生姜对不同氮肥品种的效应

氮素可显著促进生姜的生长,提高叶片叶绿素含量,增强光合作用,提高生姜产量,改进生姜品质。但不同氮肥品种的作用存在差异,幼苗期ＮａＮＯ３的促长作用最大,而盛长期则其促长作用不及ＮＨ４ＮＯ３,ＣＯ（ＮＨ２）２和ＮＨ４ＨＣＯ３,因此最终产量仅３８６４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,尽管比ＣＫ增产４７．３７％,但有比基它氮肥处理低９．７％￣１１．７％。     

不同氮水平对生姜产量和品质及氮素吸收的影响

采用田间试验研究不同基础肥力土壤、不同氮肥水平对生姜产量和品质及氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,氮肥对生姜根茎产量及品质有明显的影响,合理施氮能显著提高根茎产量,改善其营养及安全品质。两种不同基础肥力土壤下,生姜根茎产量均表现为随施氮量的加大先增加后降低,呈抛物线关系,所有处理中N450获得了最高根茎产量。品质分析结果显示,施用适量氮肥能明显提高生姜根茎蛋白质、维生素C、糖分和姜精油含量,有效控制硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量。其中,维生素C含量,基础肥力较高土壤以N225处理最高;肥力较低土壤N450处理达到高峰。粗蛋白含量,肥力较高土壤N225处理最高,N450最低;肥力较低土壤,随施氮量的增加,根茎粗蛋白含量相应提高,N600处理达最大值。糖分和姜精油含量,两种肥力土壤下分别是N600和N450处理最高。根茎硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加而升高,与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关。施用氮肥后生姜地上部茎、叶和地下根茎含氮量明显提高,氮素吸收量显著增多。     

氮肥用量对不同冬马铃薯品种产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间试验研究氮肥用量对 2个不同品种马铃薯产量、经济效益和氮肥利用率的影响,通过分析马铃薯产量、经济效益与氮肥利用率随氮肥用量的变化趋势,提出冬马铃薯生产上适宜的氮肥用量。结果表明:施氮显著增加了马铃薯产量,施氮处理较未施氮处理增产 32.9%～ 117.2%;马铃薯的单株结薯数、单株薯重、块茎产量、施氮纯增收和氮肥贡献率均随氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后降低,均在 N 345处理下达最大值,而氮肥产投比、农学效率和偏生产力均随氮肥用量的增加而降低,在相同施氮处理下云薯 902的施氮纯增收、产投比、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力和贡献率均高于合作 88;马铃薯产量对氮肥用量的反应通过二次多项式模型分析得出,云薯 902的氮肥效应回归方程为:Y=-0.272N 2+182.15N+27987( F=124.15**,R2=0.988 1**),合作 88的氮肥效应回归方程为: Y=-0.2 168N2+119.28N+28807( F=24.09**,R2=0.941 4**)。马铃薯不同品种间的产量、经济效益、氮肥利用率存在差异,且不同品种间的最佳施氮量和生产等量鲜薯的氮肥需要量也不同,云薯 902和合作 88两品种的最佳施氮量分别为 329.6和 268.5 kg/hm²,生产 1 t鲜薯的氮肥需要量分别为 5.64和 5.94 kg。因此,在兼顾产量、效益及氮素利用率等因素下,建议云薯 902的适宜氮肥用量为 270～ 329.6 kg/hm²,合作 88的适宜氮肥用量为 195～ 268.5 kg/hm²。     

氮、硫配施对生姜产量和品质的影响

采用田间小区试验研究氮、硫配施对生姜生长发育及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同氮、硫配施比例对生姜产量和品质有显著影响。随施氮量的增加,生姜的株高、茎粗、分枝数和单株茎、叶鲜重随之提高,N600S50处理高于其它处理,而单株根茎鲜重则是N450S50处理最高。施氮量在450 kg·hm-2之内时,生姜产量随施氮量的增加而增加。相较于N0S0处理,不同施氮处理的增产率在33.1%~74.3%之间。同一施氮量下,增施硫肥可促进生姜生长发育,提高产量,增加幅度在2.1%~11.8%之间。生姜根茎的品质分析结果也表现出类似趋势。N450S50处理的还原糖、还原型Vc、姜精油和姜辣素含量均最高,分别为1.20%、91.8 mg·kg-1FW、4.28 m L·kg-1FW及13.5 mg·g-1;而粗蛋白和硝酸盐含量则N600S50处理较高,分别为9.71%和82.1 mg·kg-1FW。同一施氮量下,增施硫肥可明显提高还原糖、粗蛋白、还原型Vc、姜精油和姜辣素含量,降低硝酸盐含量。可见,适宜比例的氮硫配施可提高生姜产量,改善生姜品质。     

