The triple burden: the impact of time poverty on women’s participation in coffee producer organizational governance in Mexico

In the mid-1990s, fairtrade-organic registration data showed that only 9 % of Oaxaca, Mexico’s organic coffee ‘farm operators’ were women; by 2013 the female farmer rate had increased to 42 %. Our research investigates the impact of this significant increase in women’s coffee association participation among 210 members of two coffee producer associations in Oaxaca, Mexico. We find that female coffee organization members report high levels of household decision-making power and they are more likely than their male counterparts to report control over their coffee income. These significant advances in women’s agency within the household are offset by the fact that the women experience significant time poverty as they engage in coffee production while bearing a disproportionate share of domestic labor obligations. The women coffee producers view organizational labor as a third burden on their time, after their reproductive and productive labor. The time poverty they experience limits their ability to fully participate in coffee organizational governance and consequently there are few women leaders at all levels of the coffee producer businesses. This is problematic because it limits women’s ability to fully benefit from organizational membership: when women fully participate in governance they gain valuable business and leadership skills and producer associations with active female members may also be more likely to develop and maintain programs and policies that enhance gender equity. Our findings indicate that targeted agricultural development programs to improve gender equity among agricultural smallholders should involve creative ways to ease women’s labor burdens and reduce their time poverty in order to facilitate full organizational participation. The research findings fill a gap in existing studies of agricultural global value chains (GVCs) by demonstrating how the certified coffee GVC depends on women’s under and un-paid labor not only within the household but also within producer organizations.     

农户兼业、生产环节外包与农业种植结构“趋粮化”

粮食安全是国家安全的重要基础。随着农户兼业化趋势的加强,农村务农劳动力不断流失,生产外包服务市场不断发展,在这个大背景下,农户兼业和生产环节外包对农业种植结构"趋粮化"的影响引发社会各界关注。本文基于全国9省调查数据,通过构建中介效应检验模型分析三者之间的作用逻辑及因果关系。研究结果表明:农户兼业在总体上促进种植结构"趋粮化",生产环节外包特征变量在农户兼业影响种植结构调整的过程中发挥部分中介效应,此外,被访者性别、年龄、家庭总收入、村庄地形和交通设施对农户粮食种植结构调整也存在显著影响。据此,本文认为,为引导农户种植结构"趋粮化",保障国家粮食安全,要合理引导农村劳动力外流,统筹城乡发展;推动农业生产环节外包市场的发育与完善,提高农业生产过程中的外包服务率;同时,制定合理的价格支持政策,保障农户种粮积极性。     

黄河中上游地区经济林生产环节外包决策分析——基于7省农户专项调查数据的研究

黄河中上游是我国重要的生态战略区和发展相对滞后区。经济林是落实国家对黄河流域中上游生态目标和区域发展的重要途径。城镇化背景下,黄河中上游农村劳动力的转移以及带来的劳动力不足,成为经济林可持续发展的重要影响因素。以黄河流域中上游地区经济林生产为例,探讨农户生产环节外包的决策机理,基于“黄河流域生态保护与农业农村高质量发展”课题组的专项调查数据,利用Double-Hurdle模型,实证分析农户生产环节外包选择和程度的行动逻辑。结果表明,经济林种植户选择生产环节外包的概率和程度均较低;人力资本、社会资本和大部分家庭经营资产对农户生产环节外包的概率和程度均具有显著促进作用;因劳动替代效应,家庭农机数量抑制了农户生产环节外包的选择行为;家庭兼业化程度则可能因影响农户经济林种植模式而降低了生产环节外包程度。     

劳动力质量、生产规模与农牧户生产技术效率

为分析劳动力质量与农牧户生产技术效率的关系,基于2018年新疆、青海、陕西、贵州及西藏5省绒毛用羊的调研数据,运用门槛模型,分析了农户家庭劳动力质量对畜牧业生产技术效率的影响。研究表明:农户家庭人力资本存量与农牧户的生产技术效率会因养殖规模的不同而呈现出两个门槛效应的非线性区间关系;低龄劳动力有利于生产技术效率的提升,但老龄化对技术效率并没有表现出消极的作用;女性占比变量对农牧户生产技术效率不具有显著影响。因此,应不断推进畜牧业的规模化发展,并且通过各种形式的教育和培训来提高农牧户的科技水平和文化素质,提升农村劳农业生产的劳动力质量,促进农业生产技术效率的提高,最终实现农业的现代化发展。     

