牛至精油及其主要成分香芹酚和百里酚对16种植物病原真菌的抑制活性

为评价牛至精油及其2种主要成分香芹酚和百里酚在植物真菌病害防治方面的应用前景,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定3种物质对16种植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性,并采用黄瓜子叶法测定其对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明,牛至精油在500 mg/L浓度处理下可完全抑制番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana等12种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长,对棉花黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae的菌丝生长抑制率也达到97.66%。牛至精油对这13种病原真菌的EC₅₀在83.09~236.58 mg/L之间,香芹酚和百里酚对这13种病原真菌的毒力均高于牛至精油,其中香芹酚对黄瓜灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces graminis、棉花黄萎病菌和小麦茎基腐病菌Fusarium pseudograminearum菌丝生长的毒力较强,EC₅₀分别为9.09、22.45、24.28、28.40和28.80 mg/L;百里酚对黄瓜灰霉病菌和小麦全蚀病菌菌丝生长的毒力较强,EC50分别为21.32 mg/L和27.08 mg/L。香芹酚和百里酚对棉花黄萎病菌、玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica、苦瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.momordicae、黄瓜灰霉病菌和黄瓜炭疽病菌Colletotrichum orbiculare的孢子萌发亦有较强毒力,其EC₅₀为3.78~289.07 mg/L。1 000 mg/L牛至精油对黄瓜灰霉病的预防效果与400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂的预防效果无显著差异;500 mg/L百里酚对黄瓜灰霉病的预防效果和治疗效果均与400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂的效果相当,而香芹酚的治疗效果显著优于400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂。表明牛至精油及其主要成分香芹酚和百里酚的抑菌谱广且活性强,具有作为植物源杀菌剂的开发应用潜力。     

Insecticidal properties of essential plant oils against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves and flowers of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Myrtus communis L were found to be the most toxic, followed by those of Origanum syriacum L, Mentha microcorphylla Koch, Pistacia lentiscus L and Lavandula stoechas L with LC50 values of 16, 36, 39, 70 and 89 mg litre-1, respectively. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant species. Eight pure components (1,8-cineole, menthone, linalool, terpineol, carvacrol, thymol, (1S)-(-)-alpha-pinene and (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene) were tested against the larvae. Thymol, carvacrol, (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene and (1S)-(-)-alpha-pinene were the most toxic (LC50 = 36-49 mg litre-1), while menthone, 1,8-cineole, linalool and terpineol (LC50 = 156-194 mg litre-1) were less toxic.     

山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊的生物活性及其成分分析

研究了山苍子Litsea cubeba果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus成蚊的驱避活性和对其幼虫的毒杀活性;采用GC-MS定性分析了精油的化学成分,并定量分析了其中9种活性成分。结果如下：在1．5mg·cm^-2的涂抹剂量下,山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊的100％保护时间为3．70h,对白纹伊蚊4龄期幼虫的24h毒杀Lc50值为82．48μg·mL^-1。定性分析共鉴定出17种化合物,其中E-柠檬醛的相对含量最高,其峰面积百分比为44．65％,其它相对含量较高的成分分别是Z-柠檬醛（34．60％）、柠檬烯（11．70％）、甲基庚烯酮（2．28％）、芳樟醇（1．28％）等。定量分析9种活性成分在精油中的总含量为238．70mg·mL^-1,其中E-柠檬醛106．20mg·mL^-1、Z-柠檬醛68．79mg·mL^-1、桉叶油素40．90mg·mL^-1的含量较高。研究结果表明,山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊具有良好的成蚊驱避和幼虫毒杀活性,这些生物活性与精油的化学成分密切相关。     

松油烯-4-醇对淡色库蚊的熏蒸毒力及对其Na+ ,K+ -ATP酶的抑制作用

为进一步探讨杀虫植物砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.精油中主要杀虫活性成分—松油烯-4-醇(terpinen-4-ol)对卫生害虫的生物活性,测定了该物质对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens Pallens及其Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明:松油烯-4-醇对淡色库蚊具有较强的熏蒸作用,其LC50值为6.79 mg/L, 在LC80剂量下其击倒中时(KT50)为6.92 min;淡色库蚊Na+,K+-ATP酶活性测定的最佳反应条件为pH值7.42、温度35.5℃、底物浓度0.7 mmol/L;离体和活体情况下,松油烯-4-醇均可显著抑制淡色库蚊Na+,K+-ATP酶的活性,其I50值为32.02 μg/mL。Na+,K+-ATP酶可能是松油烯-4-醇对淡色库蚊的杀虫作用靶标。     

Composition and biological activity of essential oils from Labiatae against Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) soybean pest

