桤木、马褂木在鄂西山区水土保持建设中的应用

摘要：为了增加鄂西山区水土保持林树种,促进区域林业项目建设和林种结构调整,本文选择桤木、马褂木、多土树种营建水土保持试验林,以生长量、郁闭度、根系生长量、地表枯枝落叶量等因子进行对比分析。结果表明：桤木、马褂木适应鄂西山区造林环境,成活率高,生长较快,林分郁闭快,根系发达,地表枯枝落叶量大,有良好水土保持和水源涵养能力;抚育管理难和成本低,经济效益较显著,能在鄂西山区水土保持建设中发挥示范作用。     

鱼鳞坑整地改善土壤水分状况与造林效果分析

通过引入土壤储水量、树冠覆盖率等指标,对鱼鳞坑整地改善土壤水分状况及其在侧柏造林中的应用效果进行分析,结果表明：采用鱼鳞坑整地可显著提高土壤含水率和土壤储水量;随着林地土壤水分状况的改善,造林保存率、林木生长量、林地生产力、郁闭成林的速度随之提高;在不同的土壤水分状况下,种群通过生物量投资与分配格局调节形成与之相适应的种群行为及个体形态特征,从而提高种群的稳定性或持久性。     

北京九龙山封育植被群落变化的研究

通过对北京市九龙山封育植被的调查 ,并与 1984年的调查结果进行对比分析 ,对本地区主要植被类型 (群丛 )及其变化进行了详细描述 ,并指出该地区植被演替规律和趋势。说明九龙山地区经过多年的封山育林 ,植物群落发生了明显变化。封山育林是一项恢复森林植被 ,形成森林生态网络体系的重要措施     

Microclimate in agroforestry systems in central Amazonia: does canopy closure matter to soil organisms?

Microclimate was recorded and soil organisms were collected 1997-1999 in ecosystem stands of contrasting structure in central Amazonia (a primary forest, a 12-year secondary forest, two different agroforestry systems, a rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation, and a peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) monoculture with a densely closed canopy). The aim was to look at the effects of canopy closure on microclimate and soil organisms. Monthly maxima temperature, average air and soil temperatures, and saturation deficit were highest in September 1997, and total annual rainfall in 1997 was 12-28% lower than in the other study years. The monthly average litter temperatures were consistently 2-4 °C higher in the plantation sites than in the rainforest and the secondary forest, and temperatures on single days (not the monthly averages) in the plantations were up to 10 °C higher than in the primary forest. The highest average litter and soil temperatures and the highest temperature maxima were recorded in the agroforestry plantations. Canopy closure strongly determined the litter temperatures in the sites. Soil macrofauna biomass was also strongly correlated to canopy closure (linear regression, P = 0.05). We conclude that a well developed canopy effectively protects the soil macrofauna from high temperature variation and drought stress. Therefore, optimizing these agroforestry systems for canopy closure may contribute to a better management of the beneficial soil decomposer community. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

岷江上游干旱河谷油松刺槐混交林研究

经过连续6a对岷江上游干旱河谷油松刺槐混交林分的土壤水分、养分、理化性质及林冠结构和效益研究,结果表明:(1)混交林土壤0~40 cm平均含水量比油松纯林增加0.91 g·kg-1、比刺槐纯林增加0.55 g·kg-1;(2)混交林18年后土壤容重比油松纯林减少0.13 g·cm-3、比刺槐纯林土壤容重减少0.10 g·cm-3;(3)混交林土壤有机质比纯林增加0.54 mg.kg-1~1.48 mg·kg-1、土壤碳酸钙含量比纯林减少0.43 mg·kg-1~1.09 mg.kg-1、土壤有效氮比纯林增加6.4 mg·kg-1~19.4 mg·kg-1、土壤有效磷比纯林增加0.36 mg·kg-1~1.37 mg·kg-1、土壤有效钾比纯林减少6.90 mg·kg-1~23.90 mg·kg-1,土壤CEC含量比纯林增加0.23 mg·100 g-1~0.85 mg·100 g-1;(4)混交林林冠面积、林冠厚度、林冠水分截留率分别比纯林提高47.83%~78.95%、40.63%~73.08%、6.15%~8.32%,枯落物饱和持水量是纯林的1.62倍~4.22倍;(5)混交林中油松的树高、胸径比纯林分别提高24.7%和27.35%,混交林年均利润是纯林的7.12倍。     

