自然保护区功能区划分的理论,方法及应用

探讨自然保护区功能区划分的理论基础—生物多样性的空间分异规律;根据自然保护区的结构理论和卧龙自然保护区的自然地理特征、社会经济因素,提出了功能区划分的指标体系,并运用欧式最短距离法进行各景观的聚类分析,绘制聚类图以及划分功能区.     

自然保护区功能分区调整研究

自然保护区划分核心区、缓冲区和实验区是其实施科学管理的一项基础性工作,保护区的功能分区不应是静态的、一成不变的,而应随着保护区自身和社会经济的发展及时进行动态调整,以充分发挥保护区多种功能和解决保护区自身的可持续发展问题。本文通过分析保护区功能区调整的背景、总体布局、生态属性来构建地理信息系统数据库,识别自然保护区的生态关键地段,确定自然保护区的资源利用及保护格局,为自然保护区的功能区调整提供借鉴,也为有效促进自然保护区功能区调整科学管理提供依据。     

四川省林业自然保护区的土地利用现状

摸清自然保护区的土地利用现状,可以更好地加强自然保护区的建设和管理。文章通过对四川省林业自然保护区的土地利用状况进行分析统计,对自然保护区监测管理工作提出了优化合理布局、完善功能区划、减少人为影响、提高林地质量和加大保护力度等建议。     

安徽天马自然保护区生物资源特点与保护管理对策

在全面分析安徽天马国家级自然保护区植物区系特点、植被垂直分布和野生动物资源的基础上,针对自然保护区类型,提出自然保护区功能区划分、建设目标、保护与管理原则和措施。     

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区功能区区划研究

在祁连山国家级自然保护区森林资源调查和综合科学考察的基础上,通过建立保护区功能区分区指标体系,运用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对保护区不同保护对象及自然现状进行了分析,并按照自然保护区功能区划分准则,科学合理地完成了祁连山自然保护区265.3万hm2范围的功能区区划,为保护区科学管理提供了依据。     

利用草甘膦开辟防火道

河南省宝天(山曼)自然保护区管理所组织专干七人,利用化学药剂草甘膦在该保护区的核心区宝天(山曼)林区,开辟防火道四千二百米,初见成效。宝天(山曼)林区未被划为自然保护区之前,三、五年出现一次人为的非生产性的山林火灾,给国家森林资源及人力、财力带来损失。自一九八○年以来,被河南省政府批准:将宝天(山曼)、牧虎顶一带划为自然保护区,并建立了组织机构和设立固定性森林防火、保护管理观察点七处,形成包围圈,连续四年未受火灾,保护森林资源。这个保护区是河南省建立最早的自然保     

我国自然保护区功能区划现状与展望

自然保护区是对野生动植物及其生境等进行就地保护最有效的方式,其功能区划是实现自然保护区可持续发展的重要途径。文中总结了我国自然保护区功能区划现状,以期促进我国自然保护区的规范化建设和管理。目前,我国自然保护区功能区划存在功能区缺失、缓冲区设置不合理和分区片段化等问题。实验区平均比例也要高于核心区和缓冲区,超过其总面积的1/3。在功能区划调整时,超过一半的自然保护区调减了其总面积。功能区划调整的主要原因涉及保护区与周边社区关系、保护区内工程建设项目和矿产资源开发等。未来自然保护区功能区划分或调整应更多地关注于其管理目标、连通性、最小面积、与相邻保护区的协调、功能分区的有效性以及相关科学理论的验证等。     

自然保护区总体规划中几个问题的思考

在编制自然保护区总体规划时，对自然保护区性质的认识、类型的确定、功能区划分、野生动植物重点保护物种名录的选用、生物走廊带的法律地位以及自然生物地理分区等经常遇到的一些问题，在认识和方法上阐述了一些看法，并提出了解决的基本思路。     

“自然保护区规划设计”课程内容的设置与教学方法的探讨

自然保护区规划设计内容一直是自然保护区学的重要组成部分。目前我国自然保护区建设已进入科学规划和集约管理阶段,但是具有自然保护区规划设计知识背景的专业人才却数量有限。基于自然保护区学的学科发展及社会对自然保护区建设人才的需求,探讨了"自然保护区规划设计"课程内容构成的主要部分,包括自然保护区功能区的划分、生物多样性的保护规划、防火规划、科研宣教规划、生态旅游规划、生物资源可持续利用规划、生物廊道规划和标识设计等,同时对"自然保护区规划设计"课程的教学方法进行了研究,提出通过课堂教学、实验、讨论、讲座和实习等多种教学形式,以提高"自然保护区规划设计"课程的教学质量。     

“自然保护区规划设计”课程内容的设置与教学方法的探讨

自然保护区规划设计内容一直是自然保护区学的重要组成部分。目前我国自然保护区建设已进入科学规划和集约管理阶段，但是具有自然保护区规划设计知识背景的专业人才却数量有限。基于自然保护区学的学科发展及社会对自然保护区建设人才的需求，探讨了“自然保护区规划设计”课程内容构成的主要部分，包括自然保护区功能区的划分、生物多样性的保护规划、防火规划、科研宣教规划、生态旅游规划、生物资源可持续利用规划、生物廊道规划和标识设计等，同时对“自然保护区规划设计”课程的教学方法进行了研究，提出通过课堂教学、实验、讨论、讲座和实习等多种教学形式，以提高“自然保护区规划设计”课程的教学质量。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.