挤奶机真空度对牛奶体细胞数和牛乳头末端壁厚的影响

为了研究挤奶机系统真空度不同时的挤奶效果,解决目前挤奶机使用中系统真空度缺乏科学设定依据的问题,该文以12头高产泌乳牛(单产(7.4±0.4)t)为试验对象,以体细胞数(somatic cell count,SCC)、乳头末端壁厚变化率以及挤奶量等作为挤奶效果评价指标参数,在系统真空度分别为44、46以及48 kPa时,研究了系统真空度对泌乳牛挤奶过程不同阶段的内套真空度和挤奶杯口真空度的影响,量化了系统真空度对挤奶效果评价指标的影响程度。研究表明,当系统真空度从44 kPa增加至48kPa时,挤奶量、挤奶时间以及平均奶流量均无显著差异,但体细胞数的对数(P0.05)和乳头末端壁厚变化率(P0.05)均显著增加。研究认为试验挤奶机用44 kPa的系统真空度比用46或48 kPa时的效果更好。该文为中国挤奶机使用中系统真空度的优化设置提供技术支持。     

Enhancing alpha-tocopherol and linoleic acid in ewe's milk by feeding emulsified sunflower oil and DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in a chemically treated protein matrix

Chemically treated dietary supplements (CTDS) were prepared with defatted soy flour, sunflower oil, dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA), and 2,3-butanedione (a generally recognized as safe chemical), and the effects on alpha-tocopherol (VE) concentration and fatty acid profile in ewe's milk were estimated. Ewes fed control diet (CD) had the lowest levels of milk VE (0.66 microg/mL) and serum VE (1.59 microg/mL). Feeding ewes the CD plus 500 IU of TA increased milk and serum VE by 30 and 70%, respectively, compared to ewes fed the CD. The CTDS-fed ewes showed further increased milk and serum VE levels by 40 and 32%, respectively, over those in ewes fed the CD plus 500 IU of TA. Feeding ewes CTDS did not affect milk fat content (3.13%) but altered the fatty acid composition by decreasing the levels of hypercholesteremic fatty acids, while increasing the content of linoleic acid (8.5%). Inclusion of CTDS in ruminant diets might produce nutritionally enhanced milk products.     

基于全混合日粮饲喂技术的精饲料精确饲喂模式

为了提高奶牛产量、降低生产成本,奶牛精细饲喂是重要的实现途径,该文对奶牛精饲料精确饲喂与配套饲喂模式进行了研究。该文以个体奶牛为饲养管理单位对200头和500头牛群进行了"TMR（total mixed ration,全混合日粮）+精饲料精确饲喂"饲喂模式的牛舍内和奶厅外饲喂研究,试验结果表明：牛舍内饲喂采用牛颈枷间距1.2 m,装备行进速度0.45 m/s时,识别系统对奶牛的识别率100%,识别准确率不小于96%,抢食率不大于4%,系统响应时间不大于2 s,每百头奶牛饲喂时间不大于0.4 h;奶厅外饲喂采用牛颈枷间距1.4 m,装备行进速度0.7 m/s时,识别系统对奶牛的识别率100%,识别准确率不小于99%,抢食率为0,系统响应时间不大于2 s,每百头奶牛饲喂时间不大于0.35 h;同时试验期间比2011年同期传统"TMR+人工补饲精饲料"饲喂模式平均单产提高0.8 kg/d,并减轻了劳动强度。研究结果可为奶牛饲喂与养殖模式相关研究、牛场建设与改造等提供参考。     

广西奶牛养殖业发展中存在的问题及对策

随着国家对"三农"问题的日益重视和农业产业化进程的加速推进,奶牛养殖在农业发展中的地位和作用也在不断提高和增强。为了进一步加快广西奶牛养殖业的发展速度,通过深入调查广西奶牛养殖企业现有的生产状况及生产水平,分析了目前影响广西奶牛养殖业发展中存在的问题,提出加快广西奶牛养殖业发展的思路与对策。     

