活性肥促进桉树幼龄林肥效利用的研究

含微量元素、镧系元素(稀土)、植物酶活性剂等植物营养的活性肥与桉树专用肥同时施用,可促进按树幼林对营养元素的吸收利用,提高施肥的肥效,促进树高和材积的显著增长.与单施500g复混肥相比较,施放30 g活性肥/株 375 g复混肥/株的单株材积比单施复混肥的提高35.5%,经济效益非常显著.     

杉木人工林中微量营养元素的含量、积累和生物循环

微量元素在植物体内参与各种生理生化活动,其作用机制有很强的专一性,是植物正常生长发育所不可缺少和相互替代的。森林生态系统的养分循环中,也包括微量营养元素的循环。本文对杉木林中的微量元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、B)进行了研究,旨在了解杉木林生态系统中这些元素的含量、积累和分布状况,以及它们在系统中循环的规律,以期进一步完善     

Effect of fertilization on the litter fall of pinus sylvestris and betula pubescens on drained peatlands

NPK fertilization on a dwarf shrub pine bog initially increased the amount and nutrient content of the tree litter. Eight years after fertilization, however, the amount of micronutrients decreased compared to the amount of N and P in the litter. Fertilization on a fertile mire also increased the nutrient content of the litter fall, especially in the mature pine and birch stands. The amount of nutrients in the litter fall of the birch stands was considerably greater than that in the pine stand of the same volume.     

油茶新造林土壤营养元素含量状况及施肥策略

针对油茶新造林地土壤营养元素含量状况进行取样调查,结果表明,各样地土壤除pH值外的各个指标,均存在较大变异。在大量元素中,全P含量指标变异最大;微量元素中,全Ca含量指标变异最低,有效Mg的变异最大。新造油茶林地土壤肥力处于低水平,大部分肥力指标缺乏,个别指标严重缺乏。其中全锰、铁、铜等微量元素均处于较低水平,应通过施用有机肥或用微量元素配比复合肥适量补充。     

Effect of Nutrient Optimization on Branch Characteristics in Picea abies (L.) Karst

The number and size of branches are major determinants of log grading. To study the effect of fertilization on branch characteristics in Norway spruce, trees were sampled in a nutrient optimization experiment in northern Sweden. Data were collected from 24 40-yr-old trees from fertilized and control plots after 12 yrs of annual nutrient application. On the fertilized plots, all essential macronutrients and micronutrients were supplied in irrigation water every second day during the growing season. Fertilization increased the number of new branches, but its effect on branch angle and branch mortality was small. Fertilization increased the diameter of the branches that were formed after the initiation of the treatment, but also the diameter of the branches that were formed before the fertilization commenced. Fertilization enhanced the general growth of a tree, but there were no significant changes in the relationships between stem and branch characteristics. Improved growth rate of trees, as an effect of fertilization, may impair branching quality of logs. Such negative effects may, however, to some extent be counteracted by planting density at stand establishment and later thinning regimens.     

The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land

Influences on mineral topsoils of common European tree species (oak-Quercus robur L., lime-Tilia cordata Mill., ash-Fraxinus excelsior L., birch-Betula pendula Roth., beech-Fagus sylvatica L. and spruce-Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were studied in 30 to 40-year-old stands planted in adjacent plots on former arable land. Mineral soil samples from two depth layers (0–10 and 20–30 cm) under the different species were compared in terms of pH, base saturation, pools and concentrations of exchangeable macro- and micronutrients, total nitrogen and carbon. With the exception of pH (H₂O) and extractable Al and Fe, no significant differences between species were detected in the lower layer. The upper (0–10 cm) layer was, however, affected differently depending on tree species: significant differences in pH, base saturation, exchangeable base cations and other nutrients were observed. The most prominent differences were between lime and spruce. Lime had considerably higher pH, base saturation, base cation and boron pools compared to spruce, which had the most acidifying effect on the mineral topsoils. Among the deciduous species, beech had the most similar effect to spruce on the upper layer of mineral topsoils. Soil C, N and C/N ratios did not differ significantly among species.     

Dry-matter partitioning in loblolly and slash pine: Effects of fertilization and irrigation

The effects of fertilization and irrigation, singly and in combination, on growth and dry-matter allocation in seedlings of Pinus taeda and P. elliottii were investigated under field conditions. Trickle irrigation was regulated to maintain soil water potential above −10 kPa and 111 g of fertilizer (N:P:K 10:10:10 plus micronutrients) were banded around each seedling on three occasions. Treatments were initiated at the beginning of the second growing-season in the field, the same year sampling was conducted. Sampling consisted of complete excavation of 15 seedlings per treatment per species beginning in early April and continued every 6 weeks through mid-November, 1986. Each seedling was measured for height, root-collar diameter, foliage, stem and root dry-matter, and total needle surface-area. Allometric growth-analysis was used to determine dry-matter partitioning among the various tree components.

