Denitrification Studies with 13N-Labeled Nitrate

Nitrate labeled with (13)N ((13)NO(3)(-)) was produced in a cyclotron by the (16)O(p, alpha)(13)N reaction with protons having energies of 14.5 million electron volts. The (13)NO(3)(-) was used as a tracer for direct quantitative measurements of denitrification rates in soils from flooded rice fields. The (13)N technique provides a new tracer method for the measurement of denitrification rates in natural systems over short time intervals, without changing the concentration of NO(3)(-)in the system.     

Nitrogen uptake, dissolved organic nitrogen release, and new production

In oceanic, coastal, and estuarine environments, an average of 25 to 41 percent of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NH(4) (+) and NO(3) (-)) taken up by phytoplankton is released as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Release rates for DON in oceanic systems range from 4 to 26 nanogram-atoms of nitrogen per liter per hour. Failure to account for the production of DON during nitrogen-15 uptake experiments results in an underestimate of gross nitrogen uptake rates and thus an underestimate of new and regenerated production. In these studies, traditional nitrogen-15 techniques were found to underestimate new and regenerated production by up to 74 and 50 percent, respectively. Total DON turnover times, estimated from DON release resulting from both NH(4) (+) and NO(3) (-) uptake, were 10 +/- 1, 18 +/- 14, and 4 days for oceanic, coastal, and estuarine sites, respectively.     

Evaluation of the Role of Mixed Amino Acids in Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation in Leafy Radish by Using 15N-Labeled Nitrate

In this paper, the role of mixed amino acids in nitrate uptake and assimilation was evaluated in leafy radish by using ^15N labeled nitrate. The mixtures of alanine, β-alanine, aspartic acid, asparagines, glutamic acid, glutamine, and glycine were sprayed to plant leaf two or four times. The activity of the enzymes related to the process of NO3- reduction （nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase） was affected differently depending on the application rate of mixed amino acids. Applying mixed amino acids increased the fresh weight, dry weight, and N yield. The NO3 content was reduced to 24-38%, but no significant differences were observed in amino acids and proteins. In addition, the nitrogen derived from fertilizer and the ^15N-NO3-recovery rate increased to 2-8% and 15-47%, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the positive effect of mixed amino acids on nitrate uptake and assimilation might be attributed to the regulation on NO3- uptake and assimilation, but not to the preference for amino acids as sources of reduced nitrogen.     

姬松茸深层发酵产物对小鼠消化吸收和特异性免疫的影响

分别将姬松茸发酵液按13%、25%、37%质量比与鼠料混匀、制粒后饲喂小鼠,测定其脏器指数、小肠绒毛高度和固有膜厚度、小肠吸收功能和牛血清白蛋白抗体滴度等指标,探讨对小鼠消化吸收和特异性免疫的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,剂量组脏器指数、小肠长度及重量呈上升趋势(P>0.05);高剂量组小肠绒毛长度提高22.51%(P<0.05),中剂量组固有膜厚度降低7.06%(P<0.05);高、低剂量组的小鼠血清D-木糖浓度分别提高15%和13.78%(P<0.05);各剂量组的牛血清白蛋白抗体滴度显著高于对照组(P<0.05).以上说明5-6周龄小鼠日粮添加姬松茸深层发酵产物可促进肠道发育,提高消化吸收能力,提高特异性免疫水平.     

Sea urchin embryos are permeable to actinomycin

When eggs and cleaving embryos of the sea urchin are exposed to [(3)H]actinomycin D, they become radioactive, and autoradiograms show that the radioactivity is inside the cells. At midcleavage, nuclei are more radioactive than cytoplasm. Extraction and chromatography of the intracellular labeled compounds identify them as actinomycin D and a water-soluable derivative. Conversion does not take place outside the cells. Treatment of embryos for 90 minutes with actinomycin D inhibits synthesis of RNA by more than 90 percent, leaving unaffected turnover of the pCpCpA terminals in transfer RNA. These data justify earlier interpretations of actinomycin experiments with embryos and justify use of the drug as a tool in the analysis of gene expression.     