Relevance of isotopic and molecular biomarkers for the authentication of milk according to production zone and type of feeding of the cow

The first objective of the present paper was to assess the potential of both isotopic ( (18)O/ (16)O in milk water) and molecular biomarkers (terpenes, fatty acids, carotenoids, and vitamins) and milk color to discriminate the production zone (lowland or upland areas) from which 49 tanker bulk milks were collected over one year from a total of 204 farms. The milk water (18)O enrichment was higher in lowland (<500 m altitude) than in upland (>700 m altitude), but the delta (18)O values failed to discriminate systematically the production zone at the scale of the year because of its high variability related to the sampling period. In contrast with vitamins A and E, carotenoids, and milk color measurements, terpenes and fatty acids were confirmed to be relevant tracers of the production zone. The milk compounds with the strongest discriminative potential were fatty acids, which were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography. The calculation of fatty acid ratios, which permits the limitation of using fatty acid relative quantity expressed in percentage of total fatty acids to be overcome, was shown to be particularly relevant in discriminating upland from lowland milk ratios. The selection of two pairs of ratios, namely, iso-C17:0/C18:3 n-3 and iso-C15:0/iso-C14:0, enabled the authentication of 100% of the highland versus lowland milks whatever the season. The second objective was to evaluate the relevance of fatty acid composition to discriminate milks according to the proportion of corn silage in the diets of dairy cows. The selection of two fatty acids ratios, namely, trans11 cis15-C18:2/trans11-C18:1 and cis9-C16:1/iso-C16:0, enabled the correct classification of 100% of the milk samples according to the proportion of corn silage in the basic fodder rations (<25% vs >30%). The relationship between the milk production zone and the type of forage fed to the cows is discussed.     

Milk excretion of ivermectin and moxidectin in dairy sheep: assessment of drug residues during cheese elaboration and ripening period

Ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) are broad-spectrum endectocide antiparasitic drugs extensively used in food-producing animals. The patterns of IVM and MXD excretion in milk were comparatively characterized following their subcutaneous administration (200 microg.kg(-1) of body weight) to lactating dairy sheep. The relationship between milk excretion and plasma disposition kinetics of both compounds was characterized. A pool of milk collected from all of the animals in each experimental group was used for cheese elaboration. IVM and MXD residual concentrations were assessed during the cheese-making process and ripening period. IVM and MXD concentrations were measured in plasma, milk, and milk product (whey, curd, and cheese) samples using an HPLC-based methodology with fluorescence detection. IVM and MXD were extensively distributed from the bloodstream to the mammary gland, and large quantities, particularly of MXD, were excreted in milk. Residual concentrations of both compounds were recovered in milk up to 30 (IVM) and 35 (MXD) days post-treatment. The total fraction of the administered dose excreted in milk for MXD was significantly higher than that of IVM. During cheese production, the highest residual concentrations of both molecules were measured in the curd. Thirty-four percent of the total drug residue measured in the pooled milk collected from treated sheep was lost during the cheese-making process. The lowest residual concentrations were measured in the whey. IVM and MXD concentrations in the elaborated cheese tended to increase during the ripening period, reaching the highest residual level at 40 days of cheese maturation. The long persistence of milk residual concentrations of MXD and IVM in lactating dairy sheep and the high concentrations found in cheese and other milk-related products should be seriously considered before recommendation of the extralabel use of these antiparasitic drugs in dairy animals.     

红外光谱在牛奶生产和检测方面的研究进展

红外光谱不仅可以反应物质的结构组成,还能够随着成分含量变化形成不同响应值,红外技术也被广泛应用于畜产品的化学成分含量检测和质量评估。牛奶是人类膳食结构中的重要组成部分,对其营养成分和质量的准确评估有着非常重要的生产意义。该文介绍了红外光谱技术牛奶生产中各个环节中的应用,通过测定牛奶成分的含量,红外技术被用于产品定价和品质评价;掺假物质在牛奶中会引起光谱的变化,定性和定量模型的建立为牛奶质量快速鉴别诊断提供了便捷途径;牧场生产中,光谱被用于诊断奶牛酮病、机体能量状态。该文对近年来国外利用红外光谱技术在牛奶成分和凝集性能预测、掺假和质量检测、奶牛健康养殖等方面文献进行综述,重点介绍乳蛋白成分、脂肪酸、凝集性能等牛奶性状红外光谱模型以及牛奶光谱特征,对不同研究中模型性能进行比较,以较为全面的评估光谱技术在牛奶性状、质量和奶牛养殖等方面的应用,并为今后的检测和研究发展提供参考。     