祁连山北坡退化水源涵养林生态修复模式研究

祁连山水源涵养林对西北干旱区降水调节、涵养水源、保持水土、改善气候发挥着重要作用。通过对祁连山北坡不同类型林地进行调查研究,结果表明:毁林耕种致使中山区的90%水源涵养林林缘都受到破坏,10%的森林中有面积超过30m×30m的较大林窗。采用坡地鱼鳞坑和坡脚水平沟营造青海云杉和祁连圆柏,形成坡面流水收集,坡底沟缘"锁"边的水源涵养林恢复体系。鱼鳞坑增加表层土壤蓄水力,水平沟则增加了20~40cm土层含水量,而林窗的土壤受干扰则增加了40cm土层含水量。人工造林增加了植被盖度,提高了土壤蓄水量,减少水土流失,增加水源涵养能力。根据立地类型,将封山育林、造林和水土保持工程结合是有效的退化涵养林恢复措施。     

Environmental and plant-based controls of water use in a Mediterranean oak stand

In this work, new information is reported on water relations of the Mediterranean oak species Quercus pyrenaica based on environmental and physiological measurements carried out during the growing seasons of 2006 and 2007. The interest in this species has increased due to its use in reforestation programs and its impacts on the water resources due to the extensive spontaneous afforestation after the abandonment of forest (firewood, charcoal, livestock, etc.) and agricultural activities, in general in some areas in the Mediterranean region and in particular, in the studied area (Sistema Central range, Spain). The objectives were to evaluate the long-term water use of this stand and its limit and to analyse the specific traits to cope with summer drought, especially the use of stem water storage and deep soil water reserves. Tree water stress associated with depletion of soil water reserves was not observed since the oak trees appeared to avoid a marked water stress using water reserves from deeper soil layers as summer drought progresses. The contribution of mean daily stem water storage to transpiration was low (4%), although it could be greater under dryer conditions. Only at the end of summer of 2006, the transpiration and canopy conductance were reduced due to soil drought. Despite the absence of marked water stress an upper limit was found in transpiration (slightly higher than 3 mm day⁻¹). The heavy use of soil water resources by this species (75% of available soil water in this study) should be considered when evaluating the impact of spontaneous afforestation and reforestation programs on water resources.     

黑龙江省西部低山丘陵区水土保持林模式构建及效益

在黑龙江省西部选择典型低山丘陵区,根据其立地类型试验构建了樟子松纯林、樟子松蒙古沙棘林、蒙古沙棘林、云杉落叶松林、小黑杨林、灌木柳林等6种水土保持林示范模式,并对其生长状况及水土保持效益进行了试验观测。结果表明:各类试验林总体成活率为87%,保存率为82%,模式区内林木覆盖度已达70%,开始发挥效益:试验前原来的19条水流沟中15条发展沟已变为稳定沟,模式建立成型后较对照减少地表径流量39.7%～95.9%,减少土壤流失量63.7%～99.5%,减少肥料流失量63.9%～99.5%;与造林前土壤养分含量相比,模式区有机质含量提高46%～59%,有机氮提高24%～52.2%,有效磷提高48.6%～60.7%;试验区内物种多样性较试验造林前明显增加。     

干热河谷发展径流林业的潜力

干热河谷是造林困难区域,过去造林遵循以树、草种的选择和造林时间、造林方法的选下来适应或逃避不利因素.但在经济条件制约下,采用现代育苗技术和造林方法受到限制,同时可选树、草资源十分有限,长期以来严重影响造林工作的进行和造林质量的提高.作者提出通过整地和防渗处理,人工引起并拦蓄地表径流,改善林木生长的上壤水分条件,以达到林木在干旱区域正常生长.     

