甘蔗新品种桂糖33号的选育

桂糖33号(原编号桂糖02-770)是广西甘蔗研究所从桂糖69-156×新台糖22号杂交组合后代中选育的最新甘蔗优良品种。该品种表现为中熟、高糖、丰产、易剥叶等优良特性。2008—2009年广西区试结果显示,平均蔗茎产量114.83 t/hm2,分别比对照种CK1(ROC22)和CK2(ROC16)增产13.01%和22.90%,平均含糖量为15.81t/hm2,分别比CK1与CK2增产9.64%和17.02%。其中,新植蔗产蔗量为118.92 t/hm2,分别比CK1和CK2增产16.47%和26.19%;平均含糖量为16.42 t/hm2,分别比CK1与CK2增产14.58%和21.63%。该品种适应性广,蔗茎粗大且生长均匀,增产幅度大。该品种于2011年5月通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定正式命名为桂糖33号。     

国家第四轮集成示范甘蔗新品种在广西金光农场的表现与种性分析

为了解国家第四轮集成示范甘蔗新品种在广西金光农场的种性表现，为其在生产上的应用提供依据，于2013～2014年在金光农场对来自广西、云南、福建和广东等省区的9个甘蔗新品种进行1 年新植1年宿根的品种比较试验。结果表明，桂糖32号平均蔗茎产量为110.5 t/hm2，比对照种ROC22增产0.3%；产糖量16.36 t/hm2，比ROC22增产4.9%；11月至翌年1月平均蔗糖分为14.81%，比ROC22高0.65个百分点。桂糖31号平均蔗茎产量为112.9 t/hm2，比对照种ROC22增产2.4%；产糖量16.06 t/hm2，比ROC22增产2.9%；11月至翌年1月平均蔗糖分为14.23%，比ROC22高0.03个百分点。这2个品种表现出明显的高产、高糖特性，在宿根性、抗病虫性、抗旱能力和抗机械碾压能力方面明显优于对照种ROC22，其中的桂糖31号抗倒能力明显优于对照种ROC22，可在金光农场和其他同类型蔗区推广种植。桂柳2号和福农41号可作为宿根性好的高糖品种进一步用于试验示范，但应注意防治黑穗病。     

甘蔗新品种桂糖51号的选育

桂糖51号(试验代号:桂糖06-1023)是广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所以ROC20为母本、崖城71-374为父本进行有性杂交,采用"五圃制"常规育种技术选育而成的甘蔗新品种。多年试验结果表明,该品种出苗好、宿根发株多、分蘖力强,有效茎数多,中大茎,具有早熟、高糖、高产稳产、宿根性好、易脱叶、抗倒性强、适应性广等诸多优良特性。在2014—2015年广西区域试验中,桂糖51号2年新植1年宿根平均蔗茎产量(102.66 t/hm2)比对照ROC22增产2.49%,平均蔗糖产量(14.46 t/hm2)比对照增产5.17%;其中宿根蔗优势明显,蔗茎产量(108.74 t/hm2)比对照增产12.25%,蔗糖产量(15.59 t/hm2)比对照增产17.67%;平均蔗糖分(14.09%)比对照高0.36%(绝对值)。桂糖51号适宜在土壤疏松,中等以上肥力的蔗区种植。     

广西农科院甘蔗新品种

4、品种:桂糖44号亲本:ROC1x桂糖92-66。特征特性:植株直立均匀,中茎,丰产稳产,高糖,宿根性强,亩有效茎数多。蔗茎产量:据2012~2013年广西甘蔗品种区域试验两年新植和一年宿根试验,平均甘蔗亩产量7.19吨,比对照新台糖22号增产5.2%,其中新植增1.85%,宿根增11.8%。     

甘蔗品种(系)宿根性表现与甘蔗成本价格比较

2011年10个甘蔗宿根栽培试验结果表明:桂糖02-496宿根蔗茎产量最高,达108790 kg/hm2,比新台糖22号和新台糖16号增产17.4％和24.8％,增产极显著.但11月和12月份蔗糖分较低,平均蔗糖分11.97％,比新台糖22号和新台糖16号减1.61和1.46个百分点.原料蔗成本价格最低为358.63元/t,分别比新台糖22号(CK1)和新台糖16号(CK2)减少36.38元/t和51.77元/t,减少9.21％和12.61％.比两对照高产的还有桂辐98-296、桂糖04-2278、桂糖04-120、柳城03-362,但11月和12月份蔗糖分较低.桂糖02-796、玉林1号、桂糖04-153、桂糖04-2724、桂糖04-112的宿根蔗茎产量及蔗糖分表现均不突出.     