Incorporation and stabilization of omega-3 fatty acids in surimi made from cod, Gadus morhua

Surimi containing omega-3 fatty acids from algal oil was prepared by the addition of oil-in-water emulsions or bulk oil. Emulsion and bulk oil were added separately to surimi to provide approximately 500 mg of omega-3 fatty acids per serving of surimi (85 g). Addition of the emulsion had no effect on surimi gel strength, whereas bulk oil decreased gel strength an average of 31%. All surimi treatments containing algal oil increased in Hunter b values due to the presence of carotenoids in the oil. Among cryoprotectants, sodium tripolyphosphate was the major surimi additive responsible for retarding the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS formation was lower in surimi containing bulk oil compared to surimi with emulsified oil. Both EDTA and lipid soluble antioxidants were able to decrease lipid oxidation in surimi fortified with omega-3 fatty acids. This suggests that surimi containing nutritionally beneficial omega-3 fatty acids could be developed with good oxidative stability and gel strength.     

Physical and sensory properties of dairy products from cows with various milk fatty acid compositions

Dairy products from milk of cows fed diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have a more health-promoting fatty acid composition and are softer but often have oxidized flavors. Dairy products made from cow's milk that has more- or less-unsaturated fatty acid compositions were tested for differences in texture and flavor from those made from bulk-tank milk. The milk was manufactured into butter, vanilla ice cream, yogurt, Provolone cheese, and Cheddar cheese. The products were analyzed for fatty acid composition, physical properties, and flavor. Milk of cows with a more monounsaturated fatty acid composition yielded products with a more monounsaturated fatty acid composition that were softer and had a satisfactory flavor. Thus, selection of cows for milk fatty acid composition can be used to produce dairy products that are probably more healthful and have a softer texture.     

奶牛乳房炎自动检测技术研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是影响奶牛健康的主要疾病之一,发病率高、发病范围广、经济损失严重。目前奶牛乳房炎的检测大多是采集奶牛乳汁进行理化性质检测,该方法对检测环境有着较高要求,且检测周期长。随着信息技术的迅速发展,奶牛乳房炎的自动检测技术取得了较好的研究成果。该研究根据数据的传感器类型,从视觉传感器、自动挤奶系统与其他传感器3个方面阐述了奶牛乳房炎自动检测的研究进展。基于视觉传感器的奶牛乳房炎自动检测方法包括基于乳房热红外图像和基于乳汁图像的检测方法,该方法较大程度上保障了动物福利,但检测精度有待提升;基于自动挤奶系统（automatic milking systems, AMS）的奶牛乳房炎自动检测方法利用AMS获取乳汁信息,然后构建乳房炎检测模型,该方法检测误差较小,但成本较高;基于其他传感器的奶牛乳房炎检测方法采用独立研发的传感器获取乳汁数据,预测乳房炎发病情况,该方法操作简便,但使用不同传感器构建的检测模型精度差异较大。该文还探讨了目前奶牛乳房炎自动检测领域存在的精度低、实时性差、自动化不足等问题,并展望了该领域未来的发展趋势,以期为开展奶牛乳房炎自动检测技术与方法研究提供参考。     