The cultural treatments affected the two species differently. Loblolly pine responded to treatments by shifting dry-matter allocation from roots to shoots, with the greatest increase observed in the fertilization treatment. Slash pine showed a similar response to irrigation and to irrigation plus fertilization, but increased allocation to roots under the fertilization treatment. Allocation to stems was greater than to foliage in both species and treatments except the control loblolly pine.     

Forest soils and carbon sequestration

Soils in equilibrium with a natural forest ecosystem have high carbon (C) density. The ratio of soil:vegetation C density increases with latitude. Land use change, particularly conversion to agricultural ecosystems, depletes the soil C stock. Thus, degraded agricultural soils have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) stock than their potential capacity. Consequently, afforestation of agricultural soils and management of forest plantations can enhance SOC stock through C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration, and the magnitude and quality of soil C stock depend on the complex interaction between climate, soils, tree species and management, and chemical composition of the litter as determined by the dominant tree species. Increasing production of forest biomass per se may not necessarily increase the SOC stocks. Fire, natural or managed, is an important perturbation that can affect soil C stock for a long period after the event. The soil C stock can be greatly enhanced by a careful site preparation, adequate soil drainage, growing species with a high NPP, applying N and micronutrients (Fe) as fertilizers or biosolids, and conserving soil and water resources. Climate change may also stimulate forest growth by enhancing availability of mineral N and through the CO₂ fertilization effect, which may partly compensate release of soil C in response to warming. There are significant advances in measurement of soil C stock and fluxes, and scaling of C stock from pedon/plot scale to regional and national scales. Soil C sequestration in boreal and temperate forests may be an important strategy to ameliorate changes in atmospheric chemistry.     

厌氧消化过程中微量营养物的作用研究新进展

指出了在厌氧消化工艺的运行管理过程中,对厌氧反应器的进水COD、进水中COD：N：P的比值、进水pH值、有机负荷、温度等常规运行指标较为重视,但忽视了厌氧茵生长对Fe、Ni、Co等一些微量营养物的特殊需求,造成厌氧工艺的运行效果普遍较差,多数厌氧反应器达不到设计负荷,探讨了Fe、Co、Ni等微量营养物对甲烷茵的激活作用。     

桤木人工林细根与土壤养分含量季节动态变化

对桤木人工林细根、土壤养分含量的季节变化及其两者之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)桤木细根中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季高,春季最低;微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd含量冬季最低,春夏季较高.(2)土壤各层中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季最低,夏季最高;微量元素Mn、Zn含量在冬季最低,秋季最高;Fe、Ni、Pb、Cu、Cd含量在冬季最高,春秋较低.(3)细根和土壤中大量元素含量在冬季存在负相关关系,微量元素Fe、Ni、Cd含量在一年四季均存在显著负相关关系,Mn、Cu含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在负相关关系,Zn、Pb含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在正相关关系.     

Seasonal nutrient retranslocation in reforested <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus halepensis</Emphasis> Mill. stands in Southeast Spain

Retranslocation, resorption and relocation of nutrients are important adaptive mechanisms developed by plants to acquire the amount of the nutrients required for growth. They are usual mechanisms in deciduous and conifer trees that occur in Mediterranean regions where drought periods are usual. Soil factors, environmental characteristics and species factors are key drivers of nutrient retranslocation in conifers but is not well understood how soil fertility or intraspecific competition influences the process. We studied retranslocation in Pinus halepensis Mill. stands showing different site quality (differences in climate and intraspecific competition) occurring in Southeast Spain. We monitored reforested mature Aleppo pine forests in stands with differences in site quality, climate and intraspecific competition. Stands were characterised, the content of nutrients of soil and green samples (twigs and pine needles) were recorded, and seasonal nutrient retranslocation was obtained. Site characteristics were related to growth rate and nutrient content of foliage and soil. We evaluated whether the retranslocation of nutrients from older to younger foliage was related to the current-year growth rate and to the nutritional status of the plant as influenced by intraspecific competition. Foliar macronutrient concentrations and the amount of retranslocated macronutrients were seasonal, with differences related to site quality and tree density. As a general trend, nutrient concentrations increased after drought (autumn) and decreased during the growth period (spring). However, some micronutrients (mainly Na and Fe) decreased during both periods. The retranslocation pattern in Aleppo pine reinforced the hypothesis that pine adaptations to drought- and fire-prone habitats are linked to the resilience of these forest types. We developed scientific knowledge to assist decision making in adaptive forest management; e.g. fertilizer recommendations or reforestation programmes.     

