大鼠乳腺局部免疫的调节机制--泌乳期与静止期乳腺肥大细胞分布的比较

应用改良甲苯胺蓝染色法(MTB)观察了大鼠泌乳期和静止期乳腺肥大细胞的分布、形态、数量变化规律．并用阿尔新蓝一番红鉴别染色法(AB-S)进行了细胞化学分型研究。结果：AB-S染色显示，大鼠乳腺只存在黏膜型肥大细胞；无论是泌乳期还是静止期。乳腺肥大细胞大多分布于腺泡间和小叶问结缔组织中。细胞的形态各异，但细胞数量在静止期和泌乳期有显著差异。泌乳期的乳腺肥大细胞数量明显减少(P＜0．01)。乳腺肥大细胞的动态变化，可能与乳腺泌乳期腺泡上皮的生长和静止期腺泡问结缔组织细胞增生等结构变化有关。     

乳腺炎奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的改变

乳腺炎是奶牛最重要的感染性疾病之一，它不仅直接危害奶牛健康，影响奶的质量、降低奶牛繁殖性能，而且由于应用大量抗生素治疗乳腺炎而出现的“含抗牛奶”，已成为严重危害人们食用安全的污染食品。Sordilo等曾用白介素-2(IL-2)对奶牛乳腺炎进行治疗研究，但由于迄今为止尚不清楚IL-2与乳腺炎发病机制的关系，其疗效也不理想。而肥大细胞作为     

泌乳周期中外源物质对大鼠乳腺内肥大细胞数量的影响及乳腺组织内组胺含量的研究

选择泌乳期和静止期大鼠，经乳腺局部（乳导管）或外周（跖部皮下）注射辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）后，应用改良甲苯胺蓝染色法（MTB）对乳腺及其引流（鼠蹊部）和非引流（腘）淋巴结内的肥大细胞数量变化进行了研究，用荧光测定改良法检测了乳腺组织中组胺含量。结果显示，对照组乳腺及引流和非引流淋巴结内的肥大细胞数量均为静止期显著多于泌乳期（P〈0．01），乳腺中组胺含量也呈相同的变化趋势。在泌乳期从不同部位引人HRP后，乳腺及乳腺引流淋巴结内肥大细胞数量明显增多，与对照组相比差异极显著（P〈0．01）；而乳腺非引流淋巴结内肥大细胞数量则略有减少，与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）。在静止期从不同部位引人HRP后，乳腺及乳腺非引流淋巴结内肥大细胞数均减少，而乳腺引流淋巴结内的肥大细胞数则随引人部位不同而有差别：乳腺引人时增加，而外周引入时减少。本研究结果表明肥大细胞数量随生理周期的改变而增减的趋势与乳腺的发育、乳腺局部免疫状态及内分泌调节都有关系，而且不同泌乳阶段乳腺内肥大细胞对异物的易感性也存在差异。     

二乙基己烯雌酚对成年仓鼠附睾肥大细胞数量分布的影响

成年雄性仓鼠经皮下连续注射二乙基己烯雌酚(DES)7 d后,用改良甲苯胺蓝染色法(MTB)和阿尔新蓝番红染色法(AB S)研究DES对附睾肥大细胞的形态大小、类型和数量分布的影响。结果表明:仓鼠附睾肥大细胞为结缔组织型肥大细胞,多分布于附睾头与附睾尾的被膜和间质中。试验组的肥大细胞常见于附睾管近旁,多呈脱颗粒状。虽然试验组与对照组的肥大细胞大小相近,但试验组的肥大细胞数量增多,尤其是附睾尾间质中肥大细胞增加明显(P<0.01)。     