Disposition of doramectin milk residues in lactating dairy sheep

Doramectin (DRM) is a broad spectrum macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic drug not approved for use in dairy animals. However, DRM and other endectocide compounds are widely used extra-label to control endo- and ectoparasites in dairy sheep. The plasma disposition kinetics and the pattern of DRM excretion in milk were characterized following its subcutaneous administration to lactating dairy sheep. DRM concentration profiles were measured in plasma and milk samples after validation of a specific HPLC-based methodology. DRM was detected between 1 h and 30 days post-treatment. DRM concentrations of 0.48 ng.mL(-1) (plasma) and 1.03 ng.mL(-1) (milk) were measured at 30 days post-treatment. DRM was extensively distributed from the bloodstream to the mammary gland, and large concentrations were excreted in milk. The peak concentrations and total amount of DRM recovered in milk (expressed as area under the concentration versus time curve) were 3-fold higher than those measured in plasma; 2.44% of the total DRM dose was excreted in milk. The long persistence of DRM milk residues should be seriously considered before its extra-label use in dairy animals is recommended.     

奶牛养殖小区规划设计研究与探讨

奶源基地建设是我国奶业发展的基础，奶牛养殖小区是目前我国奶牛养殖的可行模式。该文依据目前我国奶牛养殖约有72.7％为农户养殖的现状，立足奶牛养殖小区及其配套设施建设存在的问题，对奶牛养殖小区进行合理规划布局，并提出了奶牛养殖小区建设相应的技术参数，目的在于为奶牛养殖小区建设单位提供参考，改变我国庭院式奶牛饲养方式，提高奶牛饲养管理水平，改善奶源质量。在平面布局上，应该有管理生活区、奶牛生产区、辅助生产区和粪污处理区等4个功能区域。管理生活区和辅助生产区应建在小区的地势较高，上风向处；而粪污处理区设在地势低、下风向处；奶牛生产区设在小区中间。     

北京“土壤-饲料-奶牛”系统氮磷流动及环境损失时空特征

分析大城市郊区"土壤-饲料-奶牛"养殖体系养分流动和环境排放特征是合理控制养殖规模、促进农牧结合、保护生态环境和保障畜禽产品供应等政策制定的基础。本研究选取北京市郊区28个规模化奶牛农场,调研包括饲料来源和投入、奶牛生产和粪尿管理以及产品输出情况。结合公开发表的文献数据和北京市统计数据,利用NUFER-animal模型对1980—2013年北京市规模化奶牛农场"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统养分流动特征、利用效率和环境损失的时空变化进行了定量化分析。结果表明,1980—2013年,奶牛个体尺度(仅包括泌乳牛)氮利用效率从14.9%增加到21.2%,磷利用效率从13.8%增加到27.3%;群体尺度(包括犊牛、育成牛、青年牛、泌乳牛和干乳牛)氮利用效率从14.5%增加到18.2%,磷利用效率从15.8%增加到24.9%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-奶牛)氮利用效率从11.3%增加到15.8%,磷利用效率从13.3%增加到22.3%。北京市奶牛养殖个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度氮利用效率在1985年前减少;而1985年后逐渐增加。个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度磷利用效率均不断增加。系统尺度氮总损失从1980年的1 516 t增加到2013年的16 973 t;磷总损失从114 t增加到1 763 t。生产1 kg氮磷产品造成的氮和磷损失均表现出不断减少的趋势。北京市"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统氮磷流动特征发生了很大变化,养分利用效率和总环境损失不断增加。产生这一变化的原因是养殖数量的增加、养殖模式从传统向集约化转变和环保管理措施的完善。因此,调整奶牛养殖从数量型向质量型转变以及提高喂养技术和粪尿管理水平等是提高都市奶牛养殖可持续发展的必要措施。     

Separation of selenium, zinc, and copper compounds in bovine whey using size exclusion chromatography linked to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