高铜与植酸对锌吸收的影响

试验用27只50日龄Wistar纯系雄性大鼠,采用体内原位结扎肠段灌注技术结合放射性同位素示踪技术,通过与氟化锌比较,研究了高铜、植酸对氨基酸螯合锌(以赖氨酸螯合锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌为代表)吸收的影响。试验中观察了在高铜、植酸条件下下,向结扎十二指肠灌注不同形态锌的灌注液后,不同时间点(5,15,30,60,90,120min)血液中^65Zn比放射性的动态变化;120min(试验结束)时结扎肠段^65Zn的消失率、不同组织器官中^65Zn的放射性。试验结果表明：高铜或植酸显著降低了氟化锌中锌的吸收,对氨基酸螯合锌中锌的吸收也有影响,但受影响程度比氯化锌小得多。     

蔬菜硝酸盐积累生理机制研究进展

蔬菜是一种富氮、喜硝的作物,蔬菜硝酸盐污染严重威胁人们的健康,这一问题引起了人们的普遍关注。蔬菜根系以主动吸收为主的方式吸收硝酸根离子,在逆电化学势梯度(170-250mv)下,硝酸根离子以离子态通过共质体途径进入根部内部。在硝酸还原酶的作用下,硝酸盐被还原为亚硝酸盐。硝酸盐的吸收、转运、还原不协调就会导致蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐积累过量,产生污染。蔬菜种类和品种、肥料种类和用量以及蔬菜生长的环境条件(包括光、温、水、气等因子)等因素会影响蔬菜中硝酸盐的积累。     

不同锌源对大鼠体锌水平及吸收的影响

试验选用18只50日龄wistar纯系雄性大鼠，采用体内原位结扎肠段灌注技术并结合放射性同位素示踪技术，研究了在2种体锌状况(缺锌和足锌)下，向十二指肠灌注含不同形态锌的灌注液后，不同时间(5，15，30。60，90，120min)血液中。^45Zn比放射性的动态变化及试验结束时(120min)结扎肠段。Zn的消失率、不同组织器官中。^65Zn的放射性大小和总锌含量及血清碱性磷酸酶活性的变化。试验结果表明：足锌大鼠对锌的吸收低于缺锌大鼠，赖氨酸螯合锌组下降了16．14％，蛋氨酸螯合锌组下降了16．12％，氯化锌组下降了39．92％。     

离子色谱法测定环境水样中无机阴离子

[目的]分析测定饮用水、地表水、降水、污水等水样中的F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-、PO43-、SO32-、SO42-8种无机阴离子含量。[方法]利用离子色谱法测定环境水样中的阴离子含量,以6.0 mmol/L Na2CO3和5.0 mmol/L NaHCO3为淋洗液,用IonPac AS14A（250mm×4 mm）阴离子分离柱、ASRS ULTRAII（4 mm）阴离子抑制器,一次进样25μl,能在17 min内完成分析。[结果]环境水样中检测到F-、Cl-、NO2-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-6种阴离子,未检测到Br-、SO32-;8种阴离子的检出限为6.3~28.3μg/L,加标回收率为90.0%~110.0%,相对标准偏差均小于4%。[结论]该方法简便、快速、准确度高、前处理简单,能够满足环境水样中阴离子的分析要求。     

大黄酸对脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织内NO的影响

目的研究大黄酸（Rhein）对脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织内NO含量的影响。方法采用昆明种小鼠,随机分为5组：假手术组,模型对照组,大黄酸大、中、小剂量组。采用改良的Himori法制备小鼠全脑缺血5min再灌注30min模型。脑缺血前30min腹腔注射给药。再灌注后断头取脑,低温制备10％的脑组织匀浆,测定脑内NO的含量。观察不同剂量大黄酸对缺血再灌注小鼠脑内NO的含量的影响。结果各组之间的小鼠的呼吸次数没有明显的差异,小鼠呼吸的持续时间假手术组、大黄酸组与模型组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;不同剂量的大黄酸对缺血小鼠脑内NO的含量有不同的影响,中剂量大黄酸使小鼠脑内NO量明显减少,大剂量次之,小剂量的大黄酸对脑内NO的影响最小。结论合适剂量的大黄酸对小鼠脑缺血再灌注过程中升高的NO有降低作用,从而缓解NO导致的神经毒性作用,发挥保护缺血性脑损伤的作用。     

