贫瘠丘陵地短轮伐期薪材树种生长过程的研究

尾叶桉、细叶桉、赤桉、粗皮桉、巨桉（简称桉树类，下同）和马占相思、粗果相思及薄果相思（简称相思类，下同）等８个树种，在水土严重流失的贫瘠丘陵地经７年的生长试验，结果表明：除巨桉和细叶桉在该立地生长较缓慢外，其余６个树种生长快，产量较高。尤其是尾叶桉和马占相思，７年生胸径年均生长量在１．０ｃｍ以上，单位面积生物量（地上部分鲜重，下同）为５２．６９ｔ／ｈｍ２和４３．６７ｔ／ｈｍ２。不同树种的生长比较：桉树类树种（除巨桉外）４年生以前胸径、树高和生物量生长均比相思类树种生长快，４年后相思类树种逐渐赶上或超过桉树类树种。性状生长高峰期分别为：胸径桉树类为２年生（细叶桉１年生）、相思类为３～４年生，树高桉树和相思类均为１年生，生物量桉树类为２～３年生、相思类为４～６年生。     

蓝桉不同整地方式造林水土流失监测初报

采用径流小区定位观测法，对保山砂页岩发育的山地红壤进行不同整地方式营造蓝桉林，经过三年的监测研究表明：未整地自然土壤侵蚀量达１．６５７～１．４０２ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ，有机质流失量达８０．４８３～６８．１１３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ，土壤肥力退化显著；撩壕整地及挖塘整地造林当年土壤侵蚀量分别达３．３６６ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ及２．４６４ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ，均属轻度侵蚀级，第二年土壤侵蚀量为０．５９２ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ及０．３６７ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ为微度侵蚀。有机质流失量为７５．８１１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ及４７．１２２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ。随着桉树幼林生长，林地覆盖度和地表稳定程度增加，土壤侵蚀急剧下降。     

不同初植密度尾叶桉生长量及经济效益分析

在雷州半岛的唐家林场设立了尾叶桉５种初植密度：①１ｍ×３ｍ（３３３３株／ｈｍ２）;②１ｍ×４．５ｍ（２２２２株／ｈｍ２）;③２ｍ×３ｍ（１６６７株／ｈｍ２）;④１．５ｍ×４．５ｍ（１４８１株／ｈｍ２）;⑤３ｍ×３ｍ（１１１１株／ｈｍ２）的试验,分别于２年生、３年生和４年生时进行了调查和经济分析。结果表明：⑴尾叶桉初植密度在１１１１～３３３３株／ｈｍ２范围内,林龄４年内,单位面积产量基本上是随着密度的增大而增大,但平均胸径与树高均随着密度的增加而减小。⑵密度３３３３株／ｈｍ２由于株数多,产量最高,利润也最高。⑶从第３年开始,密度１６６７株／ｈｍ２的材积年生长量增幅最大。⑷５种密度的胸径生长的高峰值都出现在前２年;第３年的生长量几乎减少２／３,造林密度越大,减少量越多;至第４年各种密度的年生长量几乎相近。树高生长的高峰值也都出现在前２年,第３年的生长量减少２／３,第４年又减半,至各种密度的树高年生长量几乎相近。除３３３３株／ｈｍ２的材积生长高峰值出现在第２年之外,其它密度的材积峰值都出现在第３年,第４年开始明显减慢。     

尾叶桉不同密度与株行距配置造林及其效益研究

对５年９个月生三种密度（１６６６株／ｈｍ＾２、２２２２株／ｈｍ＾２和３３３３株／ｈｍ＾２）两种配置（１６６６株／ｈｍ＾２,株行距分别为２ｍ＊３ｍ、１ｍ＊６ｍ）尾叶桉试验林的研究表明：密度越大的林分,其冠幅、胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量就越小;     

桉树专用肥促生效果研究

对桉树专用肥促进林木生长的效果进行综合评价。通过桉树专用肥与桉树人工林常用的复合肥：肥Ⅰ（荷兰进口）、肥Ⅱ（来自广西）及肥Ⅲ（来自广州）进行施肥生长效果对比试验,结果表明：与肥Ⅱ、肥Ⅲ比,专用肥用作基肥,幼林生长量提高２４％以上;用作追肥,生长量提高１４％以上。大面积推广施用桉树专用肥,１．５年生无性系林分各小班蓄积为２３～５０ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２,实生苗林分各小班蓄积为１６～３０ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２;２     

干旱区杨树人工用材林灌溉量与土壤水分的关系*

对内蒙古干旱河套黄灌区，群众杨人工用材林灌溉量与土壤水分试验表明：（１）在１５００～７５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）供水量范围内，灌溉效果以７５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）灌溉量最佳，（２）１５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）灌溉量的有效浸润层为２０～５０ｃｍ；４５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）的有效水分层为５０～７０ｃｍ；７５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）在５０～１００ｃｍ，２２５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２     

施肥对尾叶桉无性系MLA生长影响的研究

在雷州林业局两个试验点进行了尾叶桉无性系ＭＬＡ施肥试验,林龄３８个月生的结果表明：处理⑥（Ｐ３００ｇ／株＋Ｋ３００ｇ／株＋１５０ｇ／株）的平均蓄积生长量为２９．２４ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２．ａ,比处理⑦（常规施肥,滤泥５０００ｇ／株＋Ｐ２５０ｇ／株＋Ｋ１５０ｇ／株）的平均蓄积生长量２６．２６ｍ＾２／ｈｍ＾２．ａ大１１;３％,比ｃｋ（不施肥）的平均蓄积生长量６．３９ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２．ａ大３５７．５９％,比总     

桉属树种与种源、家系比较试验

以９个桉属树种，其中８个种泊来自原产地，７个家系和７个杂种后代来自国内次生资源进行混合比较，５年生评价结果表明：树种、种源、家系呈极显著差异；尾叶桉及其两个种源、尾巨桉杂交种细叶桉的１３５４４种源适合本试验区戒严和格短轮伐期经营，可获得适应性和生长指标平均值超过平均水平３５％的选择效应。其中最优为１４５３４号尾叶桉种源，５年生单株材积０．０５０．６１ｍ＾３／株（８９．０３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２）。种子采     

海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律*

清澜港的红树林在保护较好的条件下具有乔灌两层，乔木层高４～８ｍ，灌木层高０．４～１．２ｍ。上层立木地上部分生物量垂直分布随树体部位增高而减少，０～２ｍ占５０％，２～４ｍ占４０．３％，４ｍ以上占９．７％。乔木群落被破坏后，面积锐减，２７ａ减少１６１１ｈｍ２，且形成仅有单层结构的灌丛，其生物量和生产力很低，分别为９．６～１４．３ｔ／ｈｍ２和１．１～２．０ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）。本项研究测定了木榄林的生物量和净生产量分别为９１．５ｔ／ｈｍ２和４．７ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），预测以后第６年的生物量和年净生产量将是３５０．７ｔ／ｈｍ２和１３．５ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），为红树林造林和经营提供了理论依据。     

巨桉引种栽培及适生区域的研究

本文概述了巨桉在四川引种栽培后的适应性和生长量。巨桉在四川生长迅速、发育正常,年蓄积生长在１８ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２～２２．５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２,６年～８年可培育出工业纤维原料,在相同的立地上,与其它树种相比,培育周期短、产量高、效益好,是培育短周期工业纤维林的好树种。在栽培试验的基础上,运用生物气候预测法,研究巨桉在四川的适生区域,结果表明：四川盆地、盆边低山区以及川西南山地局部地方可以栽培推广巨桉。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.