奶牛子宫组织内肥大细胞分布规律的研究

取4头奶牛的新鲜子宫,经生理盐水冲洗后,分别于子宫角、子宫颈和子宫体部位取材,放入10％中性福尔马林固定液中固定,对全层子宫进行连续切片,用甲苯胺蓝染色,再用油镜观察子宫内膜层、肌层和外膜层的肥大细胞数量。经生物统计分析发现,奶牛子宫组织内肥大细胞主要分布在子宫内膜层,在子宫肌层和外膜层较少;奶牛子宫各部位的内膜层、肌层和外膜层的肥大细胞构成比相近。     

发育各期奶牛乳腺肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶的表达

为了研究奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的组织化学特点和分布特征,对21头发育各期奶牛乳腺进行取样,应用免疫组织化学方法（SP）,观察奶牛乳腺肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶的表达。结果显示,奶牛乳腺肥大细胞表达类胰蛋白酶,肥大细胞数量在各期有显著差异,泌乳期的乳腺肥大细胞数量明显减少（P〈0.01）,分娩后60d奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的数量最少。结果表明,肥大细胞数量随生理周期的改变而改变,静止期奶牛的局部免疫能力增强。     

奶牛子宫组织内肥大细胞分布规律的研究

肥大细胞（MC）是一种包含嗜碱性颗粒的多功能细胞，广泛存在于人和动物体内。MC能分泌多种介质，参与多种生理反应，与动物某些变态反应性疾病、寄生虫感染、某些非特异性炎症和肿瘤性疾病有密切关系。要揭示MC在奶牛生殖中的各种作用，就必须首先揭示其在子宫内不同部位的分布规律，这是研究子宫内MC的基础性工作。为此，特设计并实施了本试验。     

奶牛发育各期乳腺肥大细胞的组织化学特性研究

本研究旨在对奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的组织化学特点进行研究。对奶牛发育各期乳腺进行取样,应用改良甲苯胺蓝染色法(MTB)和阿尔新蓝—番红鉴别染色法（AB-S）进行染色,观察肥大细胞的组织化学特点和数量变化特点。同时比较了甲苯胺蓝染色时两种固定液固定对乳腺肥大细胞着染的效果。奶牛不同发育时期乳腺肥大细胞只被阿尔新蓝染色,Carnoy氏液固定效果优于中性甲醛（NBF）,MTB的染色效果优于AB-S。奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的数量在泌乳各期和静止期有显著的变化。与静止期相比,泌乳期的乳腺肥大细胞数量明显减少(P＜0.05),分娩后60 d奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的数量最少。奶牛乳腺只存在黏膜型肥大细胞;用Carnoy氏液固定,用MTB法染色可以很好地显示肥大细胞;泌乳期乳腺肥大细胞数量与静止期相比,明显减少。     

雌激素受体在泌乳中期和静止期牦牛乳腺组织内的分布与表达

旨在揭示牦牛泌乳中期和静止期乳腺组织雌激素受体α(ERα)和雌激素受体β(ERβ)的分布及蛋白水平的表达。采集泌乳中期(分娩后3～4个月)和静止期(断乳后1个月)各5头健康牦牛的乳腺组织,应用SP免疫组织化学染色方法和Image pro plus 6.0图像分析软件检测ERα和ERβ在牦牛泌乳中期和静止期的分布情况,并采用Western blot技术对乳腺组织内的ERα和ERβ蛋白含量进行半定量测定。结果表明:泌乳中期牦牛乳腺组织内ERα大多分布于腺泡上皮细胞的细胞质、少部分分布于小叶间结缔组织内脂肪细胞的细胞核、偶见于血管内皮细胞的细胞核;静止期牦牛乳腺组织内ERα大量分布于结缔组织中脂肪细胞及血管内皮细胞的细胞核中,少数分布于腺泡上皮细胞的细胞质中;泌乳中期ERβ大多分布于乳腺腺泡上皮细胞的细胞质,偶见于血管内皮细胞及脂肪细胞的细胞核中,但着色较腺泡上皮细胞的细胞质浅。静止期ERβ广泛分布于乳腺导管上皮细胞的细胞质、小叶间结缔组织内间质细胞的细胞核及血管内皮细胞的细胞核中,腺泡上皮细胞的细胞质内也有表达,但较泌乳中期阳性细胞数少。牦牛乳腺组织内ERα蛋白的相对表达量静止期显著高于泌乳中期(P<0.05);静止期与泌乳中期乳腺组织内ERβ蛋白的相对表达量无显著差异(P>0.05)。雌激素受体不同亚型在不同发育期牦牛乳腺组织内的表达存在差异,提示,雌激素受体不同亚型在牦牛乳腺发育及泌乳生物学中可能执行不同的功能。     

