3个南方造林树种幼苗抗旱性的比较

以聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ－６０００）渗透溶液模拟水分胁迫的条件下，比较了不同水分胁迫强度和同一胁迫强度条件下银杏，侧柏，火炬松等树种幼苗的抗旱性，并确定了３个鉴定苗木早期抗旱性的生理指标，结果表明３个树种幼苗抗旱性的顺序为：侧柏〉银杏〉火炬松。质膜相对透性，相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）根系活力等指标可以作为快速，简便鉴定苗木早期抗旱性的生理指标。     

3树种抗旱性的灰色关联分析

运用灰色关联分析法,对3个树种的抗旱性与9项抗旱指标的相关性进行了分析。关联度分析结果表明:叶绿素含量、叶水势、叶片相对含水量以及电导率与3个树种的关联度分别为0.7674、0.7005、0.6793和0.6287,它们可作为3个树种重要的抗旱评价指标。     

银杏不同品种生长及耐旱性的比较

对6个银杏品种7 a生幼树的树高、干径、1 a生枝长及离体叶片的相对含水量(RWC)和叶绿素稳定指数(CSI)进行研究,结果表明,不同品种的干径和1 a生枝长度的差异达到了极显著水平,干径以大佛手最粗,为2.0824 cm,马铃最细,仅为1.5378 cm;1 a生枝长度最长的是大圆铃达22.9773 cm,最短的是郯城9号,仅为12.0889 cm;马铃的耐旱性最强,CSI为20.67,RWC损失率为65.07%。     

Responses of Prunus ferganensis,Prunus persica and two interspecific hybrids to moderate drought stress

Prunus ferganensis (Kost. & Riab) Kov. & Kost, a close relative of cultivated peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.), is native to arid regions of central Asia. A distinguishing feature of P. ferganensis is its prominent, elongated, unbranched pattern of leaf venation. To determine whether the long-vein trait could be used as a marker in breeding for drought tolerance, we investigated the association between this trait and the leaf morphological and physiological parameters related to drought response in P. ferganensis, P. persica and two interspecific hybrids, one with the long-vein trait (BY94P7585) and one without (BY94P7589). The four genotypes were grafted onto "Guardian" peach rootstock and half of the plants were assigned to a drought treatment in which irrigation was limited to 25-50% of the evapotranspiration (ET) rate measured in the remaining well-watered plants, which were irrigated to runoff daily. The drought treatment reduced photosynthesis and leaf conductance by 49-83% and reduced total leaf area per plant by 17-24%, but generally did not affect mid-morning leaf water potential. Leaf gas exchange did not differ among genotypes in either treatment. Sorbitol accumulated in mature leaves in response to drought, but neither its amount nor its metabolism varied systematically with climatic adaptation among genotypes. Accumulation of transport sugars was highest in P. ferganensis, indicating that growth reduction may represent an important strategy for coping with drought in this species. Prunus ferganensis and the hybrids had higher ET than P. persica, and seemed to use water opportunistically, maintaining high gas exchange rates and consequently high ET when water was available, and avoiding low water potentials through stomatal closure as soil water declined. Leaf size (cm(2) leaf(-1)) and specific leaf area (cm(2) g(-1) dry mass) were lower in P. ferganensis and the hybrids than in P. persica. We conclude that the long-vein trait is not a reliable marker for drought tolerance, but leaf traits of P. ferganensis such as size and specific leaf area may be useful in P. persica breeding programs targeting drought tolerance.     

