中药对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)对雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响及复方中药对AFB1的颉颃效应,试验将90只7日龄雏鸭分为3组,每组30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB1一次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2％复方中药.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭肾组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛(MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及G1R活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,在日粮中添加复方中药的第Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织各项抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化.     

硒对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFTBl)对试验雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响及亚硒酸钠对AFTBl的颉颃效应.本试验以雏鸭为试验动物,7日龄雏鸭90只,共分为3组,每组各30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基哑砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组.每天分别按0.1 mg/kg体重剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFTB11次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭每天按1 mg/kg体重剂量灌胃亚硒酸钠(Na2 SeO3)1次.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21d,检测雏鸭肾组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛( MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及GR活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,经灌胃投用亚硒酸钠的第Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织各项抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而亚硒酸钠能明显改善其变化.     

黄曲霉毒素B_1对肉鸡肝线粒体自由基代谢的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(AFTB1)对肉鸡肝线粒体自由基代谢的影响,并研究亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)与复方中药对AFTB1的颉颃效应。10日龄120只试验肉鸡随机分为4组,每组30只,分别为第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,第Ⅰ组为空白对照组;每天以0.2 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组肉鸡灌胃投用AFTB11次,并在第Ⅲ组肉鸡基础日粮中添加2%复方中药,在第Ⅳ组肉鸡基础日粮中添加无机硒2 mg/kg(亚硒酸钠),试验期共28 d。并于处理后第17、24、31、38日龄时,检测肉鸡肝线粒体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化。结果显示,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组肉鸡肝线粒体SOD、CAT活性及T-AOC均显著降低(P<0.05),线粒体MDA含量显著增高(P<0.05);当投用亚硒酸钠或复方中药后,与第Ⅱ组试验结果比较,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ组肉鸡肝线粒体SOD、CAT活性及T-AOC均显著增强,而线粒体MDA含量明显降低。试验结果表明,在肉鸡日粮中添加亚硒酸钠或复方中药,均能明显缓解AFTB1所致肉鸡肝线粒体抗氧化功能下降的影响,且亚硒酸钠的效果明显优于复方中药。     

中药组方对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肝功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对试验雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响及复方中药对AFB1的颉颃效应,本试验选用7日龄健康雏鸭90只,分为3组,每组30只。Ⅰ组为空白对照组,灌胃与试验组等体积二甲基亚砜;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组为试验组。每天分别按0.1mg/kg剂量给Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB1一次,连续投药21d,试验期间给Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2%复方中药。分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21d,检测雏鸭肝功能部分血清指标。结果显示,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组雏鸭丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)与Y-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而血清总蛋白(TP)与白蛋白(ALB)含量显著下降(P<0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,在日粮中添加复方中药的Ⅲ组雏鸭各项血清指标均有显著改善(P<0.05)。说明黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肝功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化。     

硒对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭血清抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)对试验雏鸭血清抗氧化功能的影响及亚硒酸钠对AFB1的颉颃效应,选用7日龄雏鸭90只,随机分为3组,每组30只.Ⅰ组为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组.Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组每天按0.1 mg/kg体重剂量灌胃AFB1,同时给Ⅲ组每天按l mg/kg剂量灌胃...     

硒对黄曲霉毒素B_1中毒雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响

观察黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对试验雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响及亚硒酸钠对AFB1的颉颃效应。本试验以雏鸭为试验动物,7日龄雏鸭90只,共分为3组,每组各30只。第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组。每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB11次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭每天按1 mg/kg剂量灌胃亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)1次。分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭肝功能血清指标。结果显示:第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)与Y-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性均显著高于第Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而血清总蛋白(TP)与白蛋白(ALB)均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P<0.05);与第Ⅱ组比较,经灌胃投用亚硒酸钠的第Ⅲ组雏鸭各项肝功能血清指标均有显著的改善(P<0.05)。结果表明:黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肝功能血清指标发生显著的变化,而亚硒酸钠能明显改善其变化。     

