Structure of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with ADP.vanadate and lipopolysaccharide

Select members of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family couple ATP binding and hydrolysis to substrate efflux and confer multidrug resistance. We have determined the x-ray structure of MsbA in complex with magnesium, adenosine diphosphate, and inorganic vanadate (Mg.ADP.Vi) and the rough-chemotype lipopolysaccharide, Ra LPS. The structure supports a model involving a rigid-body torque of the two transmembrane domains during ATP hydrolysis and suggests a mechanism by which the nucleotide-binding domain communicates with the transmembrane domain. We propose a lipid "flip-flop" mechanism in which the sugar groups are sequestered in the chamber while the hydrophobic tails are dragged through the lipid bilayer.     

Structure of a Bag/Hsc70 complex: convergent functional evolution of Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factors

Bag (Bcl2-associated athanogene) domains occur in a class of cofactors of the eukaryotic chaperone 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (Hsp70) family. Binding of the Bag domain to the Hsp70 adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain promotes adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent release of substrate from Hsp70 in vitro. In a 1.9 angstrom crystal structure of a complex with the ATPase of the 70-kilodalton heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70), the Bag domain forms a three-helix bundle, inducing a conformational switch in the ATPase that is incompatible with nucleotide binding. The same switch is observed in the bacterial Hsp70 homolog DnaK upon binding of the structurally unrelated nucleotide exchange factor GrpE. Thus, functional convergence has allowed proteins with different architectures to trigger a conserved conformational shift in Hsp70 that leads to nucleotide exchange.     

Structural basis of trans-inhibition in a molybdate/tungstate ABC transporter

Transport across cellular membranes is an essential process that is catalyzed by diverse membrane transport proteins. The turnover rates of certain transporters are inhibited by their substrates in a process termed trans-inhibition, whose structural basis is poorly understood. We present the crystal structure of a molybdate/tungstate ABC transporter (ModBC) from Methanosarcina acetivorans in a trans-inhibited state. The regulatory domains of the nucleotide-binding subunits are in close contact and provide two oxyanion binding pockets at the shared interface. By specifically binding to these pockets, molybdate or tungstate prevent adenosine triphosphatase activity and lock the transporter in an inward-facing conformation, with the catalytic motifs of the nucleotide-binding domains separated. This allosteric effect prevents the transporter from switching between the inward-facing and the outward-facing states, thus interfering with the alternating access and release mechanism.     

深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)T23降解有机磷农药敌敌畏转运蛋白TaPdr2基因的克隆与功能预测分析

根据前期研究,进行了对比分析后明确了深绿木霉中7个敌敌畏耐受相关ABC转运蛋白,其中TaPdr2基因是在短时间内对敌敌畏胁迫应答最为明显的一个基因。本研究通过简并引物同源克隆,在深绿木霉T23中克隆出TaPdr2基因,并对其全长序列进行了测序;明确了其外显子序列和内含子序列;构建了TaPdr2的系统发生树,发现深绿木霉TaPdr2与木霉属其他种PDR5亚家族ABC转运蛋白有很高的同源性,通过生物信息学分析后预测TaPdr2蛋白的ATPase及部分跨膜结构域序列相对保守且具有11个跨膜结构域;通过构建TaPdr2的敲除载体pC1300qh-F,为后续研究TaPdr2蛋白对麦角甾醇和鞘脂类物质含量影响的研究奠定了基础。     

The E. coli BtuCD structure: a framework for ABC transporter architecture and mechanism

The ABC transporters are ubiquitous membrane proteins that couple adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to the translocation of diverse substrates across cell membranes. Clinically relevant examples are associated with cystic fibrosis and with multidrug resistance of pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells. Here, we report the crystal structure at 3.2 angstrom resolution of the Escherichia coli BtuCD protein, an ABC transporter mediating vitamin B12 uptake. The two ATP-binding cassettes (BtuD) are in close contact with each other, as are the two membrane-spanning subunits (BtuC); this arrangement is distinct from that observed for the E. coli lipid flippase MsbA. The BtuC subunits provide 20 transmembrane helices grouped around a translocation pathway that is closed to the cytoplasm by a gate region whereas the dimer arrangement of the BtuD subunits resembles the ATP-bound form of the Rad50 DNA repair enzyme. A prominent cytoplasmic loop of BtuC forms the contact region with the ATP-binding cassette and appears to represent a conserved motif among the ABC transporters.     

