不同生育期饲料油菜瘤胃降解特性的研究

本试验旨在通过测定不同生育期(现蕾期、盛花期和结荚期)饲料油菜在奶牛瘤胃内的降解规律,为饲料油菜的合理开发和利用提供理论依据。以不同生育时期饲料油菜为试验样品,选用永久性瘤胃瘘管荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法,测定4 h、8 h、12 h、16 h、24 h、36 h、48 h和72 h的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在瘤胃内的降解率。试验结果表明,随着生育时期的推进,DM瘤胃降解率呈降低趋势,由高到低依次为现蕾期、盛花期和结荚期;饲料油菜生育时期对降解参数快速降解部分(a)、慢速降解部分(b)和有效降解率(ED)的含量有较大影响,结荚期的CP快速降解部分a值显著高于盛花期和现蕾期(p0.05),CP的慢速降解部分b值表现为现蕾期显著高于盛花期和结荚期(p0.05)。现蕾期的DM快速降解部分a和慢速降解部分b显著高于结荚期的相应降解部分(p0.05)。盛花期的NDF快速降解部分a和慢速降解部分b显著高于结荚期的相应降解部分(p0.05)。盛花期的CP有效降解率(EDCP)、DM有效降解率(EDDM)和NDF有效降解率(EDNDF)显著高于结荚期(p0.05)。不同生育时期饲料油菜在瘤胃降解率不同,盛花期的CP有效降解率高于现蕾期和结荚期,DM和NDF的有效降解率都表现为结荚期最低。     

食用菌栽培对棉籽壳营养价值及山羊瘤胃动态降解率的影响

为了研究4种食用菌栽培后对栽培基质棉籽壳的营养价值和山羊瘤胃动态降解率的影响,选用6只年龄(10月龄)、体重[(35.42±3.96)kg]接近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的槐山羊羯羊,通过化学分析法测定了棉籽壳和4种菌糠的化学成分,并采用尼龙袋技术,分5批次测定了棉籽壳、平菇菌糠、木耳菌糠、金针菇菌糠和白灵菇菌糠瘤胃动态降解率。结果表明:(1)4种菌糠干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)含量分别比其栽培原料棉籽壳的含量降低13.09%~19.67%(P<0.01)和14.13%~39.52%(P<0.01),粗蛋白(CP)含量分别比棉籽壳提高40.20%~34.29%(P<0.01),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量分别比棉籽壳降低3.07%~39.72%和17.80%~45.91%(P<0.01);(2)木耳菌糠、金针菇菌糠、白灵菇菌糠的DM和OM在瘤胃内的有效降解率和a+b值(快速降解部分和慢速降解部分之和)均极显著高于棉籽壳(P<0.01),平菇菌糠的DM和OM在瘤胃内的有效降解率显著高于棉籽壳(P<0.05);平菇菌糠、金针菇菌糠、白灵菇菌糠的CP在瘤胃内的有效降解率和a+b值均极显著高于棉籽壳(P<0.01);4种菌糠的NDF和ADF在瘤胃内的有效降解率分别比棉籽壳提高76.72%~702.63%(P<0.01)和137.41%~575.31%(P<0.01)。因此,在棉籽壳上栽培4种食用菌均能改善棉籽壳的营养价值和提高山羊瘤胃消化率,栽培食用菌后的菌糠更有利于作为反刍动物饲料进行利用。     

巯基膨润土钝化修复镉污染水稻土的研究

通过田间种植水稻试验,探究了巯基膨润土（Bent-SH）对镉污染土壤的修复效果及钝化机理。结果表明:添加Bent-SH对土壤理化性质的影响很小,土壤有效态镉含量随Bent-SH添加量的增加逐渐降低,与对照相比,其最大下降率为48.57%。添加Bent-SH降低了土壤镉的迁移能力,降低了大米、秸秆对土壤镉的吸收,其最大下降率分别为72.73%、70.97%。土壤离子交换态镉（EX-Cd）含量最大下降率为54.17%,而铁锰氧化物结合态镉（FMO-Cd）和强有机质结合态镉（SO-Cd）含量最大增长率分别为117.40%和75.00%。Bent-SH添加量与土壤有效态镉、大米镉、秸秆镉含量呈极显著负相关,与土壤FMO-Cd、SO-Cd含量呈显著正相关,与土壤EX-Cd含量呈显著负相关。结果表明Bent-SH可以使土壤中的镉由EX向FMO和SO转化,有效降低镉的活性和生物可利用性,从而实现了镉污染土壤的钝化修复。     