甘蔗优良新品种桂糖41号选育与特性研究

桂糖41号(原名:桂糖03-2309)是广西农科院甘蔗研究所经过11年的试验研究选育出来的甘蔗新品种。多年试验结果表明,桂糖41号蔗茎产量和含糖量分别为102.62t/hm2和14.42t/hm2,比ROC22增产10.26%、增糖10.17%;11月至次年2月新植蔗蔗糖分分别为13.19%、14.55%、14.58%、14.86%,高于对照种ROC22;该品种适应性广,蔗茎粗大,增产增糖效果明显。     

高糖高产甘蔗新品种桂糖38号的选育

为在广西推广应用高产高糖甘蔗新品种,解决生产上品种结构过于单一的问题,以桂糖73-167为母本,CP84-1198为父本进行甘蔗有性杂交育种,采用"五圃制"选育程序,经过区域试验和生产试验育成了目标品种桂糖38号。广西区试结果表明,桂糖38号平均产蔗量96.3t/hm2,较对照新台糖22增产4.3%,其中宿根平均产蔗量为100.9t/hm2,比新台糖22号增产11.5%;11—2月份平均蔗糖分为14.95%,比新台糖22高0.93个百分点,其中11月和12月的平均蔗糖分分别为13.76%和15.14%,比新台糖22分别高0.84和1.21个百分点;新宿平均含糖量为14.4t/hm2,比新台糖22增11.6%,其中宿根平均含糖量为15.1t/hm2,较新台糖22增17.1%。桂糖38号为早熟、高糖、高产、宿根性好、适应性广的优良甘蔗品种,可在广西中等以上肥力的旱地和水田推广种植。     

2009—2010年广西甘蔗品种区域试验合浦点结果分析

2009-2010年广西甘蔗品种区域试验合浦试点结果表明:桂糖02/281宿根性好,蔗茎产量高,比新台糖22号(CK1)和新台糖16号(CK2)增产显著,公顷含糖量最高,但平均蔗糖分(13.80%)最低,分别比CK1和CK2减少1.59和0.66个百分点。园林17、柳城04/12、桂糖03/2357、桂糖02/1156、桂糖02/649、桂糖03/1403、桂糖03/963和桂糖03/2625的蔗茎产量及平均蔗糖分表现均不突出。     

2008—2009年广西合浦甘蔗品种区试结果分析

2008—2009年广西甘蔗品种区域试验合浦试点结果表明:12个参试品种中桂糖02/770产量最高,分别比新台糖22号(CK1)和新台糖16号(CK2)增产18.3%和27.6%,但前期11月蔗糖分(9.8%)和平均蔗糖分(12.27%)较低。柳城03/1137比两对照分别增产9.4%和18.1%,蔗糖分13.44%,比CK1略高,比CK2略低。桂糖02/901和柳城03/182蔗茎产量比CK1略高,桂糖02/208和柳城03/296蔗茎产量比CK2高,比CK1略低,但4个品种(系)都表现早熟,前期11月蔗糖分分别为15.03%、14.36%、14.74%和13.78%,平均蔗糖分分别为15.52%、15.17%、15.41%和14.71%,明显高于两对照。桂糖02/833比两对照增产,但平均蔗糖分(12.16%)最低。桂糖01/122、桂糖02/133和桂糖02/1247蔗茎产量和蔗糖分表现均不突出。     

闽糖02205在国家甘蔗品种第十轮区试中的表现

在2014—2015年国家甘蔗品种第十轮区域试验中,闽糖02205(原代号闽糖02-205)表现为植株高度中等,中至中大茎,有效茎数较多,宿根性强。区域试验2年新植1年宿根平均蔗茎产量105.54t/hm2,比对照新台糖22号略减产0.41%;平均蔗糖产量15.79t/hm2,比对照ROC22增产5.13%;平均甘蔗蔗糖分14.83%,比对照新台糖22号增加0.84个百分点。中抗黑穗病和花叶病。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.