对林区营林整地与造林技术措施分析

森林资源是决定林业生存和发展的基础,林业生态建设是森林资源可持续发展的重点,普及林区的整地、造林方法是大力发展生态林业的基本措施之一。造林场地整理是造林前改善环境条件的一道主要工序。通过整地可以改善造林的立地条件、清除灌木、杂草和采伐剩余物。在造林前后的一段时间里,增加直接投射到地面的透光度;还可以改变小地形,使透光度增加或减少。整地清除了地表植被,增加透光度,因而,在白天地表层的温度要比有植被覆盖时上升得快,整地后改变了土壤物理性,使土壤温度状况发生变化。因而,能提高造林成活率及使幼林的生长情况明显改善。整地还能保持水土、减免土壤侵蚀,同时,也有利于造林施工,提高造林质量。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松套笼造林效果

针对毛乌素沙地造林的多重环境胁迫,横山县推广套笼造林技术,文章以樟子松为例分析其应用效果。结果表明,套笼可以改善土壤水分状况、减轻风蚀沙埋危害、阻挡人畜干扰等作用,从而显著提高造林保存率,促进林木生长,加速林分郁闭进程,还可有效增加植物种类,促进生物结皮形成。     

浅谈阔叶次生林的人工促进天然更新

人工促进天然更新是恢复和发展天然阔叶林的重要更新方式,具有投入少、恢复快、收益大和易于实施等特点.人工促进天然更新的阔叶次生林与人工营造杉木林样地比较结果表明,在同一立地条件下,同龄阔叶树的树种种类、郁闭度、生物多样性、高径比等各项生长指标均高于人工杉木林.文中阐述了人工促进天然更新中的抚育间伐、林分改造、封山育林和封禁保护、补植等具体措施,并提出保护现有阔叶林,实施人工促进阔叶林天然更新,扩大水源涵养林、水土保持林等防护林比重等建议.     

Influence of canopy structure on the survival and growth of underplanted seedlings

This study explores the indirect relationship between forest structural measures and initial seedling survival and growth along a structural gradient between 64% to 92% canopy closure. The gradient was created by applying various levels of midstory removal to fifty 0.05 ha areas located within a mixed-hardwood riparian forest corridor. Twelve yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) containerized seedling pairs were underplanted within each area. Canopy closure was estimated using hemispherical photography; height-to-canopy and basal area were recorded at each seedling pair. Survival, basal diameter, and height were monitored through two growing seasons. Species-specific mortality and height growth models were developed for one and two growing seasons following underplanting. The interaction of height-to-canopy and basal area along with canopy closure were found to be the most strongly related to mortality. Height to the forest canopy and initial seedling size explained the most variance in height increment. Although the height increment models possess limited predictive power (R² range from 0.22 to 0.36), both mortality and growth analyses emphasize the importance of quantifying vertical canopy structure, along with the more commonly considered horizontal measures of forest structure (basal area and stem density), when evaluating seedling development beneath a forest canopy.     

人工云杉林试验林窗环境特征及对幼苗存活的影响

本实验在四川省理县米亚罗人工云杉林中制造实验林窗,对林窗和林下的土壤温度、空气温度、空气相对湿度、光照强度、土壤pH值和土壤含水量进行动态监测。结果表明：相比于林下,实验林窗内土壤和空气温度分别增加0.46℃和0.35℃,实验林窗内的光照强度增加了69.7%。实验林窗内空气相对湿度比林下的略高,土壤pH值和土壤含水量在实验林窗和林下没有显著变化,但存在一定季节动态。对两种生境下云杉更新幼苗存活调查结果显示,林下生境中更新幼苗全部死亡,而实验林窗中幼苗存活率高达23.75%。总之,云杉人工林制造实验林窗尽管对诸多环境因子影响并不明显,但是光照强度的增加显著提高了更新幼苗的存活率。     