氟苯尼考对三疣梭子蟹不同组织中ABC转运蛋白基因(ABCG)表达量的影响

为研究氟苯尼考(FLR)对三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus不同组织中ABC转运蛋白基因(ABCG)表达量的影响,采用RACE法进行了三疣梭子蟹ABCG基因克隆并对其生物学进行了分析,采用荧光定量PCR法进行了不同浓度(20、40、80 mg/kg)氟苯尼考对三疣梭子蟹肝胰腺、鳃和肌肉中ABCG相对表达量的影响研究。结果表明:三疣梭子蟹ABCG基因全长c DNA序列为2473 bp,共编码578个氨基酸;三疣梭子蟹ABCG不含信号肽,具ABC转运家族蛋白的典型结构域,包括1个高度保守的核苷酸结构域(NBD)和1个疏水性跨膜区(TMD),为半转运子;同源性及系统进化分析表明,三疣梭子蟹ABCG与中国对虾、凡纳滨对虾的ABCG聚为一支,具有较高的亲缘关系;不同浓度的氟苯尼考对三疣梭子蟹肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉中ABCG表达均具有诱导作用,且呈时间剂量效应,由此推测,三疣梭子蟹ABCG蛋白参与氟苯尼考的代谢转运过程。本研究结果可为揭示甲壳动物ABCG转运蛋白对抗生素的转运机制提供参考依据。     

Structure and molecular mechanism of a nucleobase-cation-symport-1 family transporter

The nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporters are essential components of salvage pathways for nucleobases and related metabolites. Here, we report the 2.85-angstrom resolution structure of the NCS1 benzyl-hydantoin transporter, Mhp1, from Microbacterium liquefaciens. Mhp1 contains 12 transmembrane helices, 10 of which are arranged in two inverted repeats of five helices. The structures of the outward-facing open and substrate-bound occluded conformations were solved, showing how the outward-facing cavity closes upon binding of substrate. Comparisons with the leucine transporter LeuT(Aa) and the galactose transporter vSGLT reveal that the outward- and inward-facing cavities are symmetrically arranged on opposite sides of the membrane. The reciprocal opening and closing of these cavities is synchronized by the inverted repeat helices 3 and 8, providing the structural basis of the alternating access model for membrane transport.     

PKA type IIalpha holoenzyme reveals a combinatorial strategy for isoform diversity

The catalytic (C) subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is inhibited by two classes of regulatory subunits, RI and RII. The RII subunits are substrates as well as inhibitors and do not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form holoenzyme, which distinguishes them from RI subunits. To understand the molecular basis for isoform diversity, we solved the crystal structure of an RIIalpha holoenzyme and compared it to the RIalpha holoenzyme. Unphosphorylated RIIalpha(90-400), a deletion mutant, undergoes major conformational changes as both of the cAMP-binding domains wrap around the C subunit's large lobe. The hallmark of this conformational reorganization is the helix switch in domain A. The C subunit is in an open conformation, and its carboxyl-terminal tail is disordered. This structure demonstrates the conserved and isoform-specific features of RI and RII and the importance of ATP, and also provides a new paradigm for designing isoform-specific activators or antagonists for PKA.     

An inward-facing conformation of a putative metal-chelate-type ABC transporter

The crystal structure of a putative metal-chelate-type adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter encoded by genes HI1470 and HI1471 of Haemophilus influenzae has been solved at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The permeation pathway exhibits an inward-facing conformation, in contrast to the outward-facing state previously observed for the homologous vitamin B12 importer BtuCD. Although the structures of both HI1470/1 and BtuCD have been solved in nucleotide-free states, the pairs of ABC subunits in these two structures differ by a translational shift in the plane of the membrane that coincides with a repositioning of the membrane-spanning subunits. The differences observed between these ABC transporters involve relatively modest rearrangements and may serve as structural models for inward- and outward-facing conformations relevant to the alternating access mechanism of substrate translocation.     