BACKGROUND: Plant essential oils have been recognised as an important natural source of insecticide. This study analysed the chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oils that were isolated via hydrodistillation from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) against eggs, second instar and adults of Nezara viridula (L.). RESULTS: The major component of oregano was p‐cymene, and, for thyme, thymol. The ovicidal activity was tested by topical application; the essential oil from thyme was more effective. The fumigant activity was evaluated in an enclosed chamber; the LC₅₀ values for oregano were 26.8 and 285.6 µg mL^?1 for nymphs and adults respectively; for thyme they were 8.9 µg mL^?1 for nymphs and 219.2 µg mL^?1 for adults. To evaluate contact activity, a glass vial bioassay was used; the LC₅₀ values for oregano were 1.7 and 169.2 µg cm^?2 for nymphs and adults respectively; for thyme they were 3.5 and 48.8 µg cm^?2 respectively. The LT₅₀ analyses for contact and fumigant bioassays indicated that thyme was more toxic for nymphs and adults than oregano. Both oils produced repellency on nymphs and adults. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the essential oils from O. vulgare and T. vulgaris could be applicable to the management of N. viridula. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

松油烯-4-醇对家蝇超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶的影响

以杀虫植物砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.精油中主要杀虫成分——松油烯-4-醇点滴处理家蝇成虫后,测定其兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期及复苏期等4个中毒阶段试虫的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性。结果表明:SOD被明显激活,各中毒阶段的酶比活力均较对照高,差异显著,且表现为先增高后下降的趋势;CAT先被抑制后被激活,在复苏期酶比活力为对照的1.19倍,其中兴奋期和复苏期酶比活力与对照差异显著,而痉挛期和麻痹期与对照无明显差异;POD被明显激活,各中毒阶段的酶比活力依次为对照的2.25、2.04、1.23和2.91倍,与对照差异极显著。上述结果表明,保护酶活性的变化与松油烯-4-醇的作用有密切关系,SOD活力增加可能是松油烯-4-醇的诱导反应,而中毒试虫的复苏可能与CAT和POD活力的变化有关。     

Larvicidal and oviposition‐altering activity of monoterpenoids,trans‐anithole and rosemary oil to the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti L. is the major vector of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In an effort to find effective tools for control programs to reduce mosquito populations, the authors assessed the acute toxicities of 14 monoterpenoids, trans‐anithole and the essential oil of rosemary against different larval stages of Ae. aegypti. The potential for piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to act as a synergist for these compounds to increase larvicidal activity was also examined, and the oviposition response of gravid Ae. aegypti females to substrates containing these compounds was evaluated in behavioral bioassays. RESULTS: Pulegone, thymol, eugenol, trans‐anithole, rosemary oil and citronellal showed high larvicidal activity against all larval stages of Ae. aegypti (LC₅₀ values 10.3–40.8 mg L^?1). The addition of PBO significantly increased the larvicidal activity of all test compounds (3–250‐fold). Eugenol, citronellal, thymol, pulegone, rosemary oil and cymene showed oviposition deterrent and/or repellent activities, while the presence of borneol, camphor and β‐pinene increased the number of eggs laid in test containers. CONCLUSIONS: This study quantified the lethal and sublethal effects of several phytochemical compounds against all larval stages of Aedes aegypti, providing information that ultimately may have potential in mosquito control programs through acute toxicity and/or the ability to alter reproductive behaviors. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effectiveness of Carvacrol Derived from Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai Sawdust against Thecodiplosis japonensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

The larvicidal component from sawdust of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai (Family Cupressaceae) against the pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) was isolated by chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis as carvacrol. In a laboratory study using the impregnated filter paper method, carvacrol was more toxic to T. japonensis larvae than β-thujaplicine, cedrol, α-terpinol, thujone or thymol. In field studies with soil injections of carvacrol, this compound exhibited potent larvicidal activity, suggesting that this activity might be attributable to fumigant action. In a test with trunk implantation, a mixture of carvacrol and phosphamidon (0·15+0·15 ml cm^-1 diameter at breast height) revealed much more potent larvicidal activity than phosphamidon alone (0·3 ml cm^-1 DBH) in spite of little or no larvicidal activity of carvacrol alone (0·3 ml cm^-1 DBH), indicating a possible synergistic effect. As a naturally occurring insecticide, carvacrol could be useful as a new preventive agent against damage caused by T. japonensis. © 1997 SCI.     