硒与中药对黄曲霉毒素B_1所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响

为观察亚硒酸钠与复方中药对黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响,将7日龄120只试验雏鸭随机分成4组,每组30只。Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,以0.1mg/kg剂量每天给Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组雏鸭灌胃投用一次AFB1,并在Ⅲ组雏鸭基础日粮中添加2%复方中药,以1mg/kg剂量每天给Ⅳ组雏鸭灌胃投用亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)一次,试验期共21d。结果显示,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组雏鸭在灌胃投用AFB1后,其体重、日增重显著下降(P0.05),料肉比、死亡率显著增高(P0.05);同时,Ⅱ组生长性能显著低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.05)。结果表明,灌喂投用亚硒酸钠或在基础日粮中添加复方中药,均能显著缓解AFB1所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响(P0.05),且亚硒酸钠的效果显著优于复方中药(P0.05)。     

高铜日粮对肉鸡血清抗氧化功能的影响

为了了解高铜日粮对肉鸡血清抗氧化功能的影响,试验将200羽1日龄商品代科宝肉仔鸡随机分为4组,各组日粮中铜含量分别为Ⅰ组(对照组)11 mg/kg、Ⅱ组110 mg/kg、Ⅲ组330 mg/kg和Ⅳ组550 mg/kg,在饲养10,20,30,40,50天时每组各取5只鸡分离血清,检测血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组SOD、GR、GSH-Px的活性升高,T-AOC升高(P<0.05);Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组SOD、GR、GSH-Px的活性及T-AOC先出现代偿性升高(P<0.05),随着饲喂时间的延长,该系列指标降低(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组MDA的含量均升高(P<0.05)。说明日粮铜含量达到或超过330 mg/kg可引起肉鸡血清抗氧化酶活性降低,致使血清抗氧化功能受损。     

饲粮锌水平对笼养蛋雏鸭生长性能、抗氧化功能及免疫器官发育的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮锌水平对笼养蛋雏鸭生长性能、抗氧化功能及免疫器官发育的影响.试验采用单因素完全随机分组设计,选择健康1日龄金定蛋雏鸭180只,随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸭.对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(Ⅱ～Ⅴ组)分别饲喂在玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中添加20、40、60、80 mg/kg锌(ZnSO4·7H2O)的试验饲粮.试验期4周.结果表明:1)Ⅲ、Ⅳ组蛋雏鸭的料重比和Ⅲ组的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),雏鸭平均日增重、料重比随饲粮锌水平的增加呈明显的二次曲线变化,以此为指标估测的锌适宜添加水平分别是50.4和54.7 mg/kg;2)Ⅲ组血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶( CuZn-SOD)活性、肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量、肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05),估测的锌适宜添加水平分别是44.6、47.8、55.7、43.4、54.2 mg/kg,而血清MDA含量、血清GSH-Px活性和肝脏CuZn-SOD活性与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);3)Ⅲ组胸腺指数、脾脏指数、法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).由此可见,蛋雏鸭采食玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(含锌33.3 mg/kg)时,锌的适宜添加水平为55.7 mg/kg.     

饲粮中添加辣木黄酮对蛋雏鸭生长、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

试验通过在饲粮中添加不同水平的辣木黄酮,研究其对1～28日龄蛋雏鸭生长、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响,以探讨辣木黄酮的适宜添加量。试验选取健康、体重相近的1日龄三穗蛋雏鸭135只,随机分为3组(Ⅰ～Ⅲ组),每组3个重复,每个重复15只试验鸭。采用基础饲粮加辣木黄酮进行饲喂,Ⅰ组(对照组)试鸭饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试鸭分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.2%、0.4%辣木黄酮的试验饲粮,试验期4周。结果显示:饲粮添加0.4%辣木黄酮可显著降低三穗鸭蛋雏鸭料重比(F/G)、提高蛋雏鸭血清免疫蛋白A(IgA)含量(P0.05),降低血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P0.05)。结果表明:在基础饲粮中添加适量的辣木黄酮可提高1～28日龄蛋雏鸭的饲料利用率、免疫及抗氧化功能,对辣木黄酮在蛋雏鸭的应用上提供了参考依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.