重庆市域主要树种抗旱性评价

在重庆市江北区铁山坪森林公园对13个主要树种进行了调查,选择有代表性的10个样地,主要从树木的死亡率、落叶率并结合树叶的变色率和变形对树种抗旱性进行综合分析评价,得到结论:抗旱性强的树种为木荷;较强的树种依次为枫香、峨嵋紫楠(Phoebe sheareeni vomeiensis);中等的树种依次为石栎、野杏树(Prunus)、毛桐(Mallotus barbatus)、漆树、青皮(Schoepfia jasminodora)、香樟、杉木、马尾松;差的树种依次为槲栎(Quercus fabri hance)、毛叶木姜子(Litsea mollis)。       

Water stress and seedling growth of two eucalypt species from contrasting habitats

Seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata Hook (mesic environment) and E. brockwayi C.A. Gardn. (arid environment) were supplied 100, 70 or 40% of their water requirements estimated from leaf area and the water used by well-watered seedlings. Restricting water supply caused large differences in growth rates, which were related to large differences in total leaf area. There was a fivefold range of variation in number of leaves per plant, and a reduction of up to 20% in average leaf size as a consequence of restricting water supply. Eucalyptus maculata seedlings produced more dry matter than E. brockwayi seedlings, but net assimilation rate was higher in E. brockwayi seedlings. Transpiration rates were also higher in E. brockwayi than in E. maculata. Leaf expansion was analyzed as a function of water stress integral (S(Psi)), which is the cumulative integral over time of predawn water potential below a datum. The leaf area achieved at any stress level was not uniquely dependent on total S(Psi), there was a secondary effect associated with reduced leaf growth caused by previous stress. At any value of S(Psi), reductions in leaf growth of water-stressed seedlings relative to leaf growth of well-watered control seedlings were greater in E. maculata seedlings than in E. brockwayi. Treatment differences in both species showed that, within the levels of stress applied, a moderate water stress over a long period of time was more detrimental to dry matter production than a severe stress for a short time.     

Climate-driven adaptive responses to drought of dominant tree species from Patagonia

New Forests - The increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events affects populations of tree species. As a result, many forests around the world have suffered massive mortality...     

7个造林树种对重金属污染的吸滞能力评价试验

通过杞柳、水杨梅等7个造林树种的造林试验,测定了各树种1年生根部组织内Hg、Cd、Ni、Cr、Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb和As等9种重金属指标的含量。测定结果显示：7个树种对重金属均有一定的吸滞能力,其中杞柳对所有测定的重金属均有较强的吸滞能力,其他树种对不同重金属指标吸滞能力表现不一。通过综合吸滞能力评价,按CI值将7个树种的综合吸滞能力种排序：杞柳〉池杉〉垂柳〉落羽杉〉湿地松〉水杨梅〉杨树。     

福建山樱花总RNA提取方法比较分析

以福建山樱花嫩叶为试验材料,采用Trizol法、CTAB法、CTAB-Li Cl法、百泰克试剂盒法和天根试剂盒法5种方法提取福建山樱花叶片RNA,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测总RNA的完整性,以微量紫外分光系统检测总RNA的纯度和浓度。结果表明:Trizol法和天根试剂盒法不适于福建山樱花叶片RNA的提取;CTAB法和百泰克试剂盒法提取的RNA完整性好,纯度及浓度高,但百泰克试剂盒法提取的RNA有DNA污染;CTAB-Li Cl法提取的RNA浓度低,且含杂质。RT-PCR试验结果进一步表明CTAB法提取的RNA能够用于后续的分子生物学研究,是福建山樱花叶片RNA提取的最佳方法。     

我国柠条抗旱性研究现状

柠条是一个抗旱性很强的物种,人们已经在生物学特性、光合特性和水分特性上对其有了初步认识。本文评述了柠条抗旱的生理生态和生物学特性的研究现状,并对柠条抗旱研究工作需要深入的几个方面提出了见解。     

Physiological and morphological responses to water stress in two Acacia species from contrasting habitats

Container-grown seedlings of Acacia tortilis Forsk. Hayne and A. xanthophloea Benth. were watered either every other day (well watered) or every 7 days (water-stressed) for 1 year in a greenhouse. Total plant dry mass (T(dm)), carbon allocation and water relations were measured monthly. Differences in leaf area (LA) accounted for differences in T(dm) between the species, and between well-watered and water-stressed plants. Reduction in LA as a result of water stress was attributed to reduced leaf initiation, leaf growth rate and leaf size. When subjected to prolonged water stress, Acacia xanthophloea wilted more rapidly than A. tortilis and, unlike A. tortilis, lost both leaves and branches. These differences between species were attributed to differences in the allocation of carbon between leaves and roots and in the ability to adjust osmotically. Rapid recovery in A. xanthophloea following the prolonged water-stress treatment was attributed to high cell wall elasticity. Previous exposure to water stress contributed to water-stress resistance and improved recovery after stress.     