艾蒿精油对朱砂叶螨的生物活性及几种保护酶活性的影响

采用玻片浸渍法和熏蒸法测定了艾蒿精油对朱砂叶螨的生物活性,分析比较了亚致死剂量(LD_(10)、LD_(20)和LD_(30))和致死中量(LD50)处理雌成螨4、8、12、16、20和24 h后体内保护酶和蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明,经2.0%的艾蒿精油触杀后,雌成螨24、48和72 h的死亡率分别为21.48%、27.41%和77.78%,LC50分别为23.03%、13.25%和0.35%;艾蒿精油对卵的熏蒸作用较对雌成螨更强,对卵和雌成螨的ID50和LD50分别为0.21和8.93μL/L。艾蒿精油处理雌成螨后,螨体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性被激活,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和蛋白酶活性被抑制。LD_(10)、LD_(20)和LD_(30)处理8 h时,SOD活性分别为对照的1.43、2.29和2.60倍,POD的激活率分别为54.64%、31.96%和5.15%,CAT的抑制率分别为27.03%、20.46%和31.65%,蛋白酶的抑制率分别为21.53%、29.16%和45.09%。表明艾蒿精油对雌成螨的熏蒸作用可破坏体内保护酶的动态平衡和抑制蛋白酶活性,进而影响其正常生理代谢,对螨体产生毒害作用。因此,艾蒿精油对防治朱砂叶螨有一定的开发潜力。     

13种萜类化合物对胶孢炭疽菌和链格孢的抑制活性

炭疽菌Colletotrichum和链格孢Alternaria是引起植物病害的重要真菌,给农业生产造成巨大的损失。本研究选取13种萜类化合物,采用菌丝生长速率法对胶孢炭疽菌、链格孢进行抑菌活性分析。研究结果表明:香芹酚、丁香酚、异丁香酚、枯茗醛、百里香酚对两种病原菌有较好的抑菌活性,其中香芹酚对胶孢炭疽菌和链格孢的抑菌活性最强,IC50分别为40.89μg/mL和18.19μg/mL。本试验为植物精油和天然杀菌剂的开发利用提供理论依据。     

Insecticidal, antifeedant and oviposition deterrent effects of the essential oil and individual compounds from leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia DC

Essential oil from the leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia DC. was obtained by hydrodistillation and cold extraction, and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major identified components were limonene, geijerene, pregeijerene, germacrene D and trans-beta-ocimene. Laboratory bioassays of the essential oil and four constituents of essential oil isolates were evaluated for insecticidal, antifeedant and oviposition deterrent effects on tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.). Toxicity was determined by topical application of the isolates at varying concentrations. Pure oil, geijerene and pregeijerene were found to be more toxic, with LD50 values of 28.6, 35.4 and 40.7 microg per larva respectively. Maximum feeding deterrence was noted for geijerene and pregeijerene, with DC(50) values of 82.5 and 95.1 microg cm(-2) respectively. Furthermore, pure oil, geijerene and pregeijerene displayed oviposition deterrence, even at low concentrations. These results indicate that these natural products may lead to useful, biodegradable, environmentally safe insect control agents.     

Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of essential oils and individual monoterpenoids on growth and sporulation of four soil-borne fungal isolates of Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, and Verticillium dahliae

The effect of essential oils and individual monoterpenoids on soil-borne fungi, in pure and mixed cultures, in growth media and in the soil environment, was investigated. Essential oils were extracted from lavender (Lavandula stoechas), oregano (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum), sage (Salvia fruticosa) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). The monoterpenoids tested were fenchone, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, carvone, α-pinene and terpinen-4-ol. Their effect was examined on growth and sporulation of Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum and Verticillium dahliae isolated from an organic cultivation of tomato. All tested essential oils and individual monoterpenoids inhibited mycelial growth in all fungi and conidial production in most fungi. The strongest inhibitory activity on mycelial growth was exhibited by oregano and spearmint oils and by carvacrol and carvone, respectively their main constituents. The inhibitory activity was clearly fungistatic in A. terreus and F. oxysporum but fungicidal in V. dahliae. On sporulation, clearly stimulatory effects were observed alongside inhibitory ones. Conidial production was always promoted by α-pinene in P. expansum and by sage oil in F. oxysporum. At certain dosages it was promoted by cineole and carvone in F. oxysporum, and by lavender oil in A. terreus and V. dahliae. Experiments with carvone and carvacrol against mixed fungal cultures in a soil environment showed that V. dahliae was the most sensitive and A. terreus the most tolerant of the four fungi. Our results demonstrate strong but divergent effects and selectivity of action of the lower terpenoids on fungal strains that can become serious pests of tomato. Of special importance is the complete inhibition of growth and conidial production of V. dahliae, a pathogen otherwise very resistant to chemical control.     