茂名小良桉树营养元素含量的测定

为研究广东省茂名市小良水土保持试验推广站桉树的化学成分,测定了小良5种桉树的8种营养元素的含量。结果表明：同一品种桉树同一器官中各营养元素含量比较,4种大量营养元素含量总体表现为K〉Ca〉Mg〉P,4种微量营养元素含量绝大部分植物以Mn含量最高,Cu含量最低;4种大量元素P、K、Ca、Mg含量都表现为叶最大,枝次之,根和干中的含量较小;而4种微量元素Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn在植物各器官含量的高低排序缺乏一致规律;不同种桉树间的营养元素含量差别总体上缺乏一致规律。     

云南的林木引种及其遗传改良

在总结云南省多年来用材树种、经济林树种、绿化树种的林木引种及遗传改良工作状况及所获成效的基础上,指出了其中存在的问题,进而提出了云南省该项综合系统工程的发展对策。     

STUDY ON THE TREE GROWTH, ARCHITECTURE AND STAND STRUCTURE OF KOREAN PINE PLANTATION

lNTRODUCTIONTherhythInofKorcanpinegrowingandtrpearchitectUreissubjectedtoitsownl1crcd-ityandforeststructUre.Tl1cil11portantefTcctsofgapdynamicsarethereasonsthatmaketl1cKoreanpinetrceformhighqualityoftimbcr.Whilecurrentn1anagemcntofKoreanpincforestmainlyfocusesonpurestand,thccco-logicalrelationshipsbetWcenKoreanpineandothcrsPecicsinaconununityareneglected,thcprimitivebiologicalconditionislost.TheKo-reanpinetrecsinplantationcasilydivergeonthctOpofmainsten1,thesescverelyaITectthcgrOedqu…     

不同加工方式对茶油中VE含量影响

对不同加工方式得到的茶油进行VE含量分析研究,结果表明直接用茶果浸提的茶油VE含量最高,其次是低温压榨法制得的茶油,再次是热榨法制得的茶油。精炼茶油VE含量最低。精炼茶油和半精炼茶油VE含量低的原因可能是经过应用酸、碱、高真空等去除有害成分的同时,微量营养成分VE等也被破坏。     

华南地区主要造林树种林分碳储量估算

研究52 个乔木树种纯林的碳储量,分析其固碳能力差异,为碳汇造林选用乔木树种提供参考 依据。以广东省东江林场11 年生的乔木树种试验林为研究对象,测定52 个树种生长量和树干、树枝和 树叶的含碳率。按照平均木法,算出平均木生物量,结合平均含碳率、林分密度与保存率,估算碳储量。 结果表明,不同树种林分碳储量差异极大,最高碳储量（厚荚相思Acacia farnesiana）比最低碳储量（紫 玉兰Magnolia liliiflora）相差约20 倍,年均碳储量在10 t/hm2 以上的树种有含羞草科的厚荚相思、大叶 相思A. auriculiformis 等5 个树种,年均碳储量在5~10 t/hm2 的有灰木莲Manglietia glanca、红荷Schima wallichii 等18 个树种。以保存率和单位面积碳储量2 个主要性状作聚类分析,可将52 个树种按固碳能力 划分成4 种类型的碳汇树种。     

低效林改造树种早期生长分析

为筛选出适宜粤东地区林分改造的乡土阔叶树种,通过分析火力楠、山杜英、毛果青冈、红锥和中华楠5个树种早期生长的保存率、树高、地径和冠幅等指标,结果表明,5个树种的保存率均在90%以上,具有较强的适应性;树高、地径和冠幅三者之间呈显著正相关,各树种间也存在一定差异;聚类分析表明,5个树种分为3类,火力楠和山杜英为速生树种,红锥和毛果青冈次之,中华楠生长最慢。5个树种均为优良珍贵乡土阔叶树种,适应性强,在林分改造中,可根据树种生长特性进行合理搭配,确保改造效果。     

济南市主要公园乔木树种结构及动态

采用抽样调查的方法,对济南市的6个主要公园黄河森林公园、千佛山公园、环城公园、大明湖公园、五龙潭公园、趵突泉公园的树木进行调查。通过树种数、树种丰富度、树种多样性、树种均匀度4个指标对济南市各公园的树种组成结构进行分析,同时通过上述6个公园的树木总数、树木种类和胸径分布关系对公园树木结构特征进行分析。结果表明,大明湖公园的树种数最多,趵突泉公园的树种丰富度最大,千佛山公园的树种丰富程度最高,黄河森林公园树种最均匀。国槐(Sophora japonica)出现比例最高,占全部树木的10.69%。前20位树种总数占全部树木的75.06%,树木的数量构成具有明显的聚集性,出现少数树种主导整个群落的现象。从树木株数随胸径的分布看,同天然林存在差异,表现为近似的抛物线状。从不同胸径等级树种数分布上看,小径级的树种数多,大径级的树种数少,反映出济南市城市公园树种丰富度不断增加的趋势。       

几种班克木属植物种子生物学特性及其育苗技术研究

3种班克木属树种的种子生物学特性测定结果表明,种子的种间特征差异较大,吸水能力均较强,全缘班克木、剑班克木和生日蜡烛班克木种子50 d的发芽率分别为71.2％、32.8％和33.5％.播种育苗试验结果显示,4个班克木属树种苗期生长出现根茎纤弱、怕水渍和生长缓慢的特性;而基质通过添加石灰和微量元素可显著促进索发针班克木小苗的生长,要培育壮苗必须控制育苗基质呈弱酸性至中性状态,同时苗床要干爽.