不同树龄空心李的果实品质比较

通过对不同树龄的空心李果实外观性状及内在营养成分的观察测定,数据结果采用单因素完全随机设计的方差分析方法进行分析,结果表明:低龄李树(5、10年生)果实单果重、果实横径、Vc含量较高,但总糖相对低于高龄(20、30年生)李树;可食率、酸度、可溶性固形物含量在不同树龄间的差异不显著,对不同树龄的空心李树应采取不同的栽培措施,从而进一步提高果实品质.     

木兰科6个树种抗旱性及其抗氧化指标的测定

将木兰科6个树种进行28 d春旱处理,以观察田间生长状况,并测定土壤含水量及树种凋萎系数;干旱处理21 d时,测定植株叶片的抗氧化指标。结果表明:阔瓣含笑、乐昌含笑暂时凋萎系数均为7.6%,永久凋萎系数均为3.78%;金叶含笑、观光木、红花木莲、桂南木莲暂时凋萎系数均为14.2%,永久凋萎系数均为7.6%。根据以上结果及田间观察,6个供试树种抗旱能力由大到小排序为:阔瓣含笑、乐昌含笑、金叶含笑、观光木、桂南木莲、红花木莲。抗氧化指标测定结果显示:水分胁迫21d时,观光木和红花木莲总抗氧化能力有所降低,其余4个树种均升高;而抗坏血酸(Vc)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在6个树种中均升高。其中,阔瓣含笑和乐昌含笑升高幅度最大。     

Relationships among drought resistance, transpiration rates, and abscisic acid levels in three northern conifers

Water potentials, transpiration rates and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in shoots of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were monitored during periods of drought and recovery from drought. Abscisic acid contents of shoots increased during the period of drought as water potentials decreased. The increase in levels of ABA was closely associated with a decrease in rates of transpiration. In the spruces, the levels of ABA peaked and then fell while plant water potentials continued to decrease, whereas in jack pine, the level of ABA rose throughout the drought treatment. After rewatering, the levels of ABA in all three conifers fell concurrent with a rise in transpiration rates. At the end of the three-day recovery period, ABA levels and transpiration rates in the spruces were either at or near control levels, whereas the concentration of ABA in jack pine remained approximately twice the control level, and transpiration was only 60% of the control rate. A compound tentatively identified as phaseic acid followed trends similar to those for ABA.     

Difference in uprooting resistance among coniferous species planted in soils of volcanic origin

Uprooting resistance against wind force for coniferous plantations in soils of volcanic origin was studied. The difference in uprooting resistance among Abies sachalinensis, Picea jezoensis, and Larix kaempferi was discussed. The sample site was set in Chitose plantations in Hokkaido Japan, where typhoon 0418 caused fatal uprooting damage in 2004. An uproot resistance index—the ratio of the geometrical moment of area for uprooted root-plate to the moment susceptibility to wind force—was defined to quantify relative uprooting resistance against wind force. It was calculated from the dimensional measurements for the tree forms and root-plates of 100 uprooted sample trees after the typhoon attack. As a result, the uprooting resistance for Picea jezoensis, which was less damaged among the sample species, was estimated to be greater than those for the other two species.     