江汉平原稻区16个水稻品种对氮肥的响应及其利用率差异

研究不同水稻品种产量和氮肥利用率对氮肥响应的差异,可以为实施差异化施肥提供依据。以江汉平原稻区16个主推水稻品种为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,研究了施氮肥对水稻产量及其构成因素、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响,比较了不同水稻品种对氮肥响应的差异。与不施氮肥（PK）相比,施氮处理（NPK）显著提高了水稻的产量和氮素吸收量,16个水稻品种增产量为882 ~ 3861 kg hm?2,增产率为9.7% ~ 64.8%;氮肥贡献率8.92% ~ 39.1%,农学效率4.5 ~ 19.8 kg kg?1,偏生产力35.3 ~ 56.6 kg kg?1,吸收利用率23.2% ~ 59.9%,生理利用率11.8 ~ 52.3 kg kg?1;16个水稻品种可大致分为3种类型,其中黄华占、荃优822、荃优丝苗和徽两优898等4个品种为氮肥高效敏感型,主要表现为氮肥贡献率、农学效率和吸收利用率较高;深两优3206、深两优828和泰优梦稻（两优S6）等3个品种为氮肥低效迟钝型,表现为氮肥贡献率、农学效率、吸收利用率和生理利用率均较低;其他9个品种为中间型,对氮肥的响应介于高效敏感型和低效迟钝型之间。实际生产中,高效敏感型品种可维持本研究氮肥用量,通过优化氮肥运筹方式,进一步发挥氮肥的增产作用;低效迟钝型品种需适当降低氮肥用量,以获得较高的氮肥利用率,减轻过量施氮的负面影响;中间型品种的产量潜力较高,建议通过田间试验研究确定最佳氮肥用量,以同时实现水稻高产和氮肥的高效利用。     

不同氮肥品种对不同类型土壤苋菜镉累积的影响

为探究不同氮肥品种对不同类型土壤苋菜镉(Cd)累积的影响,采用盆栽试验,以苋菜(Amaranshus mangostanus L.)为供试作物,在黄棕壤和赤红壤上设置尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钠、硝酸铵及无肥(CK)5种处理,氮肥施用量均为N 200 mg/kg。结果表明:在黄棕壤上,尿素处理下苋菜地上部和地下部Cd含量和Cd累积量增幅最大,分别增加了59%、90%和243%、259%;在赤红壤中,硫酸铵处理下苋菜地上部和地下部Cd含量和Cd累积量增幅最大,分别增加了56%、114%和141%、293%。在两种土壤上施用硝酸钠显著降低了苋菜对Cd的吸收和累积,其中地下部Cd累积量分别低至0.03和0.06μg/盆。因此,建议在黄棕壤上施用尿素,在赤红壤上施用硫酸铵,在提高苋菜生物量的同时,还能强化苋菜对Cd的吸收累积效果。     

钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响

通过多年田间试验研究淮北平原砂姜黑土地区钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响。结果表明：增施钾肥对生姜的生长发育有明显的促进作用，施钾的增产幅度，杨集点狮子头姜为32．3％和33．3％，平均增产33．8％；牛庄柴姜增产32．8％和42．0％，平均增产35．6％；农场试验施钾增产37．8％～41．2％，平均增产率高达39．7％。钾氮配施能有效提高生姜块茎维生素C和可溶性糖分含量，显著降低硝酸盐含量，改善生姜的外观和内在品质，大幅度增加生姜产值，每公顷增收12155～13082元，施用钾肥的产投比高达34．9：l和16．2：l。当前生产水平下，淮北砂姜黑土地区生姜钾肥的适宜施用量为K2O 260～300kg／hm^2，氮肥适宜用量为N 300kg／hm^2左右。     

不同追施氮肥处理对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

以不同品质类型的2个小麦品种为试验材料,采用2因素随机区组设计,研究了不同品种和氮肥追施处理对产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在底肥量和追肥总量相同的条件下,适当增加开花期追施氮肥的比例有利于提高产量,处理间差异显著,品种间产量差异不显著;不同追肥处理对总蛋白含量影响不显著,但对清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量影响显著;追肥处...     