Spatial Para Allocation of a Small Watershed Protection Forest System

With the interpreted IKONOS4 satellite images collected in 2005,a 1:10 000 forest map,the data collected in ClassⅡforest survey in 2007,and surface runoff data obtained in the permanent runoff monitoring station,six site factors of slope gradient, slope position,soil thickness,soil thickness of A layer,soil type and soil water content were selected to establish a matter element model suitable to 297 forest sub-compartments.Further,the AHP was applied to modify the spatial structure and form the spatial para allocation of the protection forest system. The results showed that:1) the area allocation of different vegetation types was irrational,the area of a mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest was 124.39 ha,accounting for 14.97%of the forested land,the mixed forest was consisted of two coniferous species accounted for 27.37%of the total forest land,and the pure forest was consisted of one coniferous species accounted for 42.48%.2) After optimization,the area allocation of different vegetation types in the protection forest system ranked as:the mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest(31.12%)>shrub land(15.5%)>the economic tree crops(12.28%)>the mixed forest consisting of two coniferous species(11.46%)>the pure broad-leafed forest(11.41%)>the pure coniferous forest(9.51%)>grass land(8.70%). Besides,the annual surface runoff could reduce 43 171 mm or 62.15%,annual soil erosion could decrease 465.97 t or 79.66%.3) The following suggestions for spatial para allocation of the small watershed protection forest system were proposed: (1) Reducing pure cypress or pine forest,and increasing alder-cypress,oak-cypress or pine-cypress mixed forest.As for the current cypress and pine pure forests,alder or oak could be introduced to develop a mixed forest.(2) The canopy closure of pure cypress forest and alder-cypress forests should be maintained within 0.60-0.75,and the canopy closure of oak-cypress,pine-cypress or oak-pine forests should be controlled within 0.60-0.80. (3) For improvement of current pure     

Water Use of Tree Lines: Importance of Leaf Area and Micrometeorology in Sub-Humid Kenya

In this research the relative importance of leaf area and microclimatic factors in determining water use of tree lines was examined in sub-humid Western Kenya. Measurements of tree water-use by a heat-balance technique, leaf area, bulk air saturation deficit, daily radiation, and soil water content were done in an experiment with tree lines within crop fields. The tree species were Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. and Cedrella serrata Royle, grown to produce poles on a phosphorus-fixing Oxisol/Ferralsol with (+P) or without (−P) phosphorus application. Doubling the leaf area of Cedrella and Grevillea doubled water use in a leaf area (LA) range of 1–11 m² per tree. The response of Eucalyptus water use (W) to increases in leaf area was slightly less marked, with W = LAⁿ, n<1. Transpiration rate per unit leaf area (Tr) was the other important determinant of water use, being affected by both tree species and phosphorus fertilization. A doubling of the saturation deficit (SD) halved the water use of all trees except for Cedrella +P, in which water use increased. A direct effect of soil water content on water use was only found in Grevillea -P, with a small increase (60%) as available water increased from 1.4 to 8.9% above wilting point (32%). This low direct response to soil water content is probably due to the extensive tree-root systems and the deep clayey soils supplying sufficient water to meet the evaporative demand. Indirect responses to soil water content via decreases in leaf area occurred in the dry season. The results showed that water use of tree lines was more determined by leaf area and transpiration rate per unit leaf area than by micro meteorological factors. The linear response of tree water use to leaf area, over a wide range leaf areas, is a specific characteristic of tree line configurations and distinguished them from forest stands. In tree lines light interception and canopy conductance increase with leaf area much more than a similar leaf area increase would have caused in a closed forest canopy.     