Loss of imprinting of Igf2 alters intestinal maturation and tumorigenesis in mice

Loss of imprinting (LOI) of the insulin-like growth factor II gene (IGF2) is an epigenetic alteration that results in a modest increase in IGF2 expression, and it is present in the normal colonic mucosa of about 30% of patients with colorectal cancer. To investigate its role in intestinal tumorigenesis, we created a mouse model of Igf2 LOI by crossing female H19+/- mice with male Apc+/Min mice. Mice with LOI developed twice as many intestinal tumors as did control littermates. Notably, these mice also showed a shift toward a less differentiated normal intestinal epithelium, reflected by an increase in crypt length and increased staining with progenitor cell markers. A similar shift in differentiation was seen in the normal colonic mucosa of humans with LOI. Thus, altered maturation of nonneoplastic tissue may be one mechanism by which epigenetic changes affect cancer risk.     

Carbon-14 milk constituents from cows fed carbamate labeled with carbon-14 on the carbonyl

Oral administration to a dairy cow of Furadan insecticide (2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofuranyl N-methylcarbamate) labeled with carbon-14 on the carbonyl produced in the milk certain radioactive materials which were not Furadan metabolites. The data suggest that these products were natural milk constituents containing only the carbon-14 atom from the Furadan molecule. Carbon-14-labeled carbon dioxide formed by the hydrolysis of the carbamate insecticide is the apparent precursor of these radiolabeled constituents of the milk.     

Air containing nitrogen-15 ammonia: foliar absorption by corn seedlings

Thirty-day-old corn seedlings, grown in the greenhouse with different concentrations of supplemental nitrate nitrogen, were moved to a constant-temperature growth chamber and sealed in a 560-liter tent made of polyvinyl chloride. The plants were exposed to air containing ammonia labeled with nitrogen-15 (1, 10, and 20 parts per million) for 24 hours and then harvested. The nitrogen-15 content of the tops and roots showed that at 1 part per million 43 percent of the ammonia was absorbed, whereas at 10 and 20 parts per million, 30 percent of the ammonia was absorbed. The results demonstrate that growing plants may be a natural sink for atmospheric ammonia.     

健康犬肠道乳酸杆菌某些生物学特性的研究

从健康犬的肠道中分离并鉴定出5株乳酸杆菌,其中嗜酸乳杆菌3株、肠乳杆菌1株、发酵乳杆菌1株。根据其耐胆盐、生长表现等特性选择2株嗜酸乳杆菌（D1-3、D4-3）,作进一步的耐酸性、粘附性、抑菌作用等生物学特性试验。结果表明：D1-3和D4-3菌株能耐受高达6．0g／L的胆盐以及pH值低至2．0的酸性环境,对犬肠粘膜上皮细胞有良好的粘附性,其代谢产物对常见致病菌有较好的抑制作用,对小白鼠无毒性。     

Fragmentation of nitrogen-14 nuclei at 2.1 gev per nucleon

An experiment has been carried out at the bevatron on the nuclear fragmentation of nitrogen-14 ions at an energy of 2.1 billion electron volts (Gev) per nucleon. Because of the near equality of the velocities of the nitrogen-14 beam and the fragmentation products at an angle of 0 degrees , we find it possible to identify the nuclear fragments isotopically.     

3种黑杨无性系耐氮瘠薄能力的差异

通过扫描离子选择电极技术及15N同位素示踪技术研究3种黑杨无性系02-34-334、03-04-97和108号对于硝铵的吸收及累积规律,揭示02-34-334号较03-04-97和108号更能适应低氮环境的原因。离子电极试验设置0 mmol/L NH4NO3(CK)、0.25 mmol/L NH4NO3和0.5 mmol/L NH4NO33种氮素水平1。5N同位素示踪试验设置2 g15NH4NO3和2 g NH415NO3(中氮)两种氮素处理。结果表明:①在0.25 mmol/LNH4NO3水平下,02-34-334号苗木根部硝铵的吸收比值为1.3,而其他两个无性系苗木根系在所有处理下的硝铵吸收比值均较低。说明02-34-334号在0 mmol/L NH4NO3(CK)到中氮范围内对于硝态氮的吸收较另两个无性系具有明显的潜在优势。②02-34-334号无性系与另两个供试无性系相比,根部15NO3-的氮素分配率低,而地上部分15NO3-的氮素分配率高。说明02-34-334号在中氮水平对于硝态氮有较强的转运能力。对硝态氮较强的吸收潜力及较强的转运能力可能是02-34-334号黑杨无性系更能适应低氮环境的原因之一。结果为进一步研究黑杨无性系的氮高效机制及生产应用提供了科学依据。     