农业劳动力转移的减贫效应分析——基于重庆涪陵的实践检验

【目的/意义】农业劳动力转移的减贫效应尚未得出一致结论,基于对重庆涪陵的实践分析,探讨通过做好政策保障以提升农业劳动力转移的减贫效应。【方法/过程】以涪陵区2004-2018年的农业劳动力转移的减贫相关数据为基础,通过运用多元回归法分析涪陵区农业劳动力转移的减贫效应。【结果/结论】结果显示:提升农业劳动生产率有利于增加农民的农业收入和非农收入;缩小城乡收入差距有利于农民减贫;提高人力资本密集度有利于增强农民的挣得能力。要提升农业劳动力转移的减贫效应,这就要求:促进农业转移人口的市民化,提升农业劳动力转移的减贫效应;提高乡村自治与贫困户自我发展能力,促进农业劳动力转移的减贫动力;完善社会扶贫协作联动机制,为农业劳动力转移提供制度保障。     

Effects of Human Trafficking on Household Farm Labor Availability Among Arable Farming Households in Delta State,Nigeria

Trafficking in persons,especially women and girls has been on for long and is still going on.Persons in the female group constitute the mostly trafficked humans.This study was conducted to determine the effects of human trafficking on household farm labor needs available among farming households.Arable farming households involved in human trafficking were identified and purposively selected for this study with the aid of key informants in purposively selected communities.This led to the selection of 60 arable farming household heads in Delta North Agricultural zone,65 farming household heads in Delta Central Agricultural Zone,and 36 arable farming household heads in Delta south agricultural zone to give a total of 151 respondents.Data for the study were collected with the utilization of questionnaire and interview schedule.The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis with the application of frequency counts,percentages and means derived from 4-point likert-type scale.The hypothesis was tested using Tobit regression analysis.Human trafficking was found to be age and sex selective and the causes of human trafficking included both push and pull factors,such as high income in destination countries poverty,low risk profit,nature of trafficking in persons,ease in control and manipulation of vulnerable women and girls,low risk involved in working in destination countries,lacking of legitimate and fulfilling employment,sex selective migration policies,less access to information and peer pressure.Shortage of household farm labor was experienced by farming households in clearing and brushing of farm land,sowing,weeding,harvesting and processing/storage.Human trafficking was found to affect household labor availability in clearing/brushing of farm land,sowing,weeding,harvesting and processing/storage of farm produce.It is recommended that poverty alleviation programs should be specially organized for poor women,government and NGOs and international agencies should develop strategies to mitigate human trafficking.The government needs to collaborate with community based organizations and law enforcement agencies to create anti-trafficking committee in farming communities.Community education should be created for the farming communities to emphasize anti-human trafficking with the use of change agents;extension agents should integrate anti-trafficking messages in their interaction with farmers.     

农业生产性服务业集聚、城镇化与农民就业增长关联研究

选取2003—2019年浙江省各市的面板数据,建立PVAR模型,使用脉冲响应函数与方差分解方法,考察浙江省不同区域内农业生产性服务业集聚、农民就业增长、城镇化的长期动态影响。结果表明:农业生产性服务业集聚、农民就业增长、城镇化三者均具有自我发展的惯性;农业生产性服务业集聚在浙东北片区正向作用于农民就业增长,在浙西南则产生抑制性效果;浙东北地区城镇化抑制农民就业增长,而浙西南的城镇化对农民就业具有促进作用;浙东北、浙西南地区的城镇化与农业生产性服务业集聚之间呈正向促进关系。因此,应强化农民就业对集聚的正向效应;统筹省域内农业生产性服务业集聚式发展;完善城乡联动机制,促进集聚、就业、城镇化三者良性互动、协同发展。     