Afforestation improves soil fertility in south-eastern Spain

In the 20th century, in the Mediterranean area, many extensive afforestation efforts were made with the primary objective of protecting soils from erosion and improving their fertility. This study evaluates the effects of the afforestation undertaken in the Guadalentín basin (SE Spain) with respect to the organic and inorganic soil constituents and physico-chemical soil properties. Given the phytoclimatic environments in the basin (sclerophyllous and hyperxerophyllous), paired samples were taken beneath the tree canopy of the pine plantations and in nearby open zones. With the same methodology, samples were taken from areas considered to be native forest. The data were submitted to different multivariate analyses of variance (two-way MANOVAs) in order to compare the effects and interactions of the factors CANOPY (with and without trees), PHYTOCLIMATE (sclerophyllous and hyperxerophyllous), and TYPE OF FOREST (afforested or native) on the dependent variables measured (soil variables). Significant differences were found at 0–10 cm in soil depth under pine afforestations in relation to adjacent open areas. Below this depth, differences were found only between phytoclimatic environments. No significant interactions were found between the variables analysed at any of the depths, indicating that the effects of the afforestations on the soil characteristics were independent of the phytoclimatic environment. The afforestation in the Guadalentín basin, in the two phytoclimatic environments considered increased the soil fertility. Nevertheless, the native forests presented the highest soil organic-carbon contents, mainly in the sclerophyllous phytoclimate type (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota forests). Therefore, although the afforestations improved the soil fertility in relation to the open areas, the maximum potential has probably not been reached in relation to that observed in the native forests. The effects that forest development (age, basal area) over time exerts on soil properties remain to be verified by further research.     

桂西南不同树种人工林评价研究

对桂西南多个树种、多种经营模式人工林的生长量、林下土壤及植被的调查研究和经济效益分析表明:米老排、红椎、西南桦等速生阔叶树种的生长量优于针叶树种,其中,胸径、树高年平均生长量以米老排为最高,分别达1.67 cm、1.29 m,分别比马尾松增长60.6%、61.2%,比杉木增长70.4%、57.3%;林分的年平均蓄积生长量则以西南桦为最高,达20.44 m3·hm-2·a-1,比杉木高了近2倍.阔叶林的经济效益明显优于针叶林,混交林的效益优于针叶纯林,树种之间效益比较达显著或极显著差异,其中以西南桦的效益最好,年平均产值达21 459.7元·hm-2,比杉木高10倍多.对土壤理化性质的研究表明:荒地造林后,土壤的密度、保水性、通透性得到改良;土壤有机质含量提高,富铝化作用增强,而其它的土壤养分,不同树种之间差异较大,但从总体看,阔叶林在改良土壤理化性质方面优于针叶纯林.     

三峡地区高山乡土造林树种选择研究

自上世纪70年代以来,大老岭林场开展了北亚热带三峡地区高山造林树种生态调查[1]。依据调查结果:1981年选择玉兰、银鹊、鹅掌秋、鄂枫杨、漆树、大叶杨、山桐子、桦榛、白辛、檫木、珙桐、香椿、亮叶桦、水曲柳等阔叶乡土树种和油松、华山松、落叶松、柳杉等针叶乡土树种开展栽培试验研究。通过各树种成活率、保存率及生长量26 a(2004)调查表明:26 a(2004)生现实遗传增益银鹊比11个阔叶树种材积提高26.8%,比其它10个阔叶树种材积提高32.0%;日本柳杉比4个针叶树种材积提高36.5%,比其它3个针叶树种材积提高48.8%。银鹊,日本柳杉最适宜三峡山区生长,营造银鹊、日本柳杉工业用材林,可大力提高新造林分生产力,现实遗传增益15%以上,取得较好的经济、社会和生态效益。     

不同经营模式的水源涵养林生态防护功能研究

在山西五台山研究了不同经营技术措施的水源涵养林的生态防护功能。研究结果表明:油松纯林的林冠截留率最大,桦木纯林的林冠截留率最小;针阔混交林林地的持水量较高,其次为阔叶林、人工针叶林;阔叶林地土壤入渗率较针阔混交林高;经过封禁和封育后的灌木林改良土壤的作用明显;抚育型的林木生长量比封育和封禁型的大。不同经营技术措施的水源涵养林的生态防护功能不同,应根据具体的立地条件和林分结构以及植被类型选择不同的经营模式。