Atomic structure of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase: prototype for a structurally novel flavoenzyme family

The three-dimensional structure of spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) has been determined by x-ray diffraction at 2.6 angstroms (A) resolution and initially refined to an R factor of 0.226 at 2.2 A resolution. The model includes the flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group and the protein chain from residue 19 through the carboxyl terminus at residue 314 and is composed of two domains. The FAD binding domain (residues 19 to 161) has an antiparallel beta barrel core and a single alpha helix for binding the pyrophosphate of FAD. The NADP binding domain (residues 162 to 314) has a central five-strand parallel beta sheet and six surrounding helices. Binding of the competitive inhibitor 2'-phospho-AMP (AMP, adenosine monophosphate) places the NADP binding site at the carboxyl-terminal edge of the sheet in a manner similar to the nucleotide binding of the dehydrogenase family. The structures reveal the key residues that function in cofactor binding and the catalytic center. With these key residues as a guide, conclusive evidence is presented that the ferredoxin reductase structure is a prototype for the nicotinamide dinucleotide and FAD binding domains of the enzymes NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH-sulfite reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and NADH-nitrate reductase. Thus this structure provides a structural framework for the NADH- or NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme parts of five distinct enzymes involved in photosynthesis, in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, in fatty-acid oxidation, in the reduction of methemoglobin, and in the metabolism of many pesticides, drugs, and carcinogens.     

植物ATP结合盒（ABC）转运蛋白研究进展

ABC（ATP-binding cassette）转运蛋白家族庞大,种类繁多,包括全转运子和半转运子等2种类型。全转运子的核心单元包括2个核苷酸结构域（NBD）和2个跨膜结构域（TMD）,而半转运子只含有1个膜结构域（MSD）和1个NBD。植物ABC转运蛋白不仅参与植物体内激素、脂质、金属离子、次生代谢物和外源物质的运输,并且有利于植物与病原体间的相互作用和植物体内离子通道调控等重要的生理过程的进行,是一类重要的跨膜运输蛋白家族。HUGO系统中ABC家族分为A~H 8个亚族,模式植物基因组测序的完成极大促进了ABC转运蛋白的研究与发现,近几年已从多种植物中克隆了不同亚族的基因并研究其表达与功能,但目前的研究主要集中在ABCB,ABCC,ABCG等三大亚族。植物ABC转运蛋白各亚族的结构与功能截然不同,在不同植物中的表达部位也千差万别。综述了植物ABC转运蛋白家族的研究进展,根据ABC家族中已知的重要成员,系统阐述植物中各亚族ABC转运蛋白的结构特征、在植物中的表达及其生物学功能,并为今后可能的研究提出展望。表1参49     

Structure of the zinc transporter YiiP

YiiP is a membrane transporter that catalyzes Zn2+/H+ exchange across the inner membrane of Escherichia coli. Mammalian homologs of YiiP play critical roles in zinc homeostasis and cell signaling. Here, we report the x-ray structure of YiiP in complex with zinc at 3.8 angstrom resolution. YiiP is a homodimer held together in a parallel orientation through four Zn2+ ions at the interface of the cytoplasmic domains, whereas the two transmembrane domains swing out to yield a Y-shaped structure. In each protomer, the cytoplasmic domain adopts a metallochaperone-like protein fold; the transmembrane domain features a bundle of six transmembrane helices and a tetrahedral Zn2+ binding site located in a cavity that is open to both the membrane outer leaflet and the periplasm.     

ABC转运蛋白介导离子跨膜运输的研究进展

腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白（ATP-binding cassette transporter,ABC转运蛋白）是一类大量存在于原核生物及真核生物的跨膜转运蛋白,其种类繁多、家族庞大且功能多样,主要功能是利用ATP水解产生的能量将底物进行逆浓度梯度跨膜运输,同时还参与抗原传递、信号传导和细胞解毒等很多重要的生物生理过程。综述了ABC转运蛋白的结构特点、跨膜吸收机制及影响因素,为研究ABC转运蛋白跨膜吸收转运养分离子及其抵抗非生物逆境胁迫提供理论支撑和研究思路。     

The crystal structure of a sodium galactose transporter reveals mechanistic insights into Na+/sugar symport

Membrane transporters that use energy stored in sodium gradients to drive nutrients into cells constitute a major class of proteins. We report the crystal structure of a member of the solute sodium symporters (SSS), the Vibrio parahaemolyticus sodium/galactose symporter (vSGLT). The approximately 3.0 angstrom structure contains 14 transmembrane (TM) helices in an inward-facing conformation with a core structure of inverted repeats of 5 TM helices (TM2 to TM6 and TM7 to TM11). Galactose is bound in the center of the core, occluded from the outside solutions by hydrophobic residues. Surprisingly, the architecture of the core is similar to that of the leucine transporter (LeuT) from a different gene family. Modeling the outward-facing conformation based on the LeuT structure, in conjunction with biophysical data, provides insight into structural rearrangements for active transport.     