Modeling Effect of Residual Nitrogen on Response of Corn to Applied Nitrogen

Abstract

The logistic model has been used extensively to describe crop response to applied nutrients and water availability. It contains three parameters that can be estimated from data by regression analysis. One of the parameters refers to the reference state of the system, either at zero applied nitrogen (N) or applied N to reach 50% of maximum yield (N _1/2). A negative value of N _1/2 indicates that the soil already contains more than enough N to reach 50% of maximum yield. In the present analysis, data from a field study at Watkinsville, Georgia, which measured response of corn [Zea mays (L.) Pers.] to applied N following plowunder of grass sod is used to verify this point. It was found that N _1/2 shifted from –50 kg ha^?1 in the first year to +25 kg ha^?1 after several years. Availability of N from decaying vegetation declined exponentially with time. The time constant for decomposition and nitrification was 2 years. Total amount of N released from the vegetation was estimated as 190 kg ha^?1.     

Plant Nitrogen Accumulation Dynamics in Rice in Response to Nitrogen Management

This study investigates the effect of rice nitrogen (N) management on the dynamics of plant nitrogen accumulation (PNA) during internodal elongation (IE) in relation to grain yield. Four field experiments were conducted in two soils with six preflood N treatments. The PNA was monitored for 3 weeks, starting at the beginning of IE (BIE). The PNA explained 54–72% of yield variability. The effect of midseason N application on yield varied with fields, indicating a need for assessing midseason N requirement for each field. One week after BIE was a better time to assess the N requirement of rice crop. The greatest grain yields in Cocodrie and Wells cultivars corresponded to PNA of 10.9 and 11.1 g m^?2 at BIE. A midseason application of 50 kg N ha^?1 as urea at 7–10 days after BIE increased the rice yield in the Glossaqualfs field when the PNA at BIE was less than 8.3 g m^?2.     

Response of Upland Rice Genotypes to Nitrogen Fertilization

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients for upland rice production in Brazilian Oxisol soils. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years at the National Rice and Bean Research Centers Experimental Station Capivara with the objective to evaluate 10 promising genotypes of upland rice for N-use efficiency. The N rates used were 0 kg ha^?1 (low) and 100 kg ha^?1 (high). Plant height, shoot dry weight, grain yield, panicle number, and 1000-grain weight were significantly influenced by N and genotype treatments. Nitrogen × genotype interactions were not significant for most of the growth, yield, and yield components, indicating that differences among genotypes were consistent across N rates. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified as N efficient or inefficient. Among 10 genotypes, four genotypes were efficient and six were moderately efficient in N use in the first year. In the second year, three genotypes were efficient and seven were moderately efficient in N use. Genotype BRA 052015 was classified as efficient in N use in both the years. Grain harvest index and GYEI had significant linear relationships with grain yield.     

春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮对施氮的响应

为了提高氮肥增产效益,减少对环境的污染,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮的影响。结果表明,施氮量较低时,春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加显著增加,当施氮量高于180 kg·hm-2时,产量保持不变或有减少趋势。氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮素偏生产力和氮收获指数均随着施氮量增加显著降低,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥生理利用率均先增加后降低。从苗期到收获期,施氮处理0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈现"上升—下降—上升—下降—稳定"的变化趋势,而60~120 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势。随着土层加深,土壤硝态氮含量呈波浪式下降,施氮量240 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2处理在60~100 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量增加,0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著增加,当施氮量超过240kg·hm-2时,土层中累积的硝态氮存在着较大的淋溶风险。综合考虑产量、氮肥效率和环境效应,179~209 kg N·hm-2是本试验条件下春玉米的合理施氮量。     

Lentil Response to Nitrogen Application and Rhizobia Inoculation

Lentils (Lens culinaris L.) are an important component of the dryland farming systems in the western USA. Optimum nitrogen (N) management can enhance yield and quality of lentils. We conducted a field (at two locations, one with previous history of lentil and the other one without lentil history) and a greenhouse study to evaluate response of lentil to the application of rhizobium inoculant and starter N (control, 22 kg N ha^?1 in the form of urea [U], 22 kg N ha^?1 in the form of slow-release or environmentally safe nitrogen [ESN], and 22 kg N ha^?1 U + 22 kg N ha^?1 ESN). In both, the field and the laboratory studies, lentil yield did not respond positively to the experimental treatments. Lentil average yield was 1216 and 1420 kg ha^?1 at the field condition. In this rain-fed system, lentil yield was mainly limited by moisture availability, and the application of an external N did not contribute to the yield enhancement. Both of these treatments, however, increased protein content. Compared to the control, the application of rhizobium plus U and ESN enhanced protein content by about 34% (from 23.1 to 30.9%). The application of U+ESN also considerably increased postharvest residual nitrate (NO₃)-N in the soil, which can be easily leached and creates environmental pollution. Briefly, the application of U+ESN increases lentil protein content, but more efforts are needed to optimize N management in lentils in order to reduce the environmental concerns in the shallow soil.     