Secretion of hydrogen peroxide by phagocytic cells from bovine non-lactating mammary glands

Phagocytic cells from non-lactating bovine mammary glands have the capacity to secrete hydrogen peroxide when exposed to the soluble membrane stimulant phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Unfractionated cell suspensions, containing mainly neutrophils and macrophages, and cell monolayers enriched for macrophages secreted hydrogen peroxide. A correlation was observed between the amount of hydrogen peroxide secreted, the antibacterial activity of the cells and the number of neutrophils present in the cell suspensions. Pre-exposure of cells to PMA significantly impaired their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus suggesting the importance of oxygen metabolism in the bactericidal capacity of these cells.     

奶牛乳腺肥大细胞免疫形态学的增龄性变化

应用改良甲苯胺蓝染色法研究不同年龄奶牛乳腺肥大细胞分布特点的增龄性变化，并用Alcian bluc-safranin染色法对肥大细胞进行细胞化学分型研究。结果：青年奶牛乳腺中肥大细胞数量较少，中年奶牛乳腺中肥大细胞的数量增多，有趣的是，老年奶牛乳腺肥大的数量更多，AB-S染色显示，各年龄奶牛乳腺中只有黏膜型肥大细胞。结果表明：奶牛乳腺肥大细胞数量具有随年龄增长而增加的特点，但肥大细胞的类型没有发生改变。     

Phagocytic and bactericidal properties of bovine macrophages from non-lactating mammary glands

Macrophages were isolated from the mammary glands of non-lactating (dry) cows and their ability to phagocytose and kill staphylococci in vitro assessed. Normal bovine serum enhanced the uptake of staphylococci and was required for optimal killing in the bactericidal test. Dry gland secretion interfered with uptake. Secretions taken progressively into the dry period became more inhibitory. The phagocytic ability of macrophages was significantly less than that of neutrophils present in the same gland preparation when tested in the presence of dry gland secretion. A marked variation in the antibacterial activity of macrophages from different cows was noted.     

Pathogenicity of two strains of Streptococcus uberis infused into lactating and non-lactating bovine mammary glands

Two strains of Streptococcus uberis, one (0140J) resistant to killing by purified bovine polymorphonuclear leucocytes suspended in milk and the other (EF20) readily killed by polymorphonuclear leucocytes were each infused into a mammary quarter of 18 lactating and 10 pregnant non-lactating cows. In the lactating cows 0140J produced clinical disease in 16 of 18 quarters whereas EF20 produced clinical disease in only two of 18 quarters. With the exception of three cows exposed to EF20, the quarters which resisted infection did so without apparent inflammatory reaction. In non-lactating cows both organisms produced clinical disease in six of 10 quarters. Two cows apart, a non-lactating udder was either resistant or sensitive to both organisms.     

Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in non-lactating cattle

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a formulation of chloramphenicol base in propylene glycol were determined following administration of single intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) 50 mg/kg doses of chloramphenicol to six non-lactating Holstein cows. Mean serum concentrations of chloramphenicol following i.v. administration of 50 mg/kg declined rapidly from a peak of greater than 100 micrograms/ml to 6.9 micrograms/ml at 12 h after administration. Serum concentrations were not detectable at 24 h after administration. The curve of serum concentrations vs time was characteristic of a two-compartment open model. Mean i.v. data gave a biological half-life of 4.3 h and a volume of distribution of the central compartment of 0.44 l/kg. Serum concentrations of chloramphenicol following s.c. administration of 50 mg/kg rose slowly to a broad peak near 20 micrograms/ml from 3 to 8 h after administration and then declined. These data were also analysed according to a two-compartment open model. The biological half-life was 4.2 h and the volume of distribution of the central compartment was 0.50 l/kg. Significant adverse reactions, including acute collapse, intravascular haemolysis and haemoglobinuria, were observed in cows when dosed i.v. Cows dosed s.c. exhibited local reactions at injection sites. The disadvantages of administration of 50 mg/kg doses of chloramphenicol base in propylene glycol appear to be significant and may outweight the potential advantages of parenteral use of the drug as presently formulated.     

荷斯坦牛冻精改良西藏黄牛的泌乳性能分析

[目的]西藏拉萨市引进荷斯坦牛冻精与本地黄牛级进杂交已40余年,对荷斯坦牛改良西藏黄牛（荷×藏）级进杂交后代泌乳性能进行测定,为后期横交固定育种工作提供基础数据和科学依据。[方法]统计并比较2017—2021年荷×藏高代次不同胎次之间的总泌乳量、高峰产奶量、高峰日、产奶天数和日泌乳量;2021年7月进行奶牛生产性能测定（DHI）。[结果]荷×藏高代次随着胎次增加总泌乳量、高峰产奶量、泌乳天数和日泌乳量随之降低,高峰泌乳日在正常范围内;3个胎次之间,总泌乳量主要集中在2000 ~ 4000 kg,高峰产奶量主要集中在15 kg ~ 25 kg,高峰日、产奶天数和日泌乳量的范围分别是49.58 d ~ 66.30 d、212.06 d ~ 217.36 d和14.96 kg ~ 17.99 kg。DHI测定数据显示荷×藏高代次群体乳脂率、乳蛋白率和尿素氮分别是3.86 %、3.34 %和12.47 mg/dL。[结论]高原低氧环境限制限制了荷×藏高代次牛的泌乳性能,但相比西藏黄牛有较大提高,结果可作为提高改良牛生产性能、产奶量、奶品质及遗传特性提供基础数据。     

Specific antibody-containing cells in the mammary gland of non-lactating sheep after intraperitoneal and intramammary immunisation

Ewes were immunised intraperitoneally with ovalbumin and Brucella abortus in Freund's complete adjuvant, followed seven days later by intramammary immunisation in which ovalbumin was presented to one mammary gland and Brucella abortus to the other. Mammary tissue taken after a further seven days contained more antigen-specific plasma cells than ewes given intraperitoneal or intramammary immunisation alone. These cells were found predominantly in the specifically immunised gland and only a few were found in the contralateral gland. Most of these cells were of the IgG1 isotype. There was also an increase in the total number of IgG1- and IgG2-containing cells in mammary gland tissues of these ewes, indicating a non-specific response to immunisation. Following either intraperitoneal or intramammary immunisation there was also a significant increase in the number of antigen-specific IgA cells in the lamina propria of the jejunum. The gut response following intramammary immunisation alone was abrogated by chronic drainage of intestinal lymph but not mammary lymph. This suggests that antigen may relocate from the mammary gland to the intestine where an IgA response is generated from gut associated lymphoid tissue. These data provide evidence for interaction between the gut and mammary gland of sheep in response to antigen.     

中国西门塔尔改良牛泌乳量及乳品质测定

对6头中国西门塔尔初产母牛和本地初产母牛的产乳量和乳品质量进行了测定.结果表明,中西杂牛日平均挤乳量和月挤乳量与本地牛无差异(P>0.05),中西杂牛4个月的挤乳总量为457.38 kg,比本地牛351.37 kg高106.01 kg,提高幅度30.17%;中西杂牛乳中非脂干物质、脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖、密度、冰点和灰分等...