犬弓首蛔虫abcg-5基因的克隆及序列分析

研究犬弓首蛔虫(Toxocara canis,T.canis)腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporters, ABC)亚家族G5基因(abcg-5)的分子特征.根据犬弓首蛔虫基因组数据库中的Tc-abcg-5基因序列设计引物,通过PCR技术克隆Tc-abcg-5全长基因,并进行多重序列比对和种系发育进化树分析.结果表明:该基因全长为1 902 bp,编码633个氨基酸.功能结构域分析发现TcABCG5蛋白包含1个ABC转运蛋白结构域和6个跨膜区,同时发现了高度保守的Walker A和Walker B模体. GO分析显示ABCG5具有ATP结合和ATP酶活性.种系发育进化树分析显示TcABCG5与猪蛔虫进化关系较近,与哺乳动物进化关系较远.     

Structure and mechanism of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli

Membrane transport proteins that transduce free energy stored in electrochemical ion gradients into a concentration gradient are a major class of membrane proteins. We report the crystal structure at 3.5 angstroms of the Escherichia coli lactose permease, an intensively studied member of the major facilitator superfamily of transporters. The molecule is composed of N- and C-terminal domains, each with six transmembrane helices, symmetrically positioned within the permease. A large internal hydrophilic cavity open to the cytoplasmic side represents the inward-facing conformation of the transporter. The structure with a bound lactose homolog, beta-D-galactopyranosyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside, reveals the sugar-binding site in the cavity, and residues that play major roles in substrate recognition and proton translocation are identified. We propose a possible mechanism for lactose/proton symport (co-transport) consistent with both the structure and a large body of experimental data.     

杜仲ABC转运蛋白基因家族成员鉴定与分析

ABC转运蛋白(ATP—binding cassette transpoter)是一类庞大而古老的跨膜运输蛋白家族,在生物体内参与多种物质的转运积累、有害物质解毒、气孔调节、植物防御等生理活动。杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv)作为重要的中药材,其药用成分主要为次生代谢产物,次生代谢物转运与积累过程需要ABC转运蛋白的参与。利用生物信息学手段对杜仲ABC转运蛋白基因家族进行鉴定,并分析该家族蛋白质性质和结构、跨膜结构、亚细胞定位、系统进化关系。研究表明,EuABC家族生物信息学预测有76个成员,含有1~7个保守基序;编码蛋白多为稳定蛋白,主要分布于细胞质膜上,二级结构以α-螺旋和无规卷曲为主要构成元件;进化树分析表明,杜仲ABC转运蛋白家族可分为8个亚家族(A~G;I),每组成员数量分别为3、19、14、1、1、1、29、8。研究结果可为进一步研究杜仲次生代谢物质转运与积累奠定基础,也为其他植物ABC转运蛋白家族的研究提供了参考依据。     

Structure,mechanism, and regulation of the Neurospora plasma membrane H+-ATPase

Proton pumps in the plasma membrane of plants and yeasts maintain the intracellular pH and membrane potential. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of proton pumping, we built an atomic homology model of the proton pump based on the 2.6 angstrom x-ray structure of the related Ca2+ pump from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. The model, when fitted to an 8 angstrom map of the Neurospora proton pump determined by electron microscopy, reveals the likely path of the proton through the membrane and shows that the nucleotide-binding domain rotates by approximately 70 degrees to deliver adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the phosphorylation site. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal regulatory domain stimulates ATPase activity, suggesting a mechanism for proton transport regulation.     

Crystal structure of the dynein motor domain

Dyneins are microtubule-based motor proteins that power ciliary beating, transport intracellular cargos, and help to construct the mitotic spindle. Evolved from ring-shaped hexameric AAA-family adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), dynein's large size and complexity have posed challenges for understanding its structure and mechanism. Here, we present a 6 angstrom crystal structure of a functional dimer of two ~300-kilodalton motor domains of yeast cytoplasmic dynein. The structure reveals an unusual asymmetric arrangement of ATPase domains in the ring-shaped motor domain, the manner in which the mechanical element interacts with the ATPase ring, and an unexpected interaction between two coiled coils that create a base for the microtubule binding domain. The arrangement of these elements provides clues as to how adenosine triphosphate-driven conformational changes might be transmitted across the motor domain.