To study the role of trace elements for the quality and nutritional value of bovine milk, the distribution of selenium, zinc, and copper in whey was investigated using a method linking size exclusion chromatography to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS). Three major peaks were detected for selenium, two peaks for zinc, and five peaks for copper. More than 65% of the selenium was found in protein fractions, mainly in fractions coinciding with the major whey proteins beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin. All zinc was associated with low molecular weight compounds (<5 kDa) and one of these compounds was probably citrate. More than 60% of the copper eluted in protein fractions and two of the five major peaks probably contained metallothionein and citrate. This method was used to compare milk and whey produced by organic and conventional feeding procedures. The selenium content in whey and desalted milk produced using organic regimens was significantly lower than that in conventional samples. Moreover, the proportion of selenium in protein fractions of organic whey was significantly smaller than that in conventional whey, but the distributions of zinc and copper did not differ. This study showed that with the SEC-ICP-MS technique the distribution profiles of several trace elements in whey could be studied in the same run and that the selenium profile differed in whey produced by organic and conventional procedures.     

Bollgard II cotton: compositional analysis and feeding studies of cottonseed from insect-protected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins

Bollgard II cotton event 15985 producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins has been developed by genetic modification to broaden the spectrum of insects to which the plant is tolerant and to provide an insect resistance management tool to impede the onset of resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition and nutrition of Bollgard II cotton, relative to the use for food and animal feed, compared to that of conventional cotton varieties. Compositional analyses were conducted to measure proximate, fiber, amino acid, fatty acid, gossypol, and mineral contents of cottonseed from a total of 14 U.S. field sites over two years. Compositional analysis results showed that the cottonseed and cottonseed oil from Bollgard II cotton were comparable in their composition to those of the conventional control cotton line and other commercial varieties. The composition data are supported by nutritional safety studies conducted with dairy cows, catfish, and quail. Results from these studies showed that Bollgard II performed similarly to the conventional control cotton varieties. These data demonstrate that Bollgard II cotton is compositionally and nutritionally equivalent to conventional cotton varieties. These data support the conclusion that Bollgard II cotton is as safe and nutritious as conventional cotton for food and feed use.     

Determination of depletion and statistical distribution of morantel-related residues in bovine milk following administration of morantel tartrate to dairy cows

Residue depletion studies were conducted in dairy cattle to monitor morantel-related residues in milk following oral administration of morantel tartrate (Rumate. Eleven lactating cows of various ages, periods of lactation, and known milk production were orally dosed with the bolus formulation of morantel tartrate with an actual dose range of 8.4-9.8 mg/kg body weight. Representative samples of milk were collected at 10-14 h intervals post-dose, and subsamples were assayed for the major and minor hydrolysis products of morantel-related residues, MAPA and CP-20,107. Residues assayed as precursors of MAPA peaked at the second milking (24 h post-dose) and were below 25 ppb (range: less than 12-24 ppb). Precursors of CP-20,107, which confirm the identity of morantel, also peaked at 24 h post-dose (range: 2.1-3.3 ppb) and declined rapidly thereafter. A statistical model was used to project the level of residues at the upper limit of 99% of the total target animal (i.e., dairy cattle) population with 95% confidence. The calculated peak levels from this model were 50 and 5.0 ppb for morantel-related residues convertible to MAPA and CP-20,107, respectively.     

Effect of brown seaweed lipids on fatty acid composition and lipid hydroperoxide levels of mouse liver

Brown seaweed lipids from Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Sargassum horneri (Akamoku), and Cystoseira hakodatensis (Uganomoku) contained several bioactive compounds, namely, fucoxanthin, polyphenols, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Fucoxanthin and polyphenol contents of Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids were higher than those of Wakame lipids, while Wakame lipids showed higher total omega-3 PUFA content than Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids. The levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in liver lipids of KK-A(y) mouse significantly increased by Akamoku and Uganomoku lipid feeding as compared with the control, but not by Wakame lipid feeding. Fucoxanthin has been reported to accelerate the bioconversion of omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA to DHA and AA, respectively. The higher hepatic DHA and AA level of mice fed Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids would be attributed to the higher content of fucoxanthin of Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids. The lipid hydroperoxide levels of the liver of mice fed brown seaweed lipids were significantly lower than those of control mice, even though total PUFA content was higher in the liver of mice fed brown seaweed lipids. This would be, at least in part, due to the antioxidant activity of fucoxanthin metabolites in the liver.     