Hydraulic adjustments underlying drought resistance of Pinus halepensis

Drought-induced tree mortality has increased over the last decades in forests around the globe. Our objective was to investigate under controlled conditions the hydraulic adjustments underlying the observed ability of Pinus halepensis to survive seasonal drought under semi-arid conditions. One hundred 18-month saplings were exposed in the greenhouse to 10 different drought treatments, simulating combinations of intensities (fraction of water supply relative to control) and durations (period with no water supply) for 30 weeks. Stomata closed at a leaf water potential (Ψ(l)) of -2.8 MPa, suggesting isohydric stomatal regulation. In trees under extreme drought treatments, stomatal closure reduced CO(2) uptake to -1 μmol m(-2) s(-1), indicating the development of carbon starvation. A narrow hydraulic safety margin of 0.3 MPa (from stomatal closure to 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) was observed, indicating a strategy of maximization of CO2 uptake in trees otherwise adapted to water stress. A differential effect of drought intensity and duration was observed, and was explained by a strong dependence of the water stress effect on the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration T/ET and the larger partitioning to transpiration associated with larger irrigation doses. Under intense or prolonged drought, the root system became the main target for biomass accumulation, taking up to 100% of the added biomass, while the stem tissue biomass decreased, associated with up to 60% reduction in xylem volume.     

黑果腺肋花楸抗旱生理特性的初步研究

文章对黑果腺肋花楸与同科常见树种叶片组织水分亏缺、束缚水、自由水和保水力等水分生理指标的测定，生长发育观察及区域栽培试验的结果表明，黑果腺肋花楸具有较强的抗旱性，在灌溉或秸秆覆盖条件下，基本适于年降水量500—600mm的地区栽培，在年降水量600mm以上的地区栽培无需灌溉。     

4种暖季型草坪草的抗旱性分析

对百喜草、假俭草、狗牙根和结缕草4种暖季型草坪草进行土壤持续干旱,测定叶片水分饱和亏、叶绿素、细胞膜相对透性等生理生化指标,并运用模糊隶属函数法进行抗旱性评价。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,狗牙根的水分饱和亏上升幅度最小,而土壤含水量显著高于其他品种,表明狗牙根的抗旱机制主要为保持体内高水势的御旱机制上;狗牙根的叶绿素含量下降幅度最小,相对电导率和丙二醛上升幅度也最小;运用隶属函数法得出百喜草、假俭草、狗牙根和结缕草的隶属函数值分别为:0.506、0.501、0.566和0.537,表明抗旱性强弱为狗牙根结缕草百喜草假俭草;在适合暖季型草坪草生长的干旱地区,狗牙根可以作为培植草坪的首选品种。     

Ecophysiological and morphological responses to shade and drought in two contrasting ecotypes of Prunus serotina

Photosynthesis (A), water relations and stomatal reactivity during drought, and leaf morphology were evaluated on 2-year-old, sun- and shade-grown Prunus serotina Ehrh. seedlings of a mesic Pennsylvania seed source and a more xeric Wisconsin source. Wisconsin plants maintained higher A and leaf conductance (g(wv)) than Pennsylvania plants during the entire drought under sun conditions, and during the mid stages of drought under shade conditions. Compared to shade plants, sun plants of both sources exhibited a more rapid decrease in A or % A(max) with decreasing leaf water potential (Psi). Tissue water relations parameters were generally not significantly different between seed sources. However, osmotic potentials were lower in sun than shade plants under well-watered conditions. Following drought, shade plants, but not sun plants, exhibited significant osmotic adjustment. Sun leaves had greater thickness, specific mass, area and stomatal density and lower guard cell length than shade leaves in one or both sources. Wisconsin sun leaves were seemingly more xerophytic with greater thickness, specific mass, and guard cell length than Pennsylvania sun leaves. No source differences in leaf structure were exhibited in shade plants. Stomatal reactivity to sun-shade cycles was similar between ecotypes. However, well-watered and droughted plants differed in stomatal reactivity within and between multiple sun-shade cycles. The observed ecotypic and phenotypic variations in ecophysiology and morphology are consistent with the ability of Prunus serotina to survive in greatly contrasting environments.     

干旱地区生态建设中的先锋树种——欧李

欧李是野生的自然资源，适应性强，成活率高，覆盖快，而且果用、牧用、花用、药用集为一体，生态、经济和社会三方面效益有机结合，是干旱地区生态建设中的“短平快”的先锋树种。