Household and Community Assets and Farmers＇ Adaptation to Extreme Weather Event： the Case of Drought in China

Under climate change, rising frequency and serious extreme weather events have challenged agricultural production. Designing appropriate adaptation measures to the extreme weather events require rigorous and empirical analysis. The overall goals of this study are to understand physical adaptation measures taken by farmers and the impacts of household and community assets on farmers＇ adaptation when they face drought. The analyses are based on a unique data set collected from a household survey in three provinces in China. The survey results show that though not common on annual basis, some farmers did use physical adaptation measures to fight drought. Regression analysis reveals that both household and community assets significantly affect farmers＇ adaptation behaviors. Improving households＇ social capital and wealth, communities＇ network and access to government＇s anti-drought service can facilitate farmers＇ adaptation to drought. Results indicate that community＇s irrigation infrastructure and physical adaptation taken by farmers can substitute each other. Further analysis shows that the households taking adaptation measures have higher crop yields than those without taking these measures. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

农户竹产业融合参与和人力资本对农户收入的影响

  目的  竹产业作为中国重要的林业资源，在农业产业融合发展中具备特有的优势。分析农户是否参与竹产业融合，农户人力资本水平对农民收入的影响以及之间的机制关系，可为产竹区和山区的农业产业融合发展提供参考。  方法  在浙江省湖州市安吉县和杭州市临安区，利用260个农户调查数据，通过统计分析和多元线性回归等方法，分析了参与竹产业融合对农户收入水平和收入差距产生的影响，以及人力资本在其中发挥的直接作用和调节作用。  结果  参与竹产业融合和加强人力资本积累能够提高农户的收入水平，缩小农户间的收入差距；在人力资本各衡量指标中，户主的正规教育年限和除户主外其他家庭成员的最高教育年限2个指标，在参与竹产业融合影响农户收入过程中存在调节效应；但是户主和家庭成员接受农业技能培训情况的指标没有发挥预期的调节作用。  结论  要鼓励农户参与竹产业融合，提高户主和家庭成员的正规教育年限，促进横向产业融合即竹资源的横向功能拓展等。表3参23     

Female farmers in the Rwandan farming system: A study of the ruhengeri prefecture

The purpose of this paper has been to focus on two aspects of development—agricultural production in the small central African country of Rwanda, and the role of 1890 Land-Grant institutions in international development. While a discussion of female farmers in the Ruhengeri Prefecture of Rwanda represents the primary focus of this paper, the second focus is the means by which this and other such research is possible. The findings from the Rwandan study are in keeping with those found in other African countries, in that a struggle exists to produce sufficient quantities of food to sustain an ever increasing population. For Rwanda, constraints to production include not only severe over-population, but environmental conditions and gender bias as well. In arriving at potential solutions to these problems, this paper takes the position that one viable means of addressing the problem is to focus development efforts on the female farmer. Traditional thinking and behavior have excluded women from the planning and implementation of development activities, focussing instead on often less productive males. However, a survey of female farmers (N=192) in the Ruhengeri region of Rwanda, provides insight into the plight of agriculture from the female perspective. As a result, recommendations are offered for improving agricultural production that aim at better utilizing existing high levels of labor contributed by the female farmer. Recommendations include 1) encouraging families to limit the size of their family through family planning, 2) implementing soil erosion techniques that consider conditions specific to Rwanda, and feasible for female application, and 3) directing assistance to women away from household related activities to those related to farming.     

村庄空心化背景下民族地区合作社的人力资源开发研究——以西北东乡族回族留守妇女为例

以甘肃省临夏州东乡族自治县和宁夏回族自治区西吉县的实地调查资料为基础,总结了西北地区东乡族、回族聚居县乡村庄空心化的特点,分析了"男工女耕"、"男耕女牧"状况下留守妇女从事农牧业生产经营的困境,研究了留守妇女参与农牧业合作社的路径。本研究结果对提高东乡族、回族留守妇女的组织化程度,解决留守妇女面临的生产经营困难,进而增加其家庭收入,维护西北民族地区的农村政治与社会稳定,促进生态文明建设,有理论参考和实际价值。     