Coactivity of sulfide ingredients: a new perspective of the larvicidal activity of garlic essential oil against mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: The activity of several garlic oil ingredients against Culex pipiens L. larvae was studied. In addition to diallyl sulfide (DS) and diallyl disulfide (DDS), the garlic oils used included one essential oil (EO) and two semi‐synthetic garlic essential oils (SSGEO1 and SSGEO2), which resulted from the enrichment of EO with DS and DDS standards respectively. The oils were compared with respect to their toxicity. RESULTS: The chemical composition of the tested oils was evaluated by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Experimental data from the tested samples revealed high toxicity. In detail, DDS (6.09 mg L^?1) was the most active, followed by SSGEO2 (7.05 mg L^?1) and EO (8.01 mg L^?1), while SSGEO1 and DS were relatively inactive. CONCLUSION: The addition of DDS to EO did not change the toxic effect of the essential oil, whereas the presence of DS in excess produced an enriched essential oil with low toxicity. Furthermore, the antagonistic effect of DS and DDS against the other components of EO was shown by the application of two equations obtained from the literature. Their larvicidal performances were correlated, for the first time, with their detailed chemical composition. Data analysis strongly indicated the toxicity of the other EO sulfur ingredients. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fumigant and contact toxicity of Myrtaceae plant essential oils and blends of their constituents against adults of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity

Fumigant and contact toxicities of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against adult male and female Blattella germanica were evaluated. Of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils, Eucalyptus polybractea, Eucalyptussmithii, Eucalyptusradiata, Eucalyptusdives, Eucalyptusglobulus, and Melaleuca uncinata, showed 100% fumigant toxicity against adult male German cockroaches at a concentration of 7.5 mg/liter air concentration. In contact toxicity tests, E. polybractea, E. smithii, E. radiata, E. dives, E. globulus, Melaleucadissitiflora, and M. uncinata produced strong insecticidal activity against adult male and female German cockroaches. Of the essential oil constituents, terpinolene, α-terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adult male and female B. germanica. Eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, and terpinen-4-ol showed strong contact toxicity against adult male B. germanica. The toxicity of the constituent blends identified from M. dissitiflora essential oils indicated that terpinen-4-ol were major contributor to the fumigant activity or contact toxicity of the artificial blend. Only isoeugenol exhibited inhibition activity against male acetylcholinesterase. IC₅₀ values of isoeugenol were 0.22 mg/mL against male acetylcholinesterase.     

Structure–activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae

BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is a severe public health problem for several countries. In order to find effective larvicides to aid control programs, the structure‐activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were evaluated. Additionally, the composition and larvicidal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil was assessed. RESULTS: Four compounds representing 99.05% of S. aromaticum essential oil have been identified. The essential oil was active against Ae. aegypti larvae (LC₅₀ = 62.3 and 77.0 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity of eugenol, the major compound of the essential oil, was further evaluated (LC₅₀ = 93.3 and 71.9 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity and structure‐activity relationships of synthetic derivatives of eugenol were also assessed. The larvicidal activity of the derivatives varied between 62.3 and 1614.9 ppm. Oxidation of eugenol allylic bond to a primary alcohol and removal of the phenolic proton resulted in decreased potency. However, oxidation of the same double bond in 1‐benzoate‐2‐methoxy‐4‐(2‐propen‐1‐yl)‐phenol resulted in increased potency. CONCLUSION: Structural characteristics were identified that may contribute to the understanding of the larvicidal activity of phenylpropanoids. The present approach may help future work in the search for larvicidal compounds. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and garlic (Allium sativum) oils against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Plant essential oils from 40 plant species were tested for their insecticidal activities against larvae of Lycoriella ingénue (Dufour) using a fumigation bioassay. Good insecticidal activity against larvae of L. ingenua was achieved with essential oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus smithii RT Baker, horseradish, anise and garlic at 10 and 5 microL L(-1) air. Horseradish, anise and garlic oils showed the most potent insecticidal activities among the plant essential oils. At 1.25 microL L(-1), horseradish, anise and garlic oils caused 100, 93.3 and 13.3% mortality, but at 0.625 microL L(-1) air this decreased to 3.3, 0 and 0% respectively. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of one major compound from horseradish, and three each from anise and garlic oils. These seven compounds and m-anisaldehyde and o-anisaldehyde, two positional isomers of p-anisaldehyde, were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against larvae of L. ingenua. Allyl isothiocyanate was the most toxic, followed by trans-anethole, diallyl disulfide and p-anisaldehyde with LC(50) values of 0.15, 0.20, 0.87 and 1.47 microL L(-1) respectively.     

