浅谈南疆地区水土资源的保持和利用

水土资源的保持和利用是国民经济稳定和增长的一个重大问题。南疆地区是我国沙漠化危害最严重的地区之一，水土现象较为严重。概述了水土的原因、危害及防治措施。     

南疆棉花消费水足迹及其对生态环境影响研究

基于虚拟水和水足迹的理论与方法、棉花生产水资源消费的特征,提出了棉花消费水足迹的概念及模型,并对南疆地区2005年的棉花消费水足迹进行计算和分析.结果表明:南疆地区的棉花消费水足迹为353.95×106m3,虚拟水外调量为3 185.54×106m3,其中蓝水调出量为2 290.53×104m3,分别是本地消费水足迹的9倍和6.5倍.大量的地表水和地下水外流,给水资源本来就不富裕的南疆地区带来巨大的压力,严重阻碍着该地区的可持续发展.最后探讨了棉花生产带来的生态环境问题,并提出了水资源持续利用和环境保护对策.     

南疆地区红枣病虫害防治措施探究

随着南疆地区的农业产业发展,红枣产业逐渐成为该地区农业发展中的重点项目。虽然地区良好的自然条件和农业发展政策为红枣种植提供了积极的推动力,但由于病虫害问题突出,南疆地区红枣种植仍然面临着很大的挑战。基于此,在分析病虫害为害性的基础上,就南疆地区常见的病虫害类型及防治病虫害的策略进行探索。     

2000-2020年南疆地区棉花种植空间格局及其变化特征分析

南疆地区是中国棉花的重要产区。综合全面了解南疆地区棉花种植空间格局及其变化特征对各级政府部门制定相关决策、保障国家粮棉供给、促进中国棉纺织工业加速发展具有重要意义。该研究以MODIS EVI数据为基础，应用TIMESAT软件平台集成的Double-Logistic滤波对棉花生长曲线进行重构，根据曲线特点提取阈值，进而提取南疆地区棉花种植信息，分析其种植空间格局及其变化特征。结果表明：1）南疆地区棉花主要分布在天山山脉南侧，形成以阿克苏地区为核心，喀什东北部及巴州北部为边缘的"核心-边缘"结构；2）近20 a南疆地区棉花种植面积增加103.17万hm2，年均棉花面积增长5.16万hm2，主要来源于耕地（76.85%）与草地（11.91%）；3）棉花分布在空间上呈"东北-西南"走向，棉花种植重心近20 a总移动距离91.5 km，年移动速率4.58 km/a，基本稳定保持在阿克苏市境内；4）南疆地区棉花种植面积冷点主要分布在克州以及和田地区，2005年后逐渐向西南侧集聚；热点分布格局年际变化显著，2005年前主要分布在阿克苏地区，2005年后逐渐向南疆地区东北侧延伸，主要集中在阿克苏地区以及巴州地区北部。研究成果可为制定区域国土管理制度和涉棉企业科学决策提供参考，对调整和优化棉花结构布局具有积极作用。     

新疆南疆地区城市化发展与耕地资源协调性分析

基于南疆地区1989—2012年的社会,经济统计数据应用一元线性回归模型和协调度分析法,采用1990年,2000年,2010年3期Landsat TM,ETM+、ALOS/AVNIR-2数据作为数据源,提取城市和耕地面积信息,分析南疆地区城市化水平和耕地资源的变动情况、相关性以及协调性,找出城市化水平和耕地资源的互动关系,有助于为当地政府城市规划和进一步发展提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)近24a南疆地区处于城市化较慢的发展时期,其中城市化水平最高的是库尔勒市,较高的有阿克苏市、喀什市、和田市,最低的是阿图什市;(2)库尔勒、阿克苏、喀什等城市的耕地面积出现增长趋势,阿图什市和和田市耕地面积呈递减趋势;(3)1989—2012年南疆地区耕地资源与城市化水平的协调关系逐渐向良性发展,从1990年的不协调变了2012年的基本协调,说明研究期间南疆地区城市化水平与耕地资源协调度各年份的变化均不一致。     

风力提水在南疆灌溉农业发展中的潜力评估

开采利用可再生能源,是未来区域可持续发展的重要支撑途径。风能作为一种有活力且经济效益更高的可再生能源,具有多种利用方式,风力提水技术便是其中之一。该研究通过对2000～2014年南疆地区风速及降水数据进行分析,采用两参数威布尔分布模型对南疆的风能资源进行评估。通过作物的蒸散发及有效降雨量计算南疆灌溉需水量,以探寻风能资源和灌溉需水量的时空分布及其变化规律。南疆地区平均风功率密度4月最大（25.14 W/m2）,灌溉需水量与风功率的季节分布不匹配,最大出现在8月（9.02亿m3）。通过统计南疆5个地（州）的风力提水总量,计算其占非自流灌溉区内灌溉需水量的比例,进而得出克州最适宜建设风力提水工程,其风力提水满足率达68% 以上。相应的风力提水潜力评估结果,为南疆农业节水灌溉和可持续发展提供一定的决策参考。     

毕节地区人口和经济因素对生态自然修复的影响

新疆南疆属于极端干旱生态脆弱带,土壤风蚀已严重制约着南疆绿洲农业的可持续发展。在分析了造成南疆绿洲区土壤风蚀主要因素的基础上,探讨了风蚀造成的危害,提出了保护、恢复与重建绿洲外缘的自然植被、加强绿洲内部防护林体系的建设、调整种植结构和进行农作物留茬覆盖等防治土壤风蚀的综合治理措施。     

两种盐生植物在南北疆地区的适生性及吸盐能力

为了摸清盐生植物在南北疆改良盐碱地的实际应用效果,更好地利用盐碱植物,在南北疆地区进行田间试验,研究了两种盐生植物在新疆南北疆盐碱地的适应性及吸盐能力。结果表明,盐生植物在南疆的成活率明显高于北疆;而盐地碱蓬成活率明显要高于海篷子;北疆种植的盐生植物其植物体内的总含盐量明显高于南疆种植的盐生植物,其中盐地碱蓬高出约55%,海篷子高出约46%。由此可以看出,盐地碱蓬和海篷子更适合于南疆地区生长,而在北疆环境两种盐生植物吸盐能力均强于南疆环境,海蓬子吸盐能力明显强于盐地碱蓬。     

气候变暖背景下南疆棉花种植区划的变化

利用南疆地区52个气象台站1961-2013年逐年≥10℃积温、无霜冻期和最热月(7月)平均气温资料,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平和t检验以及基于Arc GIS的混合插值法对各热量要素的时空变化进行分析;结合新疆棉花种植气候区划指标,对比分析了1997年前后南疆棉花种植气候区划的变化。结果表明:南疆地区热量资源的空间分布总体呈现平原和盆地多,山区少的特点。全球变暖背景下,近53a,南疆地区≥l0℃积温、无霜冻期和7月平均气温分别以56.64℃?d?10a-1、3.15d?10a-1和0.15℃?10a-1(P0.05)的倾向率呈显著上升趋势,并分别于1997、1997和1994年发生突变,受其影响,1997年后较其之前,南疆地区中熟棉、中早熟棉区面积分别扩大17682km2和43033km2,早熟棉区面积变化不明显,特早熟棉区和不宜棉区分别减少4940km2和56589km2。     

北疆地区碱化土壤及其特性

继南疆碱化土壤的研究后,1979年我们又进行了北疆地区碱化土壤的调查研究。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.