with 3,030 trees ha^?1, were used. Significant thinning was observed in the case of dilute sprays of NAA at 10 mg l^?1, or BA at 100 mg l^?1, to run-off, using 2,000 l ha^?1 or 1,500 l ha^?1; while 1,000 l ha^?1 did not result in sufficient thinning. Thinning using smaller volumes (250, 500, or 750 l ha^?1) was also significant if the concentration of PGR thinner was proportionally higher (i.e., based on the 1,500 l ha^?1 application rate of more dilute sprays of NAA at 10 mg l^?1 or BA at 100 mg l^?1). Spray distribution measurements in the crowns showed better spray deposits when higher water volumes (i.e., more dilute PGR solutions) were sprayed at all positions (bottom, middle, or top) of the canopy. At 2,000 l ha^?1, 54 – 72% coverage of the leaf area was observed; but, at 250 l ha^?1, coverage was only 10 – 21%. The lower 30% of the canopy was covered poorly when smaller volumes of water (250, 500, or 1,000 l ha^?1) were applied. When 1,500 l ha^?1 was sprayed, good coverage of the lower and upper surfaces of the leaves occurred, and no differences in canopy positions were measured. It was concluded that 1,500 l ha^?1 (i.e., dilute PGR) spraying was the most appropriate volume to use when calculating the dose of NAA or BA to be applied ha^?1 to common (3.0 – 3.5 m-high) mature slender spindle apple orchards on M.9 rootstock. This study was part of the ISAFRUIT Smartfruit Project, aimed at improving existing methods for apple crop regulation with more precise use of PGR thinning agents and with minimum impact on the environment.     

Effects of growth regulators on growth and flowering in Hippeastrum hybridum hort

Soaking of bulbs in 3 concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), 2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (cycocel) or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethrel) showed various responses on growth and flowering. IAA increased the weight and number of bulblets, GA₃ increased bulb weight. Cycocel (1000 mg l^?1) increased the number of flowers, while GA₃ increased the diameter of the flowers.Application of IAA at 100 mg l^?1 and GA₃ at 10, 100 or 1000 mg l^?1 twice as foliar spray at an interval of 30 days promoted the number of bulblets on the treated plants, while high concentrations of cycocel and ethrel (1000 mg l^?1) increased the weight of bulblets. All concentrations of IAA, GA₃ and 1000 mg l^?1 cycocel increased the number and size of the flowers.     

Effects of chlorocholine chloride and prohexadione-Ca on rhizome growth and lateral bud production in Iris germanica L.

Iris germanica L. is a popular perennial flower worldwide, but its use is limited in China due to an inadequate availability of propagules. To accelerate rhizome growth and lateral bud production using plant growth retardants (PGRs), chlorocholine chloride (CCC; at 1,500 or 3,000 mg l^?1) or prohexadione-Ca (at 700 or 1,500 mg l^?1) were applied to uniform plants of I. germanica. Time-course measurements of changes in morphogenesis, carbohydrate metabolism, total soluble protein (TSP) concentrations, and endogenous phytohormone concentrations in rhizomes were conducted to test the efficacy of CCC or prohexadione-Ca for increasing rhizome growth and lateral bud production. The results showed that both PGRs increased the fresh weights of rhizomes at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after treatment (WAT). Overall, 700 mg l^?1 prohexadione-Ca was most effective at promoting the formation of lateral buds which increased by 183.5% at 12 WAT relative to untreated control plants. Concentrations of sucrose and starch in PGR-treated rhizomes increased at 2, 4, and 6 WAT, while a decline was observed by 12 WAT. TSP concentrations increased during rhizome enlargement, then decreased during lateral bud germination after prohexadione-Ca treatment. In general, concentrations of endogenous phytohormones, such as gibberellins, indole-3-acetic acid, jasmonic acid, and zeatin riboside, decreased significantly in rhizomes at 4 WAT, then increased at 12 WAT. Our study indicated that prohexadione-Ca promoted rhizome growth and the accumulation of sucrose and starch before summer dormancy, then significantly accelerated the production of lateral buds.