两种扁柏属植物精油对蚊虫的毒杀、驱避活性及化学成分分析

为了解绒柏Chamaecyparis pisifera精油和日本扁柏Chamaecyparis obtuse精油对蚊虫的生物活性,通过浸渍法测试了两种植物精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus 4龄幼虫及蛹的毒杀活性,采用人体局部涂肤法测试其对白纹伊蚊成蚊的驱避活性,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）定性分析了精油的化学成分。结果表明,绒柏精油和日本扁柏精油对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫/蛹的24 h LC₅₀分别为47.66/152.33和73.11/205.06 μg/mL,对致倦库蚊4龄幼虫/蛹的24 h LC₅₀分别为31.74/107.61和63.94/131.42 μg/mL。以1.5和2.0 μL/cm²剂量涂抹人体皮肤,绒柏精油、日本扁柏精油驱避白纹伊蚊的完全保护时间分别是3.24 h和0.78 h、5.45 h和1.86 h。经GC-MS分析鉴定出绒柏精油中含α-蒎烯（29.89%）、17-norkaur-15-ene（9.96%）、Δ-3-蒈烯（9.79%）等16种成分,日本扁柏精油含Δ-3-蒈烯（35.33%）、α-蒎烯（25.60%）、β-月桂烯（12.86%）等22种成分。可见,绒柏精油和日本扁柏精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫及蛹有较强的毒杀活性,而且绒柏精油对白纹伊蚊还有很强的驱避活性,具有研发为环保型蚊虫防控剂的潜力。     

Insecticidal activities of leaf and twig essential oils from Clausena excavata against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae

BACKGROUND: The current study investigates, for the first time, the mosquito larvicidal activities of leaf and twig essential oils from Clausena excavata Burm. f. and their individual constituents against Aedes aegypti L. and Aedes albopictus Skuse larvae. The yields of essential oils obtained from hydrodistillation were compared, and their constituents were determined by GC‐MS analyses. RESULTS: The LC₅₀ values of leaf and twig essential oils against fourth‐instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were 37.1–40.1 µg mL^?1 and 41.1–41.2 µg mL^?1 respectively. This study demonstrated that C. excavata leaf and twig essential oils possess mosquito larvicidal activity, inhibiting the growth of mosquito larvae for both species at a low concentration. In addition, results of larvicidal assays showed that the effective constituents in leaf and twig essential oils were limonene, γ‐terpinene, terpinolene, β‐myrcene, 3‐carene and p‐cymene. The LC₅₀ values of these constituents against both mosquito larvae were below 50 µg mL^?1. Among these effective constituents, limonene had the best mosquito larvicidal activity, with LC₅₀ of 19.4 µg mL^?1 and 15.0 µg mL^?1 against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that the essential oils from Clausena excavata leaf and twig and their effective constituents may be explored as a potential natural larvicide. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

六种植物精油对家蝇的熏蒸及触杀毒力测定

测定了6种植物精油对家蝇的熏蒸及触杀作用。结果表明,6种精油均对家蝇有较强的熏蒸活性,且表现出一定的触杀活性。熏蒸毒力次序为:黄樟油(LC50＝1.7695 μL/L)＞八角叶油(1.8930 μL/L)＞肉桂油(5.8074 μL/L)＞留兰香油(6.2123 μL/L)＞香茅油(6.5801 μL/L)＞薄荷素油(9.4500 μL/L);触杀活性较好的为黄樟油,其次为 留兰香油、香茅油和薄荷素油,而八角叶油和肉桂油对家蝇的触杀作用较差。     

野胡萝卜果实精油对蚊幼虫的毒杀活性

采用浸液法研究了野胡萝卜Daucus carota果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culexpipiens quinquefasciatus幼虫的毒杀活性;利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）对精油的主要成分进行了定性、定量分析。结果发现,野胡萝卜果实精油毒杀白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫的24h LC50值分别为67.87μg.mL-1和34.12μg.mL-1;精油中共含有34种化合物,相对含量最高的是α-蒎烯（54.72%）,其次为β-红没药烯（11.35%）和β-细辛脑（10.14%）;对6种活性化合物进行定量分析,含量最高的是α-蒎烯（577.46mg.mL-1）,其次是月桂烯（80.26mg.mL-1）、柠檬烯（28.95mg.mL-1）、β-石竹烯（24.38mg.mL-1）、β-蒎烯（11.59mg.mL-1）和γ-萜品烯（2.33mg.mL-1）。研究结果表明,野胡萝卜果实精油对蚊幼虫的毒杀效果强于以往文献报道的多种植物精油,是开发高效环保蚊虫杀幼剂的好材料。