Insulin-stimulated hydrolysis of a novel glycolipid generates modulators of cAMP phosphodiesterase

Insulin action may involve the intracellular generation of low molecular weight substances that modulate certain key enzymes. The production of two substances that regulate the activity of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase was evaluated in cultured myocytes by incorporation of radiolabeled precursors. Insulin caused the rapid hydrolysis of a chemically undefined membrane glycolipid, resulting in the production of two related complex carbohydrates as well as diacylglycerol. Both the glycolipid precursor and the aqueous products were monitored by labeling with radioactive inositol and glucosamine. Depletion of the labeled precursor and the appearance of labeled water-soluble products and diacylglycerol occurred within 30 seconds after hormone treatment and was followed by rapid resynthesis of the precursor. The aqueous products that were radioactively labeled appeared chromatographically and electrophoretically identical to phosphodiesterase modulating activities produced by insulin from the same cells. The purified radiolabeled and bioactive substances had similar chemical properties. Hydrolysis of the glycolipid precursor and subsequent generation of products could be reproduced by incubation of extracted lipids with a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. These studies suggest that insulin stimulates an endogenous, selective phospholipase C activity that hydrolyzes a novel glycolipid, resulting in the generation of a complex carbohydrate-phosphate substance containing inositol and glucosamine that may mediate some of the actions of the hormone.     

Nitrogen Fixation by Azotobacter vinelandii Strains Having Deletions in Structural Genes for Nitrogenase

Phenotypic reversal of Nif(-) mutant strains to Nif(+) under molybdenum-deficient conditions has been cited as evidence that Azotobacter vinelandii possesses two nitrogen fixation systems: the conventional molybdenum-enzyme system and an alternative nitrogen-fixation system. Since explanations other than the existence of an alternative system were possible, deletion strains of A. vinelandii lacking the structural genes for conventional nitrogenase (nifHDK) were constructed. These strains were found to grow in molybdenum-deficient nitrogen-free media, reduce acetylene (at low rates), and incorporate molecular nitrogen labeled with nitrogen-15. Thus it can be concluded that the phenotypic reversal phenomenon cannot be due to altered phenotypic expression of nif mutations under molybdenum-deficient conditions, but is due to the existence of an alternative nitrogen-fixation system in A. vinelandii as originally proposed.     

NO3-N的水杨酸比色法快速测定

探讨了水杨酸比色法测定 NO3- N的基本原理与影响因素 ,确定了测定的线性范围 ,并用土壤及水体样品进行了标定。结果表明 ,1水杨酸比色法测定 NO- 3的吸收峰为 4 10～ 4 2 0 nm ,检出极限可达 0 .1mg/L ,比标准的酚二磺酸比色法灵敏 2～ 5倍 ;2水杨酸比色法测定 NO- 3,颜色稳定性强 ,加盖情况下可保存 15 d而无显著变化 ;3改进后的方法适应 p H范围大 (p H>2 ) ,可掩蔽高达 0 .2 m ol/L Cl-及 2 mg/L NO- 2 的干扰。研究认为 ,改进水杨酸比色法测定 NO3- N简便、快速 ,结果准确     

Ribosome biogenesis: nonrandom addition of structural proteins to 50S subunits

Assemblage of structural proteins into 50S subunits was examined in Escherichia coli recovering fromt chloramphenicol treatment. Cells previously labeled with H3-leucine for three generations were incuibated for 30 minutes with chloramnlphenicol. Proteins synthesized during the initial 5 minuites of recovery from chlorarmphenicol treatmnent were labeled with C(14)-leucine. Marked variation in the ratios of C(14)- to H(3)-leucine in ribosomal protein occurred in cells that had been treated with chloramphenicol; luntreated cells displayed little variation. Thle resuilts sliggest that ribosomal proteins are assenmbled into 50S subunits in a nonrandom manner.