利用管氏肿腿蜂防治松材线虫病的研究

利用管氏肿腿蜂防治松墨天牛来控制松材互虫病的发生,取得较好的防治效果。该蜂在林间当代扩散半径达５０ｍ左右,寄生率平均为３１．２％,３个月后各在林间扩散半径达１５０ｍ左右,寄生率提高到２５．０－４６．１％。当年林间实际防效达７４．３０－８７．４４％,下一年的持续防效达８５．１６－９５．６８％     

沙棘蛀士害虫柳蝙蛾的生物学特性及防治

柳蝙蛾是一种新的沙棘蚊干害虫,属鳞翅目,蝙蝠蛾科。在黑龙江省绥棱地区一般２年发生１代,少数１年发生１代,以孵和幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫从４月下旬开始危害至７月下旬;越冬卵孵化后,幼虫７月中旬至８月上旬开始钻蛀危害至１０月,然后以幼虫在树干基部越冬。采用２０％的速灭杀丁乳油,８０％敌敌畏乳油,在幼虫钻蛀前进行地面喷药防治,结合虫道“注液法”防治,防效可达９３．３％－１００．０％。     

云南杂毛虫生物学特性和林间消长规律

云南杂毛虫是红锥的主要害虫,为广东新发现虫种,其生物学特性国内尚未报导。该虫每年发生１代,１１月下旬以卵在树皮内越冬,２月中旬幼虫孵化,９月中旬结茧,１１月下旬羽化。幼虫７龄,昼伏夜出,林间卵和低龄幼虫生存率低,老熟林和林缘木易受害。     

北京杨锉叶蜂研究*

北京杨锉叶蜂在华北地区杨树苗圃中普遍发生，严重危害黑杨派杨树。在北京地区１ａ发生８～９代，林间以个体群呈聚集分布，以老熟幼虫入土结茧越冬。孤雌生殖后代为雄虫，两性生殖为雌、雄虫。通常雄虫４龄、雌虫５龄。温度影响着北京杨锉叶蜂的羽化及孵化，是种群动态变化的决定因素。在温度适宜及食源充足的状况下，种群保持指数增长，世代差分方程中Ｒ０＝１．４。有效积温为４０００日度。利用病毒、苏云金杆菌及线虫防治，效果分别达９２．９％、１００％、８５．１％。     

榆斑蛾的研究

榆斑蛾系单食性害虫。幼虫暴食榆树叶片，在兰州曾一度成灾。作者对其虫态特征、生物学特性和药剂防治进行了系统研究。该虫在兰州地区一年只发生一代。各虫态的发生期：成虫５月下旬、６月上旬至７月下旬；卵６月上、中旬至７月下旬，８月上旬；幼虫６月中、下旬至１０月上、中旬；蛹８月上、中旬至次年７月上旬。幼虫共分８龄，为害盛期为７月中、下旬至８月中旬，以茧蛹越冬。经数种药剂进行杀卵、杀幼虫、杀成虫的试验、示范，以１：１０００倍的２．５％澳氰菊酯乳剂或４０％水胺硫磷乳剂进行防治，均可取得满意的防治效果。     

两种菊酯对马尾松毛虫的毒力测定与林间防治试验

用点滴法测定５％来福灵乳油和２０％杀灭菊酯乳油对马尾松毛虫幼虫的毒力，同时进行林间药效验证。点滴法测定毒力与林间药效结果一致，５％来福灵乳油的毒力和药效均高于２０％杀灭菊酯乳油，５％来福灵乳油防治马尾松毛虫使用剂量为每亩１，５－２．０ｍｌ．     

松树枯梢病防治试验

１９８６年在１０年生以上的火炬松Ｐｉｎｕｓｔａｅｄａ和黑松Ｐ．ｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇｉｉ发生严重的枯梢病Ｄｉｐｌｏｄｉａｐｉｎｅａ（Ｄｅｓｍ）ｋｉｃｋｓ．发生面积达５０００ｈｍ２。多年的防治试验结果表明，在４－５月间进行营林措施防治效果最佳，防效最高可达８５％。     

两种菊酯对马尾松毛虫的毒力测定与林间防治试验

用点滴法测定５％来福灵乳油和２０％杀灭菊酯乳油对马尾松毛虫幼虫的毒力，同时进行林间药效验证。点滴法测定毒力与林间药效结果一致。５％来福灵乳油的毒力和药效均高于２０％杀灭菊酯乳油，５％来福灵乳油防治马尾公毛虫使用剂量为每亩１．５－２．０ｍｌ。     

竹箩舟蛾的研究

竹箩舟蛾是竹子的重要食叶害虫,分布于我国南方产竹各省,在浙江省１ａ３～４代,均以蛹于土表下越冬。成虫发生期分别为４月上旬～５月上旬、６月上旬～７月上旬、７月下旬～８月下旬、９月下旬～１０月中旬。幼虫危害期分别为４月下旬～６月中旬、６月中旬～８月上旬、８月中旬～１０月上旬,以第３代蛹越冬者幼虫可延至１０月下旬,第４代为１０月中旬、１１月下旬。第３代幼虫各龄食叶量分别为１．５７、７．７３、１６．３６、５７．０２、５７９．７８ｃｍ＾２,幼虫期共取食竹叶６６２．４６ｃｍ＾２。雌性幼虫期食叶量比雄性多１２％～１５％,每头成虫产卵量为１６１～２８６粒。天敌有赤眼蜂、黑卵峰、姬蜂、寄蝇等。并提出了相应的防治方法。     

松树枯梢病防治试验

１９８６年在１０年生以上的火炬松Ｐｉｎｕｓｔａｅｄａ和黑松Ｐ．ｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇｉｉ发生严重枯梢病Ｄｉｐｌｏｄｉａｐｉｎｅａ（Ｄｅｓｍ）ｋｉｃｋｓ，发生面积达５０００ｈｍ＾２。多年的防治试验结果表明，在４－５月间进行营林措施防治效果最佳，防效最高可达８５％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.