用户情报意识的定量评价

本文给出了情报意识的定义,并据此提出可表示情报意识的两个参数:强度和正确度。并探讨了情报意识的评价参数及定量评价方法。     

生态足迹法在煤炭矿区规划环评中的应用及对策探讨

从数据统计不合理、参数选取的针对性不足、忽略土地质量和功能的复杂性等几个方面分析了生态承载为评价方法存在的问题。针对这些问题,提出了合理确定生态足迹评价范围,根据矿区实际情况修正相关参数,增强生态足迹动态预测功能,结合其他方法对比印证提出了相应的对策与建议。     

山西沙漠化区生态环境质量评价

本文以晋北、晋西北沙漠化地区不同植被覆盖率为主要评价参数，以沙漠化县（区）为评价单元，采用模糊数学的方法对该沙漠化区的生态环境质量现状进分析评价。     

关于确定森林采伐建设项目经济评价参数的探讨

根据森林采伐行业建设的特点和现状,提出了通过建立林业局（场）等评价参数测算模型,在计算模型的投入、产出等经济数据后,通过分析确定森林采伐建设项目的经济评价参数的方法。     

高分影像树种分类的最优分割尺度确定方法

【目的】研究面向对象树种分类过程中多尺度分割算法参数组合确定方法,寻找替代传统依赖于参考多边形的最优分割尺度评价方式,并对ESP2工具所得最优分割尺度对树种分类的适宜性做出定量评价。【方法】以黑龙江省伊春市桦皮羌子林场为研究区,基于GF-2遥感影像数据,开展面向对象分类的分割试验。利用ESP2工具找出固定尺度范围内(100～400,步长为1)同质性局部方差变化率随分割尺度变化曲线中明显峰值所对应的分割尺度,将其定义为最优分割尺度范围。执行最佳同质性准则组合参数配合下最优分割尺度范围内各尺度的多尺度分割,统计树种样本点对在各分割结果中的分布情况并记录分割时间,通过对比树种样本点对正确落入相邻对象比和分割时长来确定最优分割尺度。【结果】相同尺度下的同质性准则组合参数试验表明,当组合两因子参数分别为shape=05、compactness=03时,其分割效果相对最好。基于树种样本点对的分割结果评价表明,树种样本点对正确落入比最高时对应的分割尺度参数为259,210对相异相邻树种样本点对中共有203对样本点正确落入相邻分割对象中。最优分割尺度范围内各分割结果的矢量距离指数和ED3_(modified)指数表明,其评价结果与基于树种样本点对的评价结果相吻合。【结论】不同同质性准则组合参数对分割结果的影响具有明显差异,设计高效的试验方案寻找该组合十分必要。基于树种样本的评价方法充分利用地面调查数据,将以往评价中常用的多边形样本简化为点样本,可避免人工勾画真实地物边界的繁杂工作量。将分割效率考虑在内的最优分割尺度评价点指数方法与基于对象匹配法或面积相近原理的评价方法相比,可提高操作上的简易性和评价因素的全面性。     

水质指标评价法评价水质的可生化性探讨

指出了废水可生化性的确定对于废水处理方法的选择、确定生化处理工段进水量、有机负荷等重要工艺参数具有重要意义,研究用水质指标评价法分别对标准生化需氧量样品、本区域地表水、本区域具有代表性行业产生的原污水进行了可生化性评价,结果表明：用水质指标评价法评价水质可生化性方法成熟,操作简单,准确度高,可操作性强。     

国道318线（遂蓬段）国民经济评价

以国道318线遂宁至蓬溪段公路工程国民经济评价的实例,介绍项目国民经济评价方法与参数的选定、影子价格的换算、经济现金流量分析等,以便与同行作广泛、深入的讨论,籍以提高公路建设项目经济评价水平.     

共振板振动特性与钢琴声学品质主观评价的关系

选取俄罗斯远东红皮云杉、东北长白鱼鳞云杉、西藏林芝云杉、美国西加云杉4个树种的试件,每树种2块共制作8块共振板,采用基于打击音的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)频谱方法分析共振板的振动特性,计算得出共振板不同方向的动态弹性模量、纵波传播速度、共振板边部剩余试件动弹性模量及共振板制作钢琴后的振动传播响应时间.利用共振板制作成试验用钢琴后,采用专家主观评价的方式对钢琴的声学品质进行评价.通过分析共振板振动特性参数与钢琴声学品质主观评价得分之间的关系得出,共振板y方向的振动特性参数与钢琴声学品质主观评价得分项目之间呈一定程度或显著的线性相关,而x方向的振动特性参数与主观评价得分项目之间的相关关系明显弱于y方向.因此,通过改善共振板y方向的振动特性可显著提高钢琴的声学品质,也说明了共振板y方向的振动特性参数检测对于钢琴声学品质评价的重要性.共振板y方向的振动特性参数与钢琴声学品质主观评价得分之间的相关性大于x方向的相关性,这一规律与音板上高、中音区域的琴弦排列和音板的y方向接近平行、低音区域琴弦排列及y方向的夹角小于x方向的结构特点有关.     

开放小室测定刨花板VOCs的散发特性

为研究室内建材有机挥发物(VOCs)的散发情况,本文给出开放小室测定刨花板VOCs散发特性参数(刨花板内初始VOCs平均浓度、分离系数)和对流传质系数的模型及计算方法,并以黑龙江省某两厂生产的刨花板P1和P2为例,给出其释放参数的估计,讨论温度对该种板材释放参数的影响。本文可为建材筛选、VOCs散发性能评价、室内空气质量评定与预测提供一种方法。     

单利法在基建项目评价中运用初探

现行《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》是依据复利法制定的,未考虑单利法,在建设项目评价中研究和探讨单利法已十分重要。作者对单利法资金时间价值计算及其在一般基建项目财务评价中的应用构造了一系列模型,使一般基建项目财务评价更加客观、科学。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.