新疆水稻主产区土壤硒含量与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关性

对新疆水稻主产区的44个稻田耕层土壤及收获籽粒进行调查取样,结果表明:稻田13%属于足硒土壤,82%属于富硒土壤且有5%属于高硒土壤。而水稻籽粒硒含量达到国家谷物类食品富硒标准的仅有20%,水稻籽粒硒含量与稻田土壤全硒含量相关性不显著,但水稻籽粒硒含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,且土壤p H值及土壤有效磷含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,说明在新疆水稻主产区土壤有效硒含量是衡量土壤供硒潜力的有效指标,在实际生产中大部分的稻田需要通过施用适量外源硒肥来提高水稻籽粒中硒的含量。     

紫色土泥沙沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸动力学特征

在紫色土集中分布的四川盆地丘陵区,选择不同土地利用方式（林地、水田、旱坡地、村镇）产生的沟渠泥沙为实验材料,采用平衡法研究了紫色土泥沙沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸动力学特征。结果表明,泥沙对磷的吸附和解吸过程按速率均分为快、慢、动态平衡3个阶段,0～0.75h内泥沙对磷的吸附速率与活性铁铝氧化物含量和粘粒含量之间呈显著正相关,较高的OlsenP水平和砂粒含量是泥沙磷解吸速率高的重要因素。泥沙磷的吸附量和解吸量与反应时间之间均呈幂函数关系（Qt=k·ta,0〈a〈1）。磷吸附量与泥沙中活性铁铝氧化物含量呈极显著正相关。磷解吸量与泥沙中砂粒含量显著正相关,与细颗粒物质（粘粒和粉粒）含量呈显著负相关。村镇沟渠泥沙磷的解吸量显著高于其他沟渠泥沙,其释放风险值得重视。本研究结果为川中丘陵区紫色土泥沙磷的释放风险评价提供了科学依据。     

黄河口湿地土壤磷素动态分布特征及影响因素

以黄河口湿地为研究对象,对2008年10月、2009年5月和8月、2010年8月4次野外调查所获取的样品进行室内分析,研究土壤磷素的时空分布特征,并分析土壤理化性质、植被及微生物对磷素分布的影响。结果表明：农业种植区表层土壤全磷（TP）、有效磷（Olsen-P）含量均高于自然湿地的。自然湿地土壤全磷水平和垂直分异均较小,变幅分别为429.19～693.30mg/kg,408.55～663.03mg/kg;有效磷含量水平和垂直分异均较大,变幅分别为0.27～13.48mg/kg,0.08～9.57mg/kg,研究区有效磷含量处于四级及以下水平。土壤全磷水平和垂直方向季节动态变化幅度很小,变异系数分别为5.80%和1.15%;有效磷季节变化明显大于全磷的季节变化,变异系数分别为29.21%和31.09%。土壤磷素分布特征与土壤理化性质、植被分布和微生物的作用相吻合,土壤全磷含量与粘土和粉砂含量、全氮、有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系,与容重呈极显著负相关关系,有效磷含量与土壤粘土和粉砂含量呈显著正相关关系;不同植被群落土壤全磷含量水平和季节变化较小,有效磷含量水平和季节变化明显;植被根际土全磷含量略高于非根际的,碱蓬有效磷的根际效应显著,根际土有效磷含量明显高于非根际的;植被对磷素的吸收累积量与根际土壤磷素含量呈弱的负相关关系;植被根际微生物活性与根际土壤有效磷含量呈极显著正相关关系。     