Nitrogen Uptake,Leaf Nitrogen Concentration,and Growth of Saskatoons in Response to Soil Nitrogen Fertility

ABSTRACT

Nutrient requirements of the saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia: Rosaceae), a relatively new horticultural crop on the Canadian prairies, are unknown. In this study, two-year old saskatoon plants of the cultivar ‘Smoky’ were grown in a greenhouse in pots under four different soil nitrogen (N) regimes (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg N L^?1). Half the plants were harvested after one growing season. After a five-month period of dormancy, the remaining plants were grown for a second growing season under the same soil N regimes. At harvest, plant growth, dry weight biomass, and leaf N concentration were measured, and soil N uptake was calculated. In both years, leaf N concentration and plant N uptake were strongly positively correlated (first year r = 0.93; second year r = 0.95) and increased linearly with an increase in soil N. Stem diameter and new shoot growth increased in both years of the study in response to additional N. The soil N treatments had no significant effect on plant biomass during the first growing season. In the second year, stem, root, total shoot and total plant biomass increased with increasing soil N.     

钾氮配施对生姜产量和养分吸收的影响研究

1999～2001年在安徽省生姜产区淮北平原砂姜黑土上,连续三年多点开展钾氮配施对生姜产量及养分吸收的影响研究。结果表明:钾氮配合施用可以大幅度提高生姜的产量,施钾增产14.9～58.5%,平均增产率为29.8%。增施氮肥的增产效率为负数,钾肥的增产效率在两种氮肥水平下都较高,高N条件下增加钾肥施用量可以极大地提高钾肥的增产效率。施用钾肥提高了生姜地上部茎叶含氮量及茎叶、姜块和全株P、K养分含量,对全株氮素含量影响不大。两种氮肥水平下,生姜地上部茎叶、块茎和全株的吸K、吸N、吸P量都是随着钾肥施用量的增加而提高。钾氮配施大幅度提高了土壤有效P、K含量,有利于保持和提高土壤肥力。     

Corn Monoculture Yield Response to Fertilization and Nitrate Nitrogen Distribution

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fertilization system, nitrate (NO₃)– nitrogen (N) distribution along soil profile, and their interaction on corn yield. The study was conducted at the experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (Serbia) during 2001–2004. Corn monoculture included four fertilization variants: control (Ø), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizers, mineral fertilizer + corn stalks (NPK + S), and mineral fertilizers + manure (NPK + M). The greatest yield was found in the variant NPK + M (9.25 t ha^?1). Path coefficients showed that greatest direct positive effects on corn yield were exhibited by NO₃-N levels at soil depths of 60–90 cm and 30–60 cm. The path analysis showed that winter precipitation (WP) had a direct negative effect on yield performance. However, the effect of the downward movement of NO₃-N from the topsoil to deeper soil layers of WP on yield was positive.     

Nitrogen Metabolism and Tomato Yield in Response to Organic Fertilization

We assessed the effects of organic fertilization on the response of biochemical and physiological indicators and the yield of saladette-type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. Five fertilization forms [sand + inorganic nutrient solution (F1); sand + vermicompost tea (F2); a mixture of sand, compost, + vermicompost tea (F3); a mixture of sand, vermicompost, + vermicompost tea (F4); and a mixture of sand, compost, vermicompost, + vermicompost (F5)] and two genotypes (Cuauhtémoc and El Cid) were evaluated. The parameters analyzed were leaf pigments, enzymatic activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in vivo, and yield. A fertilizer source of sand + vermicompost tea resulted in the best assimilation of nitrate (NO₃-), the greatest NR endogenous activity, the second highest foliar concentration of organic nitrogen (N), and the second best yield. In conclusion, for improved tomato cultivation during organic production, treatment F2 produced the maximum organic yield and resulted in more efficient N utilization.