农户采用小麦玉米农艺节水技术意愿影响因素的实证分析——以河北省黑龙港区吴桥市为例

依据黑龙港区农户调查资料,运用二项Logit模型,对农户采用小麦玉米农艺节水技术意愿的影响因素作了实证研究。结果表明,黑龙港区小麦玉米农艺节水技术体系应该重点向劳动力占家庭总人口比重高、家庭年均总收入低、土地经营规模大、地块面积大、种植业收入占家庭总收入比重高、户主男性、户主文化程度高的农户示范、推广;应该加强引导示范户发挥其示范、带动作用;农民节水意识非常淡薄,急需通过各种途径强化对农民的节水宣传教育;政府应该制定合理提高农业水费的政策,促进农户节水;继续对农户进行扶持,并加大扶持力度;多采用报纸,村里喇叭广播,培训会,村干部、亲戚、朋友、邻居渠道传播小麦玉米节水信息。     

农户耕地社会保障功能替代程度测算方法研究

为研究耕地社会保障功能的替代方法,提出土地规模化经营政策。基于"耕地资源社会保障功能替代程度差异是保障农户权益、促进农地资源流转的关键"的假设,根据农户对耕地社会保障功能的需求差异,从耕地生产功能、价值功能以及劳动承载功能3个方面,提出了耕地社会保障功能替代程度测算方法,并以大兴区和海淀区的实地调研数据进行验证。测算结果表明,耕地社会保障功能替代程度测算方法能够反映耕地资源社会保障功能替代产度的差异,为确定区域耕地流转对策提供科学依据。     

中国农村剩余劳动力转移问题及对策研究

中国是世界上人口最多的农业大国,也是世界上农村人口最多的国家,同时也是世界范围内农村人口就业压力最大的国家,因此研究农村剩余劳动力转移具有极强的现实意义。解决好农村剩余劳动力转移问题,有利于中国经济的发展、城乡差别的缩小、"三农"等问题的解决,有利于中国劳动力资源的合理配置,有利于促进中国由人力资源大国向人力资源强国的转变。深化对农村剩余劳动力转移问题的认识,即农村劳动力自身的文化教育程度低、乡镇企业吸纳能力下降、农业自身发展不足、户籍制度和土地制度制约、劳动力市场不完善等,并根据存在的问题提出相应的对策建议。     

农业分工、农户分化与水稻生产机械化服务——基于江西的实证

水稻机械化服务是农业机械化服务的重要组成部分,在推进农业现代化进程中发挥巨大作用。本文运用粮食主产区（江西）1237份农户调研数据,通过构建Probit、Tobit模型,实证分析农业分工、农户分化对水稻主要生产环节机械化服务的影响,研究表明：（1）在耕地环节,农业分工（农业生产环节外包数量、水稻商品化率）、农户分化（非农就业人数占比、以水稻种植面积分化的小农户和规模农户）中除水稻商品化率,余下变量均对农户采用机械化服务产生显著影响;（2）在收割环节,农业分工、农户分化相关变量对农户采用机械化服务产生显著影响;（3）针对水稻耕种收综合机械化服务水平,农业分工、农户分化相关变量对水稻耕种收综合机械化服务水平产生显著影响,并据此提出有效推进农业分工深化,合理引导小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接,完善农机服务环境等相关建议。     

我国农户收入及其差异的影响因素实证分析 ——基于收入决定方程和夏普里值分解方法

改革开放以来我国经济发展取得了巨大的成就,但其成果并未惠及全民。农户间的收入差距在不断扩大,这不仅加剧了农村贫困问题,削弱农户收入增长,而且对我国经济的可持续发展以及社会的和谐与稳定产生严重的影响。首先运用农户收入决定方程对江苏省、河南省和四川省抽样调查的566户农户的截面数据进行分析,确定影响农户收入的主要因素;其次,运用夏普里值分解方法分析了各显著因素对农户收入差异的贡献率。研究结果表明：农户家庭劳动力平均外出务工时间是影响农户收入增长及差异的最重要因素,劳动力平均受教育年限次之。基于上述结果认为加快农村非农产业发展、增加非农就业机会,加大财政对农村教育的投入、提供平等的受教育和培训机会,将有利于在持续增加农户收入的同时缩小农户间的收入差异。     

劳动力老龄化会使农户顺利流转农地吗?