用微量元素对东北大米产地识别的技术

为探讨元素指纹分析技术对东北三省大米产地识别的可行性,筛选出可以区分不同产地大米的标志元素,该研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,ICP-MS）测定东北三省主要水稻产区土壤-作物籽实中Li、B、Be等23种微量元素含量,利用相关分析、方差分析、偏最小二乘回归分析等多种分析方法对不同产地大米及土壤中微量元素含量进行分析,建立识别东北三省大米产地的判别模型。结果表明：大米中Mo、Zn含量与土壤中Mo、Zn含量呈显著正相关（P<0.01）;3个省份大米中Ga、Pb、Sr、Zr、Ba元素分布表现出一致性,而另外18种元素表现出显著差异性（P<0.05）。对18种显著差异元素建立产地识别模型,发现正交偏最小二乘回归分析和多层感知器神经网络分析建立的判别模型能较好地对东北三省大米进行有效区分和识别,多层感知器神经网络分析中整体检验组的综合正确判别率为96.3%;在Fisher判别分析中利用逐步判别法筛选出的7种元素建立的判别模型能有效识别东北三省大米产地,判别正确率为93.8%。研究表明基于微量元素含量...     

四川盆地丘陵区农田土壤对磷的吸附与解吸特征

研究了四川盆地丘陵区典型水田和旱地土壤对磷的吸附与解吸特征,并讨论了吸附-解吸参数与土壤基本理化性质的关系。结果表明,不同pH的农田土壤对磷的吸附和解吸均存在显著差异,土壤对磷的吸持能力表现为中性土壤〉酸性土壤〉石灰性土壤,中性有利于土壤吸附磷;水稻土对磷的最大吸附容量（Qm）和最大缓冲容量（MBC）高于紫色土,而临界平衡磷浓度（EPC0）和解吸率（b）低于紫色土。农田土壤对磷的吸附与解吸参数还受土壤理化性质的影响,Qm和MBC与有机质含量、无定形铁（Fe-ox）含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01,n=6）;吸附常数（K）与有机磷含量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05,n=6）;EPC0与土壤pH、CaCO3含量呈显著负相关,与有机磷含量呈显著正相关（P〈0.05,n=6）;b与Fe-ox含量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05,n=6）。     

东平湖表层沉积物中磷的吸附容量及潜在释放风险分析

利用沉积物磷吸附指数（PSI）和磷吸附饱和度（DPS）研究了东平湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,并讨论了沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险。结果表明,表层沉积物的磷吸附指数变化范围为30.3～45.2[mg P·（100g）-1]·（μmol·L-1）-1,表现出从湖心、湖东向湖北、湖南逐渐增大的扇形特征;而磷吸附饱和度变化范围为6.5%～24.1%,与磷吸附指数变化趋势恰好相反。磷吸附指数与沉积物中草酸铵提取的铁（FeOX）含量呈极显著正相关,与草酸铵提取的铁铝总量呈显著正相关,磷吸附饱和度与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷（POX）含量呈显著正相关。此外,磷释放风险指数（ERI）变化范围为14.9%～67.5%,表明东平湖表层沉积物中磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于高度风险范围。     

外源纤维素酶对秸秆降解速率及土壤速效养分的影响

为探求促进秸秆降解的新途径，采用室内培养法研究了外源纤维素酶对秸秆降解速率及土壤速效养分的影响。结果表明，整个培养期内，小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆加酶处理与不加酶处理降解率都存在极显著差异（P〈0．01），到培养结束时小麦秸秆加酶处理降解率高出不加酶处理7．10％～11．86％，玉米秸秆高出8．01％～14．04％；整个培养期内，小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆加酶处理与不加酶处理间土壤碱解氮、速效磷、钾含量都存在极显著差异（P〈0．01），培养结束时，小麦秸秆最优处理碱解氮、速效磷、钾含量分别高出对照4．15，3．60，32．35mg／kg，玉米秸秆分别高出6．50，4．27，47．97mg／kg。结果说明添加外源纤维素酶能够提高秸秆降解速率，促进秸秆养分矿化。     

Influence of Oxalate,Phytate, Tannin,Dietary Fiber,and Cooking on Calcium Bioavailability of Commonly Consumed Cereals and Millets in India

The objectives of this research were to study the bioavailable calcium from widely used cereals and millets by an in vitro method and to provide data on the role of calcium inhibitors. The average total calcium content of the analyzed raw cereals and millets ranged from 10.2 to 324.6 mg/100 g (the lowest and highest values correspond to maize and finger millet, respectively), whereas the rest of the raw cereals and millets had calcium content in the range of 26.3–50.4 mg/100 g, except for rice samples (10.4 mg/100 g). Soluble percentage of calcium is the highest in maize (45.1%), and dialyzable calcium percentage is the highest in wheat (34.9%). The cooking process did not significantly affect calcium bioavailability and the contents of phytate and tannin. However, cooking reduced the oxalate content, and in the case of dietary fiber significant increase was observed. The order of oxalate content in the cereals and millets studied was found to be pearl millet > finger millet > wheat > maize > sorghum > rice. Multiple regression analysis carried out to explain the influence of oxalate, phytate, tannin, and dietary fiber on calcium bioavailability showed greater inhibitory effect of oxalate.     