储奶罐电解水清洗除菌效果与清洗模式优选

热碱或热酸循环冲洗是奶牛场挤奶系统原位清洗(clean-in-place,CIP)的关键步骤,所采用的商业清洗剂多呈强碱性或强酸性,长期使用会腐蚀挤奶系统,且产生的废水处理困难。该试验研究了碱性电解水(清洗时间为8 min、温度为70.3℃、pH值为12)和微酸性电解水(清洗时间为9.9 min、温度为37.8℃、有效氯浓度(available chlorine concentration,ACC)为60 mg/L)对100 L立式储奶罐的实际清洗效果,测试了一碱一酸、两碱一酸和三碱一酸的不同模式对清洗效果的影响,以验证作为节能环保型清洗消毒剂的电解水对奶罐的清洗效果,并探索适宜的清洗模式。与传统的商业清洗剂的清洗效果对比表明,碱性电解水和微酸性电解水均可应用于储奶罐的清洗消毒,综合考虑对细菌和三磷酸腺苷(adenosine-triphosphate,ATP)的清除效果以及经济成本等因素,推荐在储奶罐中采用一碱一酸的电解水清洗模式。     

Soil Nutrient Load and Drain Water Quality in Seepage Fields Receiving Milk House Wastewater

The large volume of wastewater generated on dairy farms from the cleaning of milk pipelines and milking equipment contains nutrients and microorganisms that could pollute waterways if discharged without treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate a modified septic tank-seepage field system for disposing of milk house wastewater, by measuring the accumulation of nutrients in the soil and monitoring the water drained from the seepage field. The study was conducted on two small dairy farms (40–50 milking cows) in south-west Québec, Canada. After passing through a sediment and milk fat trap and then the septic tank, the milk house wastewater was drained into a 0.45 ha experimental seepage field under pasture or arable cropped land. Much larger than a conventional seepage bed (0.025 ha), the experimental seepage field was designed to remain recycle the wastewater nutrients and water, while preventing soil saturation. Annual nutrient loading from milk house wastewaters were, on average, 60 kg total N ha^?1, 50 kg total P ha^?1 and 80 kg total K ha^?1. The concentrations of plant-available nutrients increased when milk house wastewater entered the seepage field, but the magnitude of change was farm-specific, due to the unique topography and soil characteristics offered by each farm. For instance, the P concentration was unchanged on one farm, but there was rapid and significant accumulation of P in the 20–60 cm depth of the soil profile on the second farm. There was an increase in Ca and Mg concentrations in the soil profile on both farms, but soil salinity remained <4 dS m^?1 during this study. Water drained from the experimental seepage fields was similar in quality to that drained from a control area, indicating that the seepage fields were sufficiently large to adsorb and treat the nutrients contained in milk house wastewater in the short-term. Assessment of the cation and anion adsorption capacity of soils on these farms will be necessary to verify the treatment capacity and effective lifespan of the seepage fields.     

我国奶牛养殖小区生产工艺与工程配套技术体系研究

近年来，中国奶业持续快速发展，作为我国奶牛饲养主体的农村散户小规模饲养已占奶牛总饲养量的80%左右。由于养殖规模小，设备简陋，饲养条件差，疾病难以防控，很多地方试图通过建设奶牛养殖小区来加以解决。但目前我国奶牛养殖小区还没有一套可供实际推广应用的生产工艺模式，小区没有科学的规划布局，工艺技术路线和工程防疫技术不到位，设施设备的配置不合理，饲养方式不统一，管理松散，缺乏计划性和全年生产的均衡一致性，无法从根本上克服这些矛盾。为此，作者在广泛调研的基础上，结合中国国情，提出了一套适合于奶牛养殖小区的舍饲散养生产工艺模式，并就该工艺模式的特点、生产工艺技术路线、工艺技术参数确定、配套设施与设备、小区布局以及工程防疫等关键技术进行了探讨，旨在为推进奶牛养殖小区的规模化、标准化的进程，提升我国奶业生产水平提供参考。