从老年农户流出农地的现象入手,基于理论推导,使用“中国农村发展调查”数据,采用面板固定效应回归和倾向得分匹配等计量方法,分析农业劳动力老龄化对农地流转的影响。结果表明:(1)缓解了样本缺失问题后,老龄化对农地流转的估计系数得到增强。(2)对于拥有足额养老金、家庭劳均农业收入较少(低于村平均水平)或家庭农业收入占比较低(<0.25)的农户家庭,其在老龄化影响下流出的农地面积更大。(3)如果村庄被新型农村合作医疗保险政策覆盖或拥有养老院,老年农户流出的农地面积趋于增加。(4)如果村庄提供灌溉设施、机械化耕地服务等改善效率的公共品,家庭劳均农业收入较少或家庭农业收入占比较低的家庭将进一步流出农地。据此,提出加大对农村地区老年人的社会保障力度、积极投资改善农业生产效率的公共品的对策建议。     

生计资本对农户分工模式的影响:来自广东的调查分析

基于"可持续生计分析框架"(SLA)中生计资本概念,构建生计资本与农户分工模式选择的理论分析框架,利用广东省农户问卷调查数据,采用多项Logistic回归模型,分析生计资本对农户分工模式的影响,探讨推进农户分工的可行途径。结果表明,对于转型为兼业偏农型农户,存在显著正向影响的变量为非农业就业培训、劳动力人数,存在显著负向影响的为农业技能培训;对于转型为兼业偏非农型农户,存在显著正向影响变量为非农业就业培训、劳动力人数、村干部、人均收入,存在显著负向影响的为农业技能培训、平均年龄,劳均土地面积、是否贷款;对于转型为纯非农型农户,存在显著正向影响的变量为受教育年限、非农业就业培训、人均收入,存在显著负向影响的为农业技能培训、平均年龄、三代人是否生活于本村与拥有的农机数量。据此计量结果,提出了促进兼业型农户向纯农型农户或纯非农型农户转换,引导农户合理分工演化的政策建议。     

非农就业对农户土地退出意愿影响的实证研究

采用实证分析法、多元Logistic回归法方法,从农户非农就业角度对重庆市户籍制度改革中农村土地退出意愿进行了研究,研究发现:户主性别、年龄对农村土地退出的意愿具有显著影响;家庭非农就业人数比、家庭非农收入比对愿意退出土地的意愿具有正向显著影响,对不愿退出土地意愿影响不显著;户主受教育程度、非农就业时间和家庭人均土地对农村土地退出意愿影响并不显著.提出加大宣传力度让农民进一步了解户籍制度改革、"转户"配套"流转"解放农村剩余劳动力、明确农村土地退出的补偿标准及保障措施、建立健全相关配套制度等建议.     

云南省农业结构特征探讨——基于农场（户）组织结构视角

【目的】从农场（户）组织结构角度分析云南省农业结构特征,为政府决策部门和有关职能部门制定云南省农业结构调整规划提供科学依据。【方法】查阅云南省、中国年鉴,采用列举对比法分析云南省农业结构特征及存在的问题,并提出对策建议。【结果】云南省农业结构呈以下特征：（1）云南省大部分农业生产者仍采用传统小农经济生产方式;（2）在土地家庭联产承包责任制基础上建立了新型农民合作经济组织,但仅有少数农户加入合作组织;（3）农业生产者文化素质低,较少受过专业培训;（4）农户收入低,且大部分收入均用于生活必须开支;（5）农业社会化服务体制不健全;（6）生产率低,农村存在大量隐性失业者;（7）农业产业化程度低,农业生产处于分散状态。【建议】政府应加大对农民的扶持力度、完善农业服务体系、提高劳动力素质、积极引导农户加入合作组织、加大农村金融贷款扶持力度、合理有序地做好农村剩余劳动力向其他产业转移的导向工作,切实有效地推动农业经济发展。