Phytase and acid phosphatase activities in plant feedstuffs

A total of 183 samples representing 24 feedstuffs were analyzed for total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus content, phytase (Phy), and acid phosphatase (AcPh) activities with the objective to predict the capacity to hydrolyze phytic acid and to contribute to formulating environmentally adequate diets for monogastric animals. Of the cereals and cereal byproducts analyzed, only rye (5147 U kg(-)(1); 21 955 U g(-)(1)), wheat (1637 U kg(-)(1); 10 252 U g(-)(1)), rye bran (7339 U kg(-)(1); 56 722 U g(-)(1)), and wheat bran (4624 U kg(-)(1); 14 106 U g(-)(1)) were rich in Phy and AcPh activities. Legume seeds and oilseeds contained negligible Phy activity and a moderate amount of AcPh activity, except for kidney bean (33 433 U g(-)(1)) and full-fat linseed meal (13 263 U g(-)(1)). On the other hand, a significant linear regression between phytate phosphorus (y) and total phosphorus (x) was observed in cereal byproducts (R(2) = 0. 95; y = 0.8458x - 0.0367; P < 0.001) and oil seeds (R(2) = 0.95; y = 0.945x - 0.20; P < 0.001). Phy and AcPh were positively correlated with respect to phytate phosphorus in cereals, cereal byproducts, and other byproducts and negatively correlated in legume seeds and oilseeds. Except for cereals, the highest correlation between enzyme activities and phytate phosphorus was found for phytase. It is not possible to predict Phy and AcPh activities from phytate phosphorus content by linear and quadratic regressions. Finally, only highly significant and positive correlation was found between Phy and AcPh activities for cereals, cereal byproducts, and oilseeds.     

洞庭湖区不同耕种方式下水稻土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量状况

在洞庭湖区的2km2典型样区内,按3个/hm2的密度采集土样,分析不同耕种方式下(水稻、水旱轮作油菜、水改旱种苎麻1~5年)水稻土壤的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量状况。结果表明,水稻田土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量水平均较高,水田改为旱地后土壤有机碳、全氮含量及C/N比值有较大幅度的下降,但全磷含量变化不大。土壤有机碳、全氮及C/N比值均以水稻田土壤>油菜地土壤>苎麻地土壤,与水稻田相比,油菜土壤有机碳平均下降了11.19%、全氮下降了10.33%,而苎麻土壤有机碳平均下降了35.57%、全氮下降了31.61%。土壤有机碳与全氮之间呈线性关系,相关性均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

Effect of wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles inclusion on barley-based feed chemical profile, energy values, rumen degradation kinetics, and protein supply

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of replacing the barley grain portion of the diet by wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles (wDDGS) at graded levels on feeding value for beef cattle. Two cultivars of barley were mixed with two sources of wDDGS in ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75% (weight DM basis; denoted B0, B25, B50, and B75, respectively). This study revealed that increasing wDDGS inclusion level increased most of the nutritional composition linearly except for starch, which linearly decreased (from 609 to 320 g/kg of DM). Soluble, slowly degradable, and undegradable Cornel Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein and carbohydrate fractions linearly increased with increasing wDDGS inclusion level, whereas their rapidly and intermediately degradable fractions decreased. With increasing wDDGS inclusion, the rumen degradation rate of all measured parameters decreased linearly, the extent of degradability of organic matter was not affected, and the extent of CP degradability (g/kg DM) as well as the predicted protein supply in the small intestine and degraded protein balance in the rumen was increased. The inclusion of wDDGS in barley-based diets up to 50% did not alter energy values of the diet. Furthermore, optimum N to energy balance of the feed mixture for microbial growth in the rumen was reached by replacing 25% of barley by wDDGS. Thus, the nutritive value of the barley-based diets is manipulated by including wDDGS, which can be used to overcome the shortcomings of barley-dominated diets for beef cattle.     

