夏河县高山地区草地及农田害虫的初步调查

论述了高山地区草地及农田的害虫对牧草和农作物的危害 ,并通过调查 ,首次鉴定出害虫 5目 33科 179种。按危害方式归纳为地下害虫、食叶类害虫、刺吸类害虫。     

柞树主要害虫与防治(二)——芽叶害虫

柞树芽叶害虫依据危害时期可分为春季害虫和秋季害虫二大类,春期害虫主要集中在早春危害冬芽芽苞、嫩芽、嫩叶以及嫩梢生长点,秋期害虫的发生与秋蚕放养时期基本一致,与秋柞蚕争食或污染柞树叶片。柞树芽叶害虫的危害,不仅降低了柞树叶片的质量和产量,影响柞蚕生产;同时还影响柞树的长势,不利于柞树的绿化和水土保持效果。     

柞树主要害虫与防治（一）——枝干害虫与橡实害虫

柞树枝干害虫有的蛀食柞树枝干及根部,有的吮吸柞叶或嫩枝汁液,严重影响柞树的正常发育,降低柞叶的质量和产量,影响柞蚕生产。橡实害虫主要危害柞树橡实,使被危害的橡实不能发芽。下面介绍柞树主要的枝干害虫与橡实害虫及其防治方法。     

草坪虫害生物防治的研究进展

草坪害虫对草坪的建植危害很大,特别是地下害虫的危害可造成草坪的大面积死亡.鉴于化学防治存在很多不足之处,因而生物防治技术被日益提上议事日程.为此概述了草坪主要害虫种类及其危害,以及近年来利用微生物、植物等杀虫剂对草坪害虫的防治,重点讨论了草坪抗虫基因工程所取得的研究进展.     

桑橙瘿蚊发生调查与综合防治技术探讨

桑橙瘿蚊属双翅目、长角亚目、瘿蚊科,是以幼虫吸食桑枝顶芽汁液的微体害虫。危害轻时（每芽1～2头虫）,顶芽歪曲,生长受阻;危害重时（每芽3头虫以上）,顶芽黑枯、腐烂,枝条层层分叉,严重影响桑叶产、质量。该虫自1987年首次在睢宁县发生危害以来,曾多次暴发,是睢宁县桑树主要害虫之一,也是目前为止最难预测、最难防治的桑园害虫。     

辽宁地区柞蚕害虫的发生规律及防治方法

柞蚕害虫直接取食柞蚕卵及幼虫,种类较多。每年的发生种类及发生量不同,对柞蚕的危害程度也不同。重度发生年份短时间即可将柞蚕幼虫取食殆尽,严重影响柞蚕茧产量。本文简要介绍了辽宁地区柞蚕害虫的种类、柞蚕害虫的发生规律及危害特点,提出了黑广肩步甲、凹翅宽颚步甲、四星埋葬虫、乌苏里螽斯、疏纹星花金龟以及螳螂类、蚂蚁类、蜘蛛类、蝽类害虫的防治方法。     

浙江省香榧害虫调查

2017年6月开始,对浙江省主要香榧Torreya grandis生产县(市)进行调查,发现香榧害虫120种,隶属5目,其中61种为新发现的香榧害虫。调查发现蚧虫类Coccoidea危害较重,混交林香榧虫害危害程度低于纯林。香榧害虫的增多与纯林种植且过度精细化管理有相关性。该结果对香榧虫害防治、科研人员教学研究具有重要参考价值。     

桑橙瘿蚊预测预报与综合防治技术

桑橙瘿蚊属双翅目、长角亚目、瘿蚊科,是一种以幼虫吸食桑枝顶芽汁液的微体害虫。危害轻时每芽分布1～2虫,顶芽歪曲,生长受阻（但仍可继续生长）;危害严重时,每芽分布有3头虫以上,顶芽黑枯、腐烂,枝条层层分叉,严重影响桑叶产量和质量。该虫自1987年首次在我县发生危害以来,曾多次暴发,是我县桑树主要害虫之一,也是本地区目前为止最难预测、最难防治的桑园害虫。     

中国桑树害虫名录(Ⅰ)

记述了我国有关鞘翅目(Coleoptera)天牛科(Ceram bycidea)桑树害虫85种,分别介绍了害虫的中文名称、学名、寄主种类及主要分布区域,为控制桑树天牛类害虫的发生与危害提供相关的基础信息。     

桑红蜘蛛、桑蓟马在云南省不同地域桑园的发生规律及防控要点

选择云南省蒙自、陆良、楚雄、祥云、鹤庆、保山6个县(市)坝区桑园为试验点,调查各试验点桑园主要害虫桑红蜘蛛、桑蓟马的发生规律。结果表明:因分布于不同海拔高度区域的各试验点微观气候环境不同,以及桑园栽植的桑树品种不同,2种害虫的发生危害和消长规律存在差异;春、夏、秋季干旱或短时期少雨、无雨,均会导致2种害虫的发生危害加剧。根据各试验点的调查结果建议:正常年份蒙自、陆良坝区桑园应同时防治桑红蜘蛛和桑蓟马,保山、祥云坝区桑园以防治桑红蜘蛛为主,鹤庆坝区桑园以防治桑蓟马为主;春夏之交、夏末初秋各试验点桑园害虫的发生进入高峰期,当田间调查虫情指数为15.00时,应及时进行化学防治,控制害虫的蔓延危害。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.