蛋白质和过瘤胃脂肪对晋南牛瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

为探究蛋白质和富含不饱和脂肪酸的过瘤胃脂肪对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响,选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的晋南阉牛,按照蛋白质需要量的85%、100%和115%设计3个水平,并在此基础上添加0、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%的亚麻油制作的钙皂作为过瘤胃脂肪,采用3×4两因素设计,共形成12组饲粮组合,测定瘤胃pH、氨态氮浓度(NH_3-N)浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出量。结果表明,蛋白质和过瘤胃脂肪水平对瘤胃pH均无显著影响。蛋白质水平对NH_3-N浓度影响显著,9组NH_3-N显著高于1、2、3、4和8组,10组显著高于3和8组;对丙酸和乙酸、丁酸、乙酸/丙酸及总酸分别具有极显著和显著影响,5组的乙酸浓度较1、2、3和4组显著提高,9、10和11组瘤胃液中的丙酸浓度较1和2组显著提高,12组较2组显著提高,10组的丁酸浓度显著高于7和8组,1和2组的乙酸/丙酸比值显著高于9、10和11组;对精补料养分有效降解率影响极显著,对秸秆有机物(OM)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)分别具有极显著和显著影响,10组精补料粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃有效降解率显著高于2、3、4、5、6、7和8组,1、9、11和12组显著高于4、5、6、7和8组;对玉米秸秆中ADF瘤胃有效降解率6、7和8组显著高于除5和12组之外的其余各组,5和12组显著高于除9和11组之外的其余各组;对尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物有显著影响,12组的尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物显著高于1和4组,11组尿酸显著高于其余组。综上,饲粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物具有显著影响,饲粮蛋白质水平为饲养标准需要量前提下,过瘤胃脂肪适宜添加量为饲粮的5%。本研究结果为肉牛养殖中日粮过瘤胃脂肪添加量及蛋白质水平提供了一定的依据。     

不同种类及加工方式对杂粮酸奶体外抗氧化活性的比较

为探究杂粮品种及加工方式对杂粮酸奶体外抗氧化活性的影响,选择小米、黄米、燕麦、藜麦、糙米、荞麦、高粱米7种杂粮为原料,经过蒸制、煮制、打浆3种常见加工方式,比较其多酚含量及抗氧化活性,对特性较好的杂粮经恰当处理后与牛奶共发酵制备酸奶,研究该杂粮酸奶的多酚含量及抗氧化活性,开发具备抗氧化活性的杂粮酸奶。结果表明,7种杂粮的之间的抗氧化能力存在显著（P<0.05）差异,采用抗氧化综合（antioxidant potency composite,APC）指数法评定杂粮的抗氧化活性,发现抗氧化活性最高的杂粮为荞麦。进一步对荞麦进行加工处理,发现蒸制处理后其抗氧化活性优于煮制和打浆。将蒸制的荞麦与牛奶混合制备酸奶,制成的荞麦酸奶总酚含量为52.85 mg/100g,是普通酸奶的5.16倍;且其抗氧化能力显著高于普通酸奶（P<0.05）。该研究为功能性杂粮酸奶的开发提供借鉴。     

Evaluation of the nutritional characteristics of a finger millet based complementary food

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), peanuts (Arachis hypogoea), and mango (Mangifera indica) were processed separately and then combined, on the basis of their amino acid scores and energy content, into a complementary food for children of weaning age. The finger millet and kidney beans were processed by germination, autoclaving, and lactic acid fermentation. A mixture containing, on a dry matter basis, 65.2, 19.1, 8.0, and 7.7% of the processed finger millet, kidney beans, peanuts, and mango, respectively, gave a composite protein with an in vitro protein digestibility of 90.2% and an amino acid chemical score of 0.84. This mixture had an energy density of 16.3 kJ.g(-1) of dry matter and a decreased antinutrient content and showed a measurable improvement in the in vitro extractability for calcium, iron, and zinc. A 33% (w/v) pap made from a mix of the processed ingredients had an energy density of 5.4 kJ.g(-1) of pap, which is sufficient to meet the energy requirements of well-nourished children of 6-24 months of age at three servings a day and at the FAO average breast-feeding frequency.     

Amino acid profiles after sprouting, autoclaving, and lactic acid fermentation of finger millet (Eleusine coracan) and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Seeds of finger millet (Eleucine coracan (L.) Gaertner) and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were sprouted, autoclaved, and fermented during the processing of a weaning (complementary) food for children. Relative changes in individual amino acids with processing were evaluated. Finger millet and kidney beans both showed a good percentage of essential to total amino acids, with 44. 2-44.9% in finger millet and 44.2-45.1% in kidney beans, when compared to 33.9% for the FAO/WHO reference protein for 2-5 year old children. Sprouting resulted in a significant decrease in lysine in kidney beans. Autoclaving caused significant decreases in histidine, while fermentation significantly decreased phenylalanine and increased tryptophan in finger millet. The leucine-to-lysine ratio, which is an indicator of the pellagragenic character of a protein, was significantly improved in finger millet by both sprouting and fermentation.     

Xylanase,beta-glucanase,and other side enzymatic activities have greater effects on the viscosity of several feedstuffs than xylanase and beta-glucanase used alone or in combination

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of a pure xylanase, a pure beta-glucanase, a mix of the two pure enzymes, and a commercial enzyme preparation (Quatrazyme HP, Nutri-Tomen Les Ulis, France) on the viscosity exhibited by water-soluble nonstarch polysaccharides of several feedstuffs (Rialto wheat, Sidéral wheat, Isengrain wheat, triticale, rye, barley, oats, corn, wheat bran, rice bran, wheat screenings, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, and peas). The viscosity depended on the feedstuffs and varieties of the same feedstuff. There was a correlation (R (2) = 0.86) between viscosity of cereals and their arabinoxylan and beta-glucan contents. The correlation was greater (R (2) = 0.99) when the type of cereal was taken into account. The addition of pure xylanase significantly decreased the viscosity of all feedstuffs except sunflower meal (P < or = 0.05). However, pure beta-glucanase was unable significantly to decrease the viscosity of Isengrain wheat, corn, rice bran, wheat screenings, soybean meal, and sunflower meal. There was a greater decrease in viscosity with the combination of xylanase and beta-glucanase than with addition of xylanase or beta-glucanase alone. This synergistic action of xylanase and beta-glucanase was observed only in Rialto wheat, Sidéral wheat, triticale, rye, barley, oats, and peas. Finally, the commercial enzyme preparation produced a greater reduction (P < or = 0.05) in viscosity for all feedstuffs compared to xylanase or beta-glucanase used alone or in combination. The greater effectiveness of the commercial enzyme preparation was due to the presence of side enzymatic activities (arabinofuranosidase, xylosidase, glucosidase, galactosidase, cellulase, and polygalacturonase).     

Response of Different Crops to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungal Inoculation in Phosphorus-Deficient Soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the capability to improve crop yields by increasing plant nutrient supply. A pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions to determine the response of AMF inoculation on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), mash bean (Vigna mungo L.), and mung bean (Vigna radiata. L.) crops during 2008. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in three replications using phosphorus (P)–deficient soil. Three plants were grown in 10 kg soil up to the stage of maximum growth for 70 days. Spores of AMF were isolated from rhizosphere of freshly growing wheat and berseem crops and mixed with sterilized soil with fine particles. Crops were inoculated in the presence of indigenous mycorrhiza with the inoculum containing 20 g sterilized soil mixed with 40–50 AMF spores. Inoculation with AMF improved yield and nutrient uptake by different crops significantly over uninoculated crops. Inoculated millet crop showed 20% increase in shoot dry matter and 21% in root dry matter when compared with other inoculated crops. Increases of 67% in plant nitrogen (N) and iron (Fe) were observed in millet, 166% in plant P uptake was observed in mash beans, 186% in zinc (Zn) was measured in maize, and 208% in copper (Cu) and 48% in manganese (Mn) were noted in sorghum crops. Maximum root infection intensity of 35% by AMF and their soil spore density were observed in millet crop followed by 32% in mash beans. Results suggest that inoculation of AMF may play a role in improving crop production and the varied response of different crops to fungi signifies the importance of evaluating the